Intestine Of Cattle Research Articles

Histochemistry of glandular metaplasia at the trigone of the urinary bladder in cows

The epithelium at the trigone of the urinary bladder showed intestinal metaplasia of a colonic type in three Holstein-Friesian cows affected with chronic polypoid cystitis. Except for Ricinus communis (RCA-I), almost all goblet cells in the whole crypt were positive to periodic acid-Shiff (PAS), alcian blue (AB) pH 2·5, AB pH 1·0, periodate borohydride-potassium hydroxide-PAS (PB-KOH-PAS), Ulex europaeus (UEA-I), Triticum vulgare (WGA) and Arachis hypogaea (PNA) after neuraminidase digestion. This result indicated that most goblet cells contained acidic and neutral glycoconjugates as O-acetylated sialomucin, l-fucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, neuraminic acid residues and sialic acid-galactose dimers and were devoid of β- d-galactose. The goblet cells at the surface in the upper half of the crypt contained both sulpho- and sialo-mucins with N-acetyl-galactosamine residues by AB (pH 2·5)-PAS, high iron diamine (HID)-AB (pH 2·5), Dolichos biflorus (DBA) and Glycine maximus (SBA) reactions. On the other hand, the lower goblet cells were found to contain predominantly sulphated mucins with d-mannose and d-glucose residues by AB-PAS, HID-AB and Concanavalia ensiformis (Con A) reactivities. This suggested that mucin secreted from these cells was similar to that secreted from the goblet cells of the large intestine in cattle.

Starch digestion and digesta kinetics in the small intestine of steers fed on a maize grain and maize silage mixture

An attempt was made to overcome incomplete starch digestion in the small intestine of ruminants by exogenous amylase and/or sodium bicarbonate additions into the small intestine of steers fed on a diet of 60% cracked maize grain and 30% maize silage. Four Hereford × Angus steers were cannulated in the rumen, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Ytterbium-marked maize was given daily and a liquid phase marker, Cr-EDTA, was infused into the rumen continuously. Treatments (amylase, bicarbonate, amylase plus bicarbonate or distilled water) were individually infused into the jejunal cannula at an average rate of 190 ml day −1 for four 7-day periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Duodenal and ileal composite samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), starch and marker contents to determine ruminal and small intestinal digestibility. Digesta kinetics for the small intestine indicated that the particulate and liquid phases flowed together with little separation. The pH of the duodenal, jejunal and ileal digesta prior to any treatment infusions averaged 2.5, 4.8 and 7.3, respectively. Starch flow to the small intestine averaged 1000 g day −1 with 350 g passing to the large intestine. Nutrient digestibility was not affected by the infusion treatments. The results were interpreted to suggest that amylase and probably digesta pH are not the first limiting factors in the digestion of maize starch in the small intestine of cattle adapted to starch diets.

The effects of intraruminal infusions of sucrose and xylose on nitrogen and fibre digestion in the rumen and intestines of cattle receiving diets of grass silage and barley

Two male cattle (live weight 240 kg) fitted with rumen and simple T-piece duodenal cannulas were given a basal diet of 12 kg of silage (227 g/kg DM, 25.7 g N/kg DM), 1 kg of rolled barley and 100 g of mineral mixture. In addition to the basal diet, 0, 450 or 900 g/d of either sucrose or xylose was continuously infused intraruminally. The amount of organic matter (OM) entering the duodenum (P < 0.001) and excreted in the faeces (P < 0.01) was linearly increased with the increased sugar infusion. The proportion of digestible OM apparently digested in the rumen averaged 0.694, and did not differ (P > 0.05) with the level or type of sugar. Rumen ammonia concentration and molar proportions of isovalerate were decreased (P < 0.001) with increased sugar level. The decrease in the ammonia concentration was slightly less (P < 0.05) with xylose than with sucrose. Molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate were not affected by the sugar level but sucrose produced a lower (P < 0.05) proportion of acetate and higher (P < 0.01) proportion of butyrate than did xylose. There was a net loss of N (11.6g/d) between the mouth and duodenum when the basal diet was consumed alone but a net gain (21.6 g/d) with the high level of sugar infusion. Microbial N flow at the duodenum, measured on the basis of RNA purine bases, increased linearly (P 0.05) for sugar levels of 0, 450 and 900 g/d, respectively. The amount of microbial N produced was closely related to rumen ammonia concentration (r—0.86; P < 0.001) and outflow of water at the duodenum (r 0.83; P

Bovine gut-associated lymphoid tissue — Morphologic and functional studies: I. Isolation and characterization of leukocytes from the epithelium and lamina propria of bovine small intestine

A successful technique for the isolation of highly pure suspensions of viable leukocytes from the small intestine of cattle is described. Procedures ranging from mechanical mincing to enzymatic digestion of tissues were compared. The most reliable and reproducible procedure was the sequential treatment of tissues with dithiothreitol (DTT), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in calcium-magnesium-free salt solutions, and collagenase. Two populations of mucosal leukocytes were obtained from the small intestine. One population was derived from within the epithelium (intraepithelial leukocytes, IEL), the second from within the lamina propria (lamina propria leukocytes, LPL). At least 2 × 10 6 viable leukocytes were obtainable from each square centimeter of the intestinal mucosa from either the epithelium or lamina propria. Erythrocyte rosetting and immunofluorescence characterization with conventional antisera and monoclonal antibodies (MAB) demonstrated that IEL were predominantly T cells (60%), with relatively few B cells present (10%), while LPL contained relatively high numbers of B cells (28%) and a reasonable percentage of T cells (45%). Both cell populations proliferate in resposne to stimulation with T and B cell mitogens. Addition of the thiol compound, 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) strongly augmented the mitogenic response of both cell isolates. Human recombinant interleukin-2 (hr-IL-2) in the presence or absence of additional stimuli was found to be able to induce the proliferation of both cell types. These results demonstrate that functinal leukocytes can be isolated from the small intestine of cattle, and that they can maintain their responsiveness to both T and B cell mitogens and to exogenous cloned IL-2.

The effect of nitrogen supplements to maize silage on the amount and composition of the nitrogen fraction entering the intestine of cattle

Two dry cows fitted with a re-entrant cannula before the pancreatic and biliary ducts were used in twenty 72-h experiments for the purpose of measuring the flow and composition of the duodenal digesta. The rations were maize silage alone (control) or the same forage supplemented with increasing amounts of soya bean meal, urea, isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) or starea. For crude protein concentrations below 8.8% in ingested dry matter, all N supplements gave equivalent results. Above this point, the substitution of urea or starea for soya bean meal decreased the total and non-ammonia N flows in the duodenum. But the highest values were obtained with IBDU. However, when compared with soya bean meal, the increase noted with IBDU was mainly due to the high ammonia contribution. The substitution of non-protein nitrogen for soya bean meal improved the efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen. Nevertheless, the duodenal flow of bacterial N rapidly levelled off at crude protein concentrations above 9–10% in the ingested dry matter when increasing amounts of urea or starea were added to the maize silage. The association of urea with fermentable carbohydrates (starea) thus did not improve its conversion into bacterial protein in the rumen. However, a more efficient bacterial protein synthesis was noted with IBDU. The protozoal + undegraded dietary N fraction was greatest with soya bean meal. The association of maize silage with starea or urea tended to decrease this N fraction as compared with the unsupplemented ration, suggesting a higher proteolysis in the rumen under these circumstances.

Measurement of the postruminal digestibility of crude protein by the bag technique in cows.

A new method has been developed which permits the crude protein digestibility of feedstuffs in the intestine of cattle to be measured with little effort in terms of samples and experimental work. It consists of welding 0.4 ... 0.8 g of the feedstuff (particle size: 125 ... 1000 micron) into polyamide fabric bags (25 X 40 mm) which are inserted via cannulae into the digestive tracts of fistulated cows from the abomasum/duodenum to the ileum or from the abomasum/duodenum to the faeces. The mean retention time of the bags in the animal was 8.5 +/- 2.7 h from the abomasum to the end of the ileum and (13.3 +/- 1.9 h from the abomasum to the faeces. Up to 15 bags per day and cow may be used. The random error of the method is 1.3% (absolute) when the measurements are performed on two animals using two bags each. Intestinal digestibilities of over 90% were measured for concentrate proteins (except linseed meal) and of 72 ... 95% for forage proteins. Post-ruminal digestion was virtually finished at the end of the small intestine.

Evaluation of catgut and pigs

Experimental studies and clinical testing of suture material made from the intestines of cattle and pigs were carried out. According to its properties (strength, resorption, reliability of sterilization, absence of allergenic reaction), catgut from the intestines of pigs and cattle can be recommended for introduction into surgical practice.

Diseases of the Ruminant Stomachs and Intestines of Cattle

In the study of diseases of the ruminant stomachs the first consideration is the clinical and laboratory findings which attract special attention to the stomachs. The first step is the recognition that a basic syndrome of ruminant gastrointestinal dysfunction occurs without evidence of disease in another system which might suggest that the dysfunction is secondary.

The flow of amino acids into the small intestine of cattle when fed heated and unheated beans (Vicia faba)

SUMMARYThe effect of substituting different amounts of heated and unheated beans for barley in diets to cows, on the flow of total nitrogen (N), total amino acid nitrogen (TAA-N) and individual amino acids into the proximal duodenum was studied. Neither heating of the beans nor increasing their proportion in the diet significantly increased the flow of total N at the duodenum; however, increasing the proportion of beans did increase the flow of TAA-N. The substitution of both forms of cracked beans for barley, and at both levels significantly increased the flows of leucine and aspartic acid; flows of histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and serine were increased by substitution of both forms of beans but only at the higher level. In the bean supplemented diets significant proportions of all of the ingested amino acids except methionine were apparently destroyed in the forestomachs. The substitution of beans for barley resulted in a net increase of 0·2 g TAA-N flow into the proximal small intestine for each gram of additional dietary N.

Distância do torus pyloricus à papilla duodeni major e desta à papilla duodeni minor em bovinos de origem européia e indiana

The distance between the torus pyloricus and the papilla duodeni major as well as the distance between the latter and the papilla duodeni minor were obtained from 117 intestines of adult cattle: 60 were Bos indicus and 57 Bos taurus. The statistical analysis of these data have shown no significant differences between sexes but a marked one between the species (Box indicus x Bos taurus).The distances between torus pyloricus and papilla duodeni major and papilla duodeni minor vary independently. These results corroborate the idea that the length of the intestines of cattle from European and Indian origin are different.

Quantitation of α-linked Glucose Polymers Passing to the Small Intestine in Cattle

The amount of α-glucose polymers entering the duodenum of re-entrant cannulated steers was measured. In each of two trials, four steers received 275g or 500g of a high-grain diet every 2h; 16 and 12 total duodenal digesta, 8-h collections were made. The mean flows of digesta were 976 and 1,685 ml/h, and dry matters of duodenal digesta were 4.8 and 5.8% when animals were given 275 and 500g of feed. About 58 to 60% of consumed dry matter was digested and absorbed before reaching the duodenum at both intakes. Glucose in duodenal digesta, as a percentage of that ingested, was 3.6 and 5.2, and total glucose recovered in duodenal digesta per 8-h collection averaged 20 and 40g during low and high feed consumption. If all the glucose (60 g/day) passing to the duodenum during 275g feed intake were absorbed, it would contribute only 9% of the total glucose metabolized by these animals.

Interspecies patterns of slow virus diseases.

A concise definition of virus diseases is difficult to achieve, as criteria for this group of diseases are unclear. It is likely that several types of agents are incorrectly considered as viruses at present. As more is learned about them there will probably be considerable reclassification of the diseases so designated. The term slow is not new. In the early 1950's Sigurdsson (1-3), an Icelandic pathologist, applied the name to maedi, a slowly pro­ gressive pneumonia of sheep, to rida, a chronic encephalitis of sheep (prob­ ably identical to scrapie), and to Johne's disease, a mycobacterial infection of the intestine of cattle. Sigurdsson's criteria were: (a) a long latent period lasting from several months to several years; (b) a protracted course, usually ending in death; and (c) strict host specificity and sometimes familial pre­ disposition for the specific disease. Other characteristics now known to be associated with viral in­ fections are persistence of the agent in the infected host for much or all of its life, and a long, continued host response which may in itself be part of the disease process (e.g., circulating antigen-antibody complexes). In general, however, the host responses are minimal. Although it was some time before Sigurdsson's ideas became widely accepted, the concept of in­ fections has exerted considerable influence on thinking about diseases of a progressive, degenerative nature with long course and obscure etiology. In­ terpretation of Sigurdsson's theory by comparative pathologists has opened an entirely new field of research in chronic diseases. This work has recently been reviewed by Abinanti (4), Field (5), and Gibbs & Gajdusek (6). I t has been said that there are no viruses, only virologists. This statement serves to illustrate the difficulty of understanding these important but mysterious diseases. The most perplexing aspect has been the time inter­ val of one, five, or even twenty years between initial exposure and entry of the infectious agent into the host, and eventual overt expression of the dis­ ease. Thus, even though it may be improper to refer to these as viruses, for some of them replicate rapidly, the delay in expression of the diseases has been the chief obstacle to understanding their pathogenesis. In retrospect, this possibility should have been anticipated, for extended

The extent of release of encapsulated methionine in the intestine of cattle.

1. Factors affecting the release of methionine from kaolin-saturated-fat capsules in the intestine of cattle were investigated. Bile and pancreatin were shown to be necessary for appreciable solution of the capsule.2. The relationship between site of release and site of absorption was ascertained. One site was shown to be in the proximal duodenum the second longer site is in the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum. Encapsulated methionine was carried past the first absorption site.3. The results of in vitro incubations confirmed by those of in vivo studies show that 60–65% of the methionine becomes available for absorption in the intestine.

The influence of level of grain intake on protein digestion in the intestine of cattle.

1. Protein digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle receiving diets with either low or high content of maize was investigated. Digesta obtained from the duodenum and ileum were separated into three fractions; soluble, microbial and particulate, and the amino acid composition of the three fractions and that of the total digesta were determined. The proportion of particulate material digested in the intestine was less from the high-maize than from the low-maize diet, but more of the particulate fraction entered the duodenum from the high-maize than from the low-maize diet, so the absolute amount of particulate fraction which was digested was greater for the high-maize diet.2. More protein was digested in the rumen from the low-maize diet (high-roughage) than from the other diet. Total digestion of protein from the low-maize diet was also higher.3. Although more protein from the high-maize than from the low-maize diet reached the duodenum, the protein from the low-maize diet was more digestible in the intestine, so the total amount of dietary protein digested in the intestine was the same for both rations.

Comparison of heparin specimens isolated from bovine, porcine, and whale organs

The heparin preparations isolated by the same procedure from lung and intestine of cattle, pig, and whale have been investigated to verify the difference of whale heparin from that of other terrestrial mammalia. The analytical data, electrophoretic mobilities, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) spectra, sedimentation figures in ultracentrifugation, and molecular weight of these compounds confirmed that the terrestrial mammalia have α-heparin, and whale, a marine mammal, ω-heparin. Although the fine structure and location of Osulfate groups of ω-heparin have not yet been established, ω-heparin was proved again to be different from α-heparin and also heparitin sulfate. No organ specificity, as far as lung and intestine concerned, was found. Heparin samples obtained from lung and intestine of whale had much less sulfur (sulfate), but higher dextrorotation than those from cattle and pig. All of the sulfate groups of these compounds were found to be titratable. The whale heparin contained N-acetylglucosamine (approximately one-fourth of the total glucosamine) as in integral component of the compound. Whale heparin (ω-heparin) was eluted as two major fractions (1.25 M Fr. and 1.5 M Fr.) by ion-exchange (Dowex-1) chromatography, while the others (α-heparin) as mainly one fraction (2.0 M Fr.) with aqueous sodium chloride. But the two major fractions of ω-heparin were shown to be identical in chemical, physical, and biological properties except for minor differences of sulfur and acetyl contents. NMR-spectra of these compounds and heparitin sulfate indicated that all of these materials have α-linkages and glucosamine 6-sulfates. ORD-spectra of the heparins showed weak positive Cotton effects at 225 mμ, while chondroitin sulfates clear negative Cotton effects at 220 mμ.

RECONSTITUTED COLLAGEN TAPE IN RETINAL DETACHMENT SURGERY.

The use of an encircling element in retinal detachment surgery has assumed great importance during the last decade. The material that formed the encircling element has varied considerably and has included polyethylene, 1 Dacron, 2 chromic gut, 3 fascia lata, 4,9 sclera, 10,11 and silicone bands. 5 It is the purpose of this article to describe an absorbable reconstituted collagen tape, designed to be used as an encircling band in various retinal detachment conditions. Collagen Tape Preparation Catgut is well known to the surgeon, since it is the only suture material generally used that is absorbed during the course of wound healing. The absorption time can be controlled grossly by the size of the gut used and the type of chemical tanning employed in its manufacture. Catgut is obtained from the submucosal layer of the small intestines of sheep or the serosal layer of the small intestines of cattle and

CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON USE OF AN EXTRUDED COLLAGEN SUTURE.

Of the many suture materials available to the surgeon, catgut occupies a unique position in that it alone is absorbed during the course of wound healing. The absorption time can be controlled grossly by the size of the suture used and by the type of chemical tanning employed in its manufacture. Chrome-tanned catgut thus has a delayed absorption time as compared to plain catgut. With the advent of modern purification and sterilization procedures, the use of catgut sutures has presented surgeons with minimal difficulties. Nevertheless, catgut, being a natural product, has inherent a degree of variability in strength characteristics and in in vivo performance which cannot be avoided. Chemically, catgut consists essentially of the protein, collagen, and it is obtained from the submucosal layer of the small intestines of sheep or the serosal layer of the small intestines of cattle. It has long been recognized that it should be possible

Comparative Morphology of Infective Nematode Larvae of Kansas Beef Cattle and Its Use in Estimating Incidence of Nematodiasis in Cattle

The transmission of parasitic intestinal roundworms of cattle, with the exception of the genera Neoascaris and Trichuris, is accomplished by ingestion of hatched larvae which have developed to the infective stage. Third stage (infective) larvae of the genera Bunostomum, Strongyloides, and Oesophagostomum can also invade the definitive host per cutaneously. The definitive diagnosis of roundworm infections is based on either the identification of the parasites at post mortem examination or the identification of their eggs by fecal examination. The latter method of diagnosis of helminthic infection is not always reliable because of similarity in the size and shape of roundworm eggs. Only eggs of the genera Neoascaris, Strongyloides, Nematodirus, Trichuris, and Bunostomum can be recognized with certainty in fecal examinations. The eggs of other intestinal roundworms of cattle can be placed into the following groups on the basis of similarities in morphology; the Haemonchus-Nodular (Oesophagostomum) group and the Cooperia-Ostertagia-Trichoslrongylus group (Porter et al, 1941). Dikmans and Andrews (1933) separated the latter five genera parasitizing sheep on the basis of the morphology of their infective larvae. Keith (1953) published on the morphology of infective larvae of some common nematode parasites of beef cattle in Australia. No work has been published summarizing the distinguishing morphological characters of infective larvae of beef cattle in the United States. The first objective of the present study was to investigate the morphology of infective nematode larvae of beef cattle in Kansas and to determine whether these larvae could be differentiated at the generic and species level. When this objective was completed, it was possible to determine the applicability of differential larval counts as a method for estimating seasonal incidence of nematodiasis in range cattle. The third objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the total and differential counts of eggs obtained by the egg-count method with that of the larval-count method. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following procedures were used to obtain infective larvae for the morphological and incidence studies. Eggs of the various genera of nematodes parasitic in beef cattle were obtained from female worms collected from beef cattle slaughtered at a local packing plant. The only genera not collected were Trichostrongylus and Strongyloides. Larvae of these genera were obtained from mixed cultures of fresh calf manure. The female worms collected from cattle intestines were stimulated to oviposit by incubating them at 25?-28? C for 6-8 hours in Petri dishes

The Life History of Nematodirus helvetianus May, 1920, a Nematode Parasitic in Cattle

Nematodirus helvetianus May, 1920, commonly known as the thread-necked strongyle, is a trichostrongylid nematode found in the small intestine of cattle and occasionally also of sheep, goats and camels. Inasmuch as Herlich and Porter (1953) found that this strongyle is potentially pathogenic to calves, it was considered desirable to determine its life history. The only previous work dealing with the life history of N. helvetianus was done by Zviagintsev (1934) who reported that larval development and molting occurred within the egg. Observations made on the effects of specific temperatures on the rate of development will be discussed in conjunction with results of this investigation. Zviagintsev also noted that the infective larvae were very resistant to desiccation, and could live as long as eight months or more at room temperature. He was unable to infect guinea pigs or rabbits, but succeeded in infecting a lamb. He found that larvae fed to calves reached maturity in three to four weeks. Nearly two decades earlier Boulenger (1915) studied the life history of a closely related species, N. filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802) Ransom, 1907, a parasite of the small intestine of sheep. He reported that the embryo developed within the egg and underwent two molts, one complete and the second incomplete. This confirmed earlier observations by Ransom (1911), Railliet and Henry (1912) and Maupas and Seurat (1913). Since the infective larva retained the cuticle of the second molt, Boulenger considered it to be in a state of transition between the second and third stage. He noted that the infective larva shed its sheath in vitro, when exposed to temperatures approximating the body temperatures of mammals. Parasitic larval stages were described by Boulenger on the basis of immature specimens recovered from naturally infected sheep killed for post-mortem examination. He found the first traces of external sex characters in specimens 2.5 mm. long. In the male, this appeared as a distinct swelling just anterior to the tail fork, at about the level of the anal opening. This he considered to be a rudimentary bursa. Specimens measuring 5 mm. long exhibited bursal rays and spicules, and at this stage of development, the characteristic tail fork and caudal process had disappeared. In the young female, the tail fork and caudal process were retained somewhat longer, the process being retained as the terminal spike characteristic of the mature female.

The Endogenous Phase of the Life Cycle of Eimeria bovis

During the past several years an intensive study of bovine coccidia has been under way at this laboratory. Since Eimeria bovis is so widespread and causes such serious losses, it has received more attention than the other species. Christensen (1941) pointed out that E. smithi is a synonym of E. bovis, redescribed the unsporulated o6cyst, and determined the time required for sporulation under optimum conditions. Boughton (1942) reported that the cyst-like structures in the mucosa of the small intestines of cattle described under the names of Globidium and Gastrocystis are the schizonts of E. bovis. He (1943) found also that sulfaguanidine can be used as a preventive in experimentally inoculated calves. Hammond, Davis, and Bowman (1944) described the symptoms and pathology observed in calves inoculated with this species, and recorded a definite relation between the size of the inoculum and the symptoms produced. This paper reports the results of further studies of this parasite with emphasis on the endogenous phase of its life cycle.