Intestines Of People Research Articles

The study of the content of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine of people with lipid metabolism disorders

Dyslipidemias are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, especially at a young age. It is known from modern sources that shortchain fatty acids (SCFA) synthesized in the intestine are actively involved in the genesis of dyslipidemia, the spectrum and ratio of which depends on the consumed food substrates. In particular, it has been found that food components such as dietary fiber can affect the lowering of blood lipids by affecting the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, dietary correction can be an important step in the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia, and as a result, help reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CD). The aim of the research was to study the content of the main SCFAs (acetate, propionate, butyrate) in the feces of people with dyslipidemia, including taking into account the actual nutrition and consumption of the carbohydrate fraction of the diet (starch, mono- and disaccharides, dietary fiber) as precursors of SCFAs. Material and methods. 70 patients aged 18 to 45 years with dyslipidemia were selected as stool donors. All subjects were divided into 2 groups: the main group with the risk of CD (the risk was determined by the risk scale for CD) and the comparison group with established cardiovascular pathology (CVP). SCFAs in stool samples collected after natural defecation and subjected to immediate freezing at -70 °C were determined by gas chromatography. The diet was analyzed by the 24-hour food recall method. Results. The frequency of occurrence of the optimal ratio acetate - acetic acid : propionate - propionic acid : butyrate - butyric acid (60:20:20) in all groups was no more than 25%. At the same time, in persons at risk of CD, in the SCFA pool there was a pronounced decrease in the proportion of butyrate, which is characterized by cardioprotective properties, up to 15% (with an optimal proportion of 20%) compared with the levels for healthy people noted in the works of M.D. Ardatskaya et al. and A.A. Kurmangulov. And in persons with CVP, the levels of fecal acetate, which is a regulator of metabolic processes, namely lipogenesis, differed insignificantly compared with the values obtained in the studies of the above authors. In all examined individuals, the content of acetate in feces depended on the carbohydrate component of the diet, primarily on the total amount of carbohydrates consumed. And increasing the amount of dietary fiber intake contributed to the elevation of this SCFA. In individuals at risk of CD a significant correlation was found between the content of acetate and the atherogenic index (r=0,695). And in persons with CVP, there was a high negative correlation between the level of acetate in the feces and the amount of mono- and disaccharides in the diet (r=-0,934). Conclusion. In individuals with dyslipidemia and CVD risk factors, the results obtained in this study confirm the need for targeted correction of diets in order to increase the proportion of food substrates, which are potential precursors of butyrate.

Interventions for treating distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) in cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis is the most common life-limiting autosomal recessive genetic disorder in white populations. Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) is an important morbidity in cystic fibrosis. It is the result of the accumulation of viscid faecal material within the bowel which combines with thick, sticky mucus produced in the intestines of people with cystic fibrosis. The intestine may be completely blocked (complete DIOS) or only partially blocked (incomplete DIOS). Once a diagnosis of DIOS has been made, the goal of therapy is to relieve the acute complete or incomplete faecal obstruction and ultimately prevent the need for surgical intervention. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatment regimens for the treatment of DIOS (complete and incomplete) in children and adults with cystic fibrosis. We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Date of search: 09 September 2021. We also searched online trial registries. Date of last search: 12 October 2021. Randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised controlled trials (including cross-over trials (to be judged on an individual basis)) comparing the use of laxative agents or surgery for treating DIOS in children, young people and adults with cystic fibrosis to each other, placebo or no intervention. Two authors independently screened papers, extracted trial details and assessed for risk of bias. The authors assessed the quality of evidence using GRADE. There was one trial with 20 participants (16 females) included in the review. The mean age of participants was 13.1 years. The trial was a double-blinded, randomised cross-over trial which had a duration of 12 months in total and compared high-dose and low-dose pancreatic enzyme therapy. As only the abstract of the trial was available, the overall risk of bias was judged to be unclear. The trial did not address either of our primary outcomes (time until resolution of DIOS and treatment failure rate), but reported episodes of acute DIOS, presence of abdominal mass and abdominal pain. There were no numerical data available for these outcomes, but the authors stated that there was no difference between treatment with high-dose or low-dose pancreatic enzymes. The overall certainty of the evidence was found to be very low. There is a clear lack of evidence for the treatment of DIOS in people with cystic fibrosis. The included abstract did not address our primary outcome measures and did not provide numerical data for the two secondary outcomes it did address. Therefore, we cannot justify the use of high-dose pancreatic enzymes for treating DIOS, nor can we comment on the efficacy and safety of other laxative agents. From our findings, it is clear that more randomised controlled trials need to be conducted in this area.

MOLECULAR-GENETIC CRITERIA AND PROSPECTIVE BIOMARKERS OF SERRATED ADENOMAS OF COLORECTAL LOCALIZATION

A retrospective analysis of the database of patients with histologically verified serrated adenomas of the colon was carried out as part of an observational study. Inclusion criteria: patients with serrated colon adenomas who underwent a molecular genetic study to detect mutations and further sequencing 16 sRNAs of intestinal microbiota from January 2021 to October 2021. The exclusion criteria: patients with a primary tumor of the colon who had previously received complex treatment, who had accompanying pathologies of the other organs and systems, which did not allow for the planned examination. According to the results of the study, BRAF mutations are diagnosed in half of the cases in serrated adenomas and in one-third of cases - KRAS mutations. As a result of a comparative analysis of the intestinal microbiome of young patients with serrated colon adenomas with summary statistical data on the presence of bacteria in the intestines of people from the Russian population; promising markers were found for the development of effective approaches for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

The Effect of Smoking on the Number and Type of Rectal Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF)-First Identifiable Precursors of Colorectal Cancer (CRC).

Background: The problem of smoking and its influence on the occurrence of precursors and advanced colorectal cancer is often discussed in the medical literature. Tobacco smoke can provide a non-nutritional source of polycyclic hydrocarbons and other substances which, when combined with an incorrect diet, may play a role in promoting carcinogenesis at the level of the genetic control mechanism. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of smoking on the frequency and type of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the rectum and polyps in the large intestine in people who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day for more than 20 years. Methods and Findings: A colonoscopy combined with rectal mucosa staining with 0.25% methylene blue was performed in 131 patients. Each of the study participants gave informed consent to participate in the study. Three bioptates were collected from the foci defined macroscopically as ACF; in cases where there were fewer foci, the number of collected foci was respectively lower. On the colonoscopy day, patients completed the questionnaire regarding epidemiological data used for analysis of factors affecting the occurrence of ACF in the study group. The number of ACF in the colon was divided into three groups: −ACF < 5, 5 < ACF < 10, ACF > 10. In the statistical analysis, numerical data were presented and real numbers, range of arrhythmic means, mean standard deviation, and results of probability distribution. The Student’s test, U test, and chi2 were applied in order to determine the significance of differences of means and frequency of events in both groups. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05. Statistica 7.1 and Excel 2010 were used. Most smokers are in the age groups between 51–70 years. In the youngest (31–40 years), single ACF appear first (ACF <5) ACF in the number of 5–10 appear a little later (around 50 years of age) and dynamically increase, reaching a maximum at the age of 60–65.ACF in the number >10 appear at the latest age (55 years old) and their number gradually increases with age (linear growth). The probability of occurrence of ACF in all groups is greater in smokers, and the difference for the ACF group 5-10 and ACF >10 is statistically significant with a significance level of p < 0.05. Apart from ACF normal, all types of ACF are more likely in this group than in non-smokers and these differences are statistically significant with p < 0.05. Conclusions: Smoking has a significant impact on the number and type of rectal ACF. Smokers have a greater number of ACFs in the rectum than non-smokers, and the most common type is hyperplastic ACF. Smokers are more likely to develop polyps in all sections of the colon compared to non-smokers.

Catcher of the Rye: Detection of Rye, a Gluten-Containing Grain, by LC-MS/MS.

Rye, wheat, and barley contain gluten, proteins that trigger immune-mediated inflammation of the small intestine in people with celiac disease (CD). The only treatment for CD is a lifelong gluten-free diet. To be classified as gluten-free by the World Health Organization the gluten content must be below 20 mg/kg, but Australia has a more rigorous standard of no detectable gluten and not made from wheat, barley, rye, or oats. The purpose of this study was to devise an LC-MS/MS method to detect rye in food. An MS-based assay could overcome some of the limitations of immunoassays, wherein antibodies often show cross-reactivity and lack specificity due to the diversity of gluten proteins in commercial food and the homology between rye and wheat gluten isoforms. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of 20 rye cultivars originating from 12 countries enabled the identification of a panel of candidate rye-specific peptide markers. The peptide markers were assessed in 16 cereal and pseudocereal grains, and in 10 breakfast cereals and 7 snack foods. One of two spelt flours assessed was contaminated with rye at a level of 2%, and trace levels of rye were found in a breakfast cereal that should be gluten-free based on its labeled ingredients.

Inhibition of Candida Fungi and E. Coli Bacteria in Zein Nanoparticles Conjugated with Silver ion (Ag0+)

The theme of the present research was to investigate the capacity of zein nanopartic*les conjugated with silver ions (Ag0+) in the inhibition of both E. coli and Candida albicans development. Both Escherichia coli (knownas E. coli) and Candida albicans are widely speared not only in human body and found in various subtypes in human pathology. E. coli (a large group of diverse bacteria) is found everywhere in the environment, foods, and intestines of people and animals. A similar presence has also the fungi Candida albicans in the human body. Its occurrence is normal but in certain conditions the speed and capacity of multiplication can lead diseases manly in organisms with low immunity systems. From long time in history, silver is recognized as antimicrobial agent and in the recent times, silver nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be both antifungal and antibacterial agent1. Besides there is the potential of zein nanoparticles in the process of nanoencapsulation in different composite patterns (gold(Au), silver (Ag), cobalt ferrite (CoFe), iron (III), pyrophosphate (FePPi), magnetite (mag), and many others) were tested over the time and the results were promising for future enhancements of the methods with wide practical uses

Prevalence of Celiac in Fertile Women Due to Unexplained Infertility

Introduction: Celiac disease is an immune response to a gluten-based diet that affects the small intestines of people with a genetic predisposition to disease. Celiac has intra intestinal and extra intestinal manifestations. In recent years, celiac and infertility have been considered. The present study examines the effect of celiac disease and its treatment on the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause. In this study, we compared the prevalence of celiac disease in fertile women with infertile women in Zahedan. Materials and Methods: In this case control study, 150 patients with unexplained infertility from February 2016 to2017 referred to Infertility Clinic of Ali ibn Abitaleb Hospital in Zahedan (Iran), were included in the study. Total IgA and IgA TTG were evaluated. If TTG is positive, for confirmation of diagnosis, biopsy is performed from the distal part of the duodenum. In control group, 150 fertile women with two or more children with the same characteristics were studied. Results: Three patients with unexplained infertility (2%) were positive for TTG. Two of them (1/3%) were positive to celiac disease in small intestinal biopsy .None of the women in the control group had TTG positive (p=0.49). Discussion and Conclusion: It seems that some infertile patients with unexplained infertility suffer from celiac disease, but with a (p=0. 49) , it seems that celiac screening as a cause of infertility with unexplained cause needs more studies with larger sample size in Iran

Nonthermal control of Escherichia coli growth using extremely low frequency electromagnetic (ELF-EM) waves.

Escherichia coli (E. coli)bacteria normally live in the intestines of people and animals. MostE. coliare harmless and the treatment of the infection could be achieved by using antibiotics, however the effectiveness is still debatable and needs more investigation. Researching the inhibition resonance frequency of square amplitude modulating waves (QAMW) that can inhibit the growth activity of E. coli and its ability to make division. A range of different extremely low frequencies of square amplitude modulated waves (QAMW) from 0.1 to 1.0Hz from two generators with a constant carrier frequency of 10MHz, amplitude of 10 Vpp, modulating depth ± 2 Vpp and constant field strength 200 V/m were used to treat E. coli cells at 37°C. The exposure of E. coli to 0.3Hz QAMW for 90min was the most inhibited frequency where the bacterial growth inhibited by 42.3%. Furthermore, a significant increase in antibiotic susceptibility to protein and cell wall inhibitors was investigated. Also, results of the chromosomal DNA sequences, dielectric relaxation and TEM indicated highly significant molecular and morphological changes after the exposure. We concluded that the exposure of E. coli to QAMW at the inhibiting frequency interfered with the bioelectric signals generated from the bacteria during the cell division and changed the cellular activity and DNA sequences, and these changes lead to a significant inhibition of the bacterial growth. This is a new promising technique that aids to avoid the repetitive use of antibiotics against the bacterial pathogens.

Interventions for treating distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) in cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis is the most common life-limiting autosomal recessive genetic disorder in white populations. Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) is an important morbidity in cystic fibrosis. It is the result of the accumulation of viscid faecal material within the bowel which combines with thick, sticky mucus produced in the intestines of people with cystic fibrosis. The intestine may be completely blocked (complete DIOS) or only partially blocked (incomplete DIOS). Once a diagnosis of DIOS has been made, the goal of therapy is to relieve the acute complete or incomplete faecal obstruction and ultimately prevent the need for surgical intervention. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatment regimens for the treatment of DIOS (complete and incomplete) in children and adults with cystic fibrosis. We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis Trials Register, compiled from electronic database searches and handsearching of journals and conference abstract books. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews.Date of last search: 24 July 2018.We also searched the following trials registries and other resources: ClinicalTrials.gov; International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) Registry; the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry; and Open Grey.Date of last searches: 10 June 2018. Randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised controlled trials (including cross-over trials (to be judged on an individual basis)) comparing the use of laxative agents or surgery for treating DIOS in children, young people and adults with cystic fibrosis to each other, placebo or no intervention. Two authors independently screened papers, extracted trial details and assessed for risk of bias. The authors assessed the quality of evidence using GRADE. There was one trial with 20 participants (16 females) included in the review. The mean age of participants was 13.1 years. The trial was a double-blinded, randomised cross-over trial which had a duration of 12 months in total and compared high-dose and low-dose pancreatic enzyme therapy. As only the abstract of the trial was available, the overall risk of bias was judged to be unclear. The trial did not address either of our primary outcomes (time until resolution of DIOS and treatment failure rate), but reported episodes of acute DIOS, presence of abdominal mass and abdominal pain. There were no numerical data available for these outcomes, but the authors stated that there was no difference between treatment with high-dose or low-dose pancreatic enzymes. The overall quality of the evidence was found to be very low. There is a clear lack of evidence for the treatment of DIOS in people with cystic fibrosis. The included abstract did not address our primary outcome measures and did not provide numerical data for the two secondary outcomes it did address. Therefore, we cannot justify the use of high-dose pancreatic enzymes for treating DIOS, nor can we comment on the efficacy and safety of other laxative agents. From our findings, it is clear that more randomised controlled trials need to be conducted in this area.

Cross-dressing T cells go wild

Massive numbers of T cells infiltrate the epithelial cells of the intestine in people with celiac disease, caused by hypersensitivity to gluten. New findings show how some of these T cells become dangerous by taking on the characteristics of natural killer cells.

IL-6-induced survival of colorectal carcinoma cells is inhibited by butyrate through down-regulation of the IL-6 receptor

Colorectal carcinoma cells are characterized by over-expression of IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor, an autocrine loop that promotes the development of many tumors. To determine the importance of this pathway, we examined the role that IL-6 plays in the biology of 228 and RKO colorectal tumor cells. IL-6 induced prominent tyrosine phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT1 in both cell types. Furthermore, IL-6 exerts functional effects in these cells in that it inhibited apoptosis induced by Fas ligation, and up-regulated Bcl-xl, a STAT target gene, which can promote cell survival. Butyrate, a compound formed in the intestines of people who consume a high-fiber diet, may confer protection against the development of colorectal cancer. Given the potential importance of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of colorectal tumors, we tested the hypothesis that butyrate acts by inhibiting IL-6-induced signaling events in colorectal carcinoma cells. Following treatment with butyrate, the activation of STAT1 in response to IL-6, but not interferon-gamma, was completely lost. Butyrate induced a prominent decrease of mRNA and cell surface expression of the IL-6 receptor alpha (IL-6Ralpha) chain. Introduction of a soluble form of the IL-6Ralpha chain restored IL-6-induced STAT1 activation and resistance to apoptosis of butyrate treated cells. These experiments indicate that IL-6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancers, and that butyrate may exert its protective effect by specifically blocking IL-6-induced signaling events.

Some Observations upon the Radiology of the Small Intestine in Old Age

Attention is drawn to abnormalities in the pattern and behaviour of the small intestine in people over the age of 70 who do not present any clinical evidence of gastro-intestinal dysfunction or disease. Of 18 elderly males examined by barium meal, 17 showed changes varying from spasticity and hypermotility to hypotonus and delay. These changes are compared with the appearances now recognised as associated with nutritional disorder, of which there was here no evidence. The possibility of an arteriosclerotic basis is briefly discussed.