Intestinal Juice Research Articles

Limosilactobacillus reuteri HCS02-001 Attenuates Hyperuricemia through Gut Microbiota-Dependent Regulation of Uric Acid Biosynthesis and Excretion.

Hyperuricemia is a prevalent metabolic disorder that arises from abnormal purine metabolism and reduced excretion of uric acid (UA). The gut microbiota plays a significant role in the biosynthesis and excretion of UA. Probiotics capable of purine degradation possess the potential to prevent hyperuricemia. Our study aimed to screen probiotics in areas with abundant dairy products and longevity populations in China, which could attenuate the level of UA and explore the underlying mechanism. In this study, twenty-three lactic acid bacteria isolated from healthy Chinese infant feces and traditional fermented foods such as hurood and lump milk were evaluated for the ability to tolerance acid, bile, artificial gastric juice, and artificial intestinal juice to determine the potential of the candidate strains as probiotics. Eight strains were identified as possessing superior tolerance to simulated intestinal conditions and were further analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), revealing that Limosilactobacillus reuteri HCS02-001 (Lact-1) and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei HCS17-040 (Lact-2) possess the most potent ability to degrade purine nucleosides. The effect of Lact-1 and Lact-2 on hyperuricemia was evaluated by intervening with them in the potassium oxonate and adenine-induced hyperuricemia Balb/c mice model in vivo. Our results showed that the level of serum UA in hyperuricemic mice can be efficiently reduced via the oral administration of Lact-1 (p < 0.05). It significantly inhibited the levels of liver inflammatory cytokines and hepatic xanthine oxidase through a TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway across the gut-liver axis. Furthermore, UA transporters ABCG2 and SLC2A9 were substantially upregulated by the intervention of this probiotic. Fecal ATP levels were significantly induced, while fecal xanthine dehydrogenase and allantoinase levels were increased following probiotics. RNA sequencing of HT-29 cells line treated with Lact-1 and its metabolites demonstrated significant regulation of pathways related to hyperuricemia. In summary, these findings demonstrate that Limosilactobacillus reuteri HCS02-001 possesses a capacity to ameliorate hyperuricemia by inhibiting UA biosynthesis via enhancing gastrointestinal barrier functions and promoting UA removal through the upregulation of urate transporters, thereby providing a basis for the probiotic formulation by targeting the gut microbiota.

The SlpX protein plays a crucial role in the intestinal juice tolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC6074

The survival ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the gastrointestinal tract is low, and the mechanism of LAB resistance to the gastrointestinal tract's harsh environment is unclear. Therefore, this study used simulated gastrointestinal juices in vitro and transcriptomics approaches to identify proteins in Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC6074 that can enhance the strain's tolerance to gastrointestinal juices and verify the function of the target proteins. The results showed that the survival rate of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC6074 was 79.24% after 6 h of in vitro intestinal juice treatment, and there were 10 genes coding proteins with significant changes in expression, among which S-layer protein gene slpX was significantly up-regulated. After overexpression of the slpX gene, the survival rate of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC6074 was 94.35% after 6 h of in vitro intestinal juice tolerance. In conclusion, the SlpX protein plays a crucial role under the simulated intestinal juice condition of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC6074. This study provides a basis for a deeper understanding of the survival mechanisms of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the gastrointestinal tract.

Effect of Concomitant Drugs on Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate Hydrate in Artificial Intestinal Juice.

To explore drug interactions involving sodium zirconium cyclosilicate hydrate (SZC) and concomitant drugs like calcium antagonists (amlodipine and nifedipine) and β-blockers (carvedilol and bisoprolol), we investigate how these concomitant drugs influenced the administration of SZC in an artificial intestinal juice. Initially, we assessed the potassium ion adsorption capacity, ranking it as follows: calcium polystyrene sulfonate (CPS, 54.9 mg/g) < sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS, 62.1 mg/g) < SZC (90.8 mg/g). However, the adsorption equilibrium was achieved in the order of CPS ≒ SPS (within 1 min) < SZC (within 1 h). Subsequently, we determined the residual percentages of amlodipine, nifedipine, carvedilol, and bisoprolol, finding them to be 79.0-91.9% for SZC, 0.38-38.4% for SPS, and 0.57-29.0% for CPS. These results suggest the efficacy of SZC in managing hyperkalemia alongside concomitant drugs in an artificial intestinal juice, with particular emphasis on amlodipine (calcium antagonist) and carvedilol (β-blocker). Additionally, we identified the presence of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen components from both drugs on the SZC surface following interaction. We also evaluated how amlodipine, nifedipine, carvedilol, and bisoprolol affected the administration of SZC in the presence of potassium ions. Our results indicate that potassium ions and concomitant drugs did not interfere with each other in the artificial intestinal juice. These results offer valuable insights into the administration of SZC in conjunction with concomitant drugs. Lastly, the presented data shows qualitative results in this study.

Evaluation of Bioaccessibility of Vitamin C from Four Different Commercial Amla Products Using a Modified In Vitro Digestion Model

The present study aims to evaluate the bioaccessibility of vitamin C from 4 different Amla-based products compared with the Raw Amla using a modified dynamic customized in vitro digestion model. We chose 4 different amla products including amla juice, honey amla, dry amla, and amla powder for our study for the estimation of vitamin C. The results indicated that before in vitro digestion, the quantity of vitamin C is higher (45 mg/g) compared with other formulations. This may be due to the degradation of the amla matrix during powder making. Then, we carried out a dynamic in vitro digestion process sequentially from the mouth phase into the intestinal phase. Briefly, equal volumes of amla product and salivary enzymes were mixed thoroughly for 5 minutes, transferred to the stomach phase by mixing with porcine gastric juice, and made a pH of 3 for 2 hours. Finally, the digested foodstuffs were transferred and mixed with porcine intestinal juice for 2 hours. Once the intestinal digestion is finished, the overall digest is filtered using 0.3-micron filter paper for collecting micellar phase from the supernatant for vitamin C quantification. The results indicated that the amount of vitamin C entered the micellar is higher in the case of amla powder compared with other formulations (25 mg/g). Therefore, among the different amla products, dry amla (57.8 %) and amla juice (56.8%) exhibited better sources of vitamin C to facilitate bioactivity and also ameliorate vitamin C deficiency disorders.

The viability of microorganism of probiotic yogurt enriched with bee pollen

ABSTRACT It aims to offer an alternative product to the food industry for the increasing demands of healthy nutrition with production of yogurt containing bee pollen. Probiotic yogurt prepared with different levels of bee pollen (0.5%, 1.5%, 3% and 6%) were evaluated for antimicrobial properties, viability of S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium spp. during 14 days of refrigerated storage, and resistance to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions. Yogurt samples showed antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, and S. aureus at high level of cell concentration (108 CFU/mL). The viability of S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium spp. decreased in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model depending on bee pollen content and bacterial species as the application time increased. The simulated gastric and intestinal juice tolerance of bacteria was strain dependent and pH-dependent. The addition bee pollen enhanced the survival of L. acidophilus in both simulated juices.

Nutrition and Foods

“Why do you complain that you cannot afford meat? Why do you not just eat beans?”, by a well-meaning public figure to a gathering of people. It is ok if one is a vegetarian for whatever reason. You might be a vegetarian for religious or health reasons. You might even decide to eat a meatless diet on a whim. However, if your family is regular and not restricted in what they can eat, then suddenly fail to access a diverse diet, then one must think nutrition very seriously. Say a family has young children who have a good appetite and have been drinking milk, then all of a sudden milk is curtailed, advice cannot be “give them any other beverage”. Satiety-wise yes, but not nutrition-wise. So is meat a must in the diet? Yes, because of the unique essential nutrients it provides. And when we talk of meat we have to remember there are different types of meat. There is red meat from cattle, sheep, goats, and wild animals. Then there is white meat from poultry, fish, rabbits, and insects. Consumers delight in such meats for different reasons. Then the milk or eggs of these provide more or less the same nutrients. The human body requires certain essential nutrients, already determined scientifically as far as amounts needed. In most cases, it is a mixed diverse diet, which means both plant and animal sources. So, humans who consume only animal-source food, miss plant-source nutrients, and vice versa. For example, in Kenya, we have the Maasai who eat meat and drink blood and milk. But guess what? That is not all. They also take intestinal juices which help to digest the meat they consume, sometimes in raw form. We did some studies on Maasai eating patterns and found out that, their diet includes fruits, roots, and herbs from the wild. These provide vitamins and minerals to supplement what their meat-lacto diet provides. So, human beings need a mixed diet to be able to meet fully the body's nutritional requirements. Should you choose to, or find yourself eating only meats or vegetables, you will most likely suffer certain nutritional deficiencies. Where you can affordably access good supplements, you better get a doctor's advice to start taking these before you develop nutrient deficiency symptoms. Most cultures seem to have diets where foods complement each other. More studies are needed on this topic. Meantime, let us continue to research and learn more. All these nutrients our body needs work in unison and when you study them carefully, you find out that they are interdependent, in that if you take too much of one or some, the functioning of the others is affected, likely to lead to negative effects on your health.

Removed: Development of synbiotic juice by spray drying of Lactobacillus paracaesii sub sp. tolerans N2-45 along with galacto-oligosaccharides using different carrier materials

Synbiotics have been intensively studied for the numerous health benefits they provide to the host, as well as prospective alternative therapy techniques for a variety of disorders. In this investigation, wild strain and thermally adapted strain of Lactobacillus sp. (probiotics) were combined with GOS – Galacto-oligosaccharides (prebiotic). The combination of probiotics + prebiotics - along with carrier materials (Maltodextrin, Corn starch, Acacia Gum) were spray-dried and their characteristics were assessed. Spray-dried powders were tested for 8 weeks at three different storage temperatures (4 °C, 30 °C, and 37 °C) (56 days). At different temperatures (4 °C, 30 °C, 37 °C), N2-45+corn starch + GOS has a greater survival. As a result, corn starch appears to be the best carrier material for microencapsulation. The encapsulated powder was subjected to gastric juice studies and sub-lethal stress analysis. N2-45+corn starch + GOS exhibited the best survival % in both simulated gastric and intestinal juice of all the Lactobacilli spray-dried powders. The Synbiotic squash juice was prepared and sensory analysis was done using the statistical method - PCA model. Sensory qualities did not differ significantly between the control and synbiotic fruit drink. As a result, 75 mg of synbiotic per serving can be regarded healthful and cost-effective when making any flavoured synbiotic fruit drinks. Thus this improves the probiotic bacteria's survivability throughout passage through the upper digestive system.

Inhibition of blood pressure elevation in GABA‐enriched Hidakakombu fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 002 protected addition of trehalose

SummaryHidakakombu (Saccharina angustata) is an edible brown alga produced in the Hidaka region of Hokkaido. It is graded at the time of processing, and low‐grade products have a low market value. New ways to utilise Hidakakombu are needed to increase producer profits. In this study, Hidakakombu was fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 002 to determine its functional properties. Fermentation of the Hidakakombu increased its γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) content. The addition of trehalose to L. plantarum 002 in Hidakakombu inhibited the decrease in the number of L. plantarum 002, while maintaining a high level of GABA. L. plantarum 002 in trehalose‐supplemented and fermented Hidakakombu remained viable in simulated gastric juice and grew in simulated intestinal juice. L. plantarum 002‐fermented Hidakakombu has an antihypertensive function that is attributed to GABA. The addition of trehalose protected L. plantarum 002 in fermented Hidakakombu and enhanced freeze‐drying and digestive juice tolerance.

Optimal Food Matrix Model for Digestibility and Bioavailability of Calcium and Zinc

The nutrient deficiency resulting from inappropriate dietary intake leads to major risk factors of malnutrition and poses many serious threats and challenges to human health and capabilities. Malnutrition can be prevented through efficient accessibility and bioavailability from different food matrices. The objective of this study was to assess the digestibility and bioavailability of calcium and zinc with food matrices such as casual food (bread curry mixture), yogurt (plain and fruited), juices (orange, apple, carrot, and tomato), coffee, water (water and sparkling water), and smoothies after digestion with saliva, gastric, duodenal, and small intestine juices. 20 mg calcium and 3 mg zinc were mixed with the above food matrices and digestibility and bioavailability were determined. The result showed that the highest calcium digestibility (49.75%) was observed with plain yogurt and the lowest digestibility (10.10%) was observed with sparkling water. The highest (22.80%) and lowest (6.20%) calcium bioavailability were observed with fruit yogurt and carrot juice, respectively. The highest (13.55%) and lowest (10.20%) zinc digestibility were observed with coffee and orange juices, respectively. The highest (4.85%) and lowest (1.05%) zinc bioavailability were observed with fruit yogurt and bread sauce, respectively. Thus, this study helps to determine the optimal food matrix model for the best digestibility and potential bioavailability of calcium and zinc from vitamin-mineral products.

Modified Cinnabaris-stabilized Pickering emulsions loaded with the essential oil of Acorus tatarinowii Schott: preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation.

Essential oil of Acorus tatarinowii Schott (ATEO) have significant biological activity, but their physical and chemical properties are unstable and susceptible to interference by external factors, resulting in oxidation, decomposition, and isomerization of essential oils (EOs), ultimately diminishing the quality of EOs and escalating clinical risks. In this research, based on the concept of " combination of medicine and adjuvant, " the unsuitable stabilizer Cinnabaris in Lingzhu powder prescription was modified with a SiO2 surface to become a stabilizer suitable for Pickering emulsion. The modified Cinnabaris was synthesized, with a focus on exploring the surface modification of Cinnabaris to facilitate its role as a stabilizer in Pickering emulsion. Thermal stability studies showed that modified Cinnabaris-stabilized emulsion had higher EOs retention and lower peroxide value and hydrogen peroxide content. GC-MS analysis showed that the volatile components in the emulsion were more stable than the EOs. In vitro dissolution experiments showed that in the dissolution medium of artificial gastric juice and artificial intestinal juice, compared with the ATEO, the release in Pickering emulsion was faster within 48 h, indicating that the ATEO had been encapsulated in Pickering emulsion, which could improve the in vitro dissolution rate of EOs. This study convincingly demonstrates the potential of modified Cinnabaris-stabilized Pickering emulsion to improve the thermal stability and in vitro dissolution rate of EOs.

IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF PROBIOTIC SURVIVAL IN SIMULATED GASTROINTESTINAL CONDITIONS AND ADHESIVE PROPERTIES

The study focused on evaluating the functional properties of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains – Lactobacillus fermentum 30, Lactobacillus cellobiosus 36, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei 36/1, and Lac-ticaseibacillus paracasei 30/1 – and their associations, aiming to assess acid resistance, bile tolerance, enzyme stability, and adhesion capabilities using in vitro methods. The survival rates of these LAB strains and their associations were investigated under simulated gastric juice (SGJ) and simulated intestinal juice (SIJ). In SGJ, the association L. fermentum 30 + L. cellobiosus 36 showed higher survival rates compared to individual strains, with approximately 75% viability after 2 hours incubation. Similarly, the associa-tion L. paracasei 30/1 + L. paracasei 36/1 exhibited enhanced survival in SGJ, maintaining about 80% viability. In SIJ, both associations demonstrated improved survival compared to individual strains, with L. fermentum 30 + L. cellobiosus 36 and L. paracasei 30/1 + L. paracasei 36/1 maintaining approxi-mately 70% and 75% viability, respectively. The adhesion capabilities of these LAB strains and associa-tions were evaluated using human erythrocytes. All strains displayed high adhesive activity, particularly notable in L. paracasei 36/1 + L. paracasei 30/1, which demonstrated a significantly higher adhesion index compared to other strains. These findings highlight the robust survival and adhesive properties of the LAB strains and their associations under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Further research is warranted to explore their potential applications in promoting gut health and combating gastrointestinal disorders.

In vitro assessment of probiotic potential and safety of two Lactobacillus gasseri strains isolated from mother's breast milk and infant's feces in Vietnam

Probiotics have multiple beneficial effects on human health, including modulation of the immune system, inhibition of enteric pathogens, and prevention of metabolic disorders. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most common bacterial strains used for probiotic production. Among those, species belonging to the Lactobacillus acidophilus complex, especially L. gasseri, were well characterized and reported for probiotics. This study evaluated the potential probiotic characteristics of two L. gasseri strains (designed as VTCC 12791 and VTCC 12792) isolated from a pair of mother's breast milk and infant's feces. Both strains completely survived in the simulated gastric juice, highly tolerated the simulated intestinal juice (81-84%), strongly adhered to the HT-29 cell (23.5% for VTCC 12791 strain and 5.5% for VTCC 12792 strain), and had antagonistic activity against food-borne pathogens of Aeromonas dhakensis, Vibrio vulnificus, and Listeria monocytogenes, which demonstrated better beneficial properties than those of the commercial reference Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota (LcS) strain. Additionally, both strains exhibited xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (approximately 24%), which can lead to reducing serum uric acid. Regarding the safety aspect, the strains were sensitive to several antibiotics of ampicillin, vancomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and possessed alpha-hemolytic activity, which were similar to those of LcS strain. Our results suggested that L. gasseri VTCC 12791 and VTCC 12792 are potential candidates for producing probiotics and functional foods. Further in vivo studies are needed to prove their potential health benefits, especially in the treatment of hyperuricemia.

Influence of artificial digestion on characteristics and intestinal cellular effects of micro-, submicro- and nanoplastics

The production of plastics is rising since they have been invented. Micro, submicro- and nanoplastics are produced intentionally or generated by environmental processes, and constitute ubiquitous contaminants which are ingested orally by consumers. Reported health concerns include intestinal translocation, inflammatory response, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Every digestive milieu in the gastrointestinal tract does have an influence on the properties of particles and can cause changes in their effect on biological systems. In this study, we subjected plastic particles of different materials (polylactic acid, polymethylmethacrylate, melamine formaldehyde) and sizes (micro- to nano-range) to a complex artificial digestion model consisting of three intestinal fluid simulants (saliva, gastric and intestinal juice). We monitored the impact of the digestion process on the particles by performing Dynamic Light Scattering, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. An in vitro model of the intestinal epithelial barrier was used to monitor cellular effects and translocation behavior of (un)digested particles. In conclusion, artificial digestion decreased cellular interaction and slightly increased transport of all particles across the intestinal barrier. The interaction with organic matter resulted in clear differences in the agglomeration behavior. Moreover, we provide evidence for polymer-, size- and surface-dependent cellular effects of the test particles.

Orally administered Streptococcus thermophilus YIT 2001 is a vehicle for the delivery of glutathione, a reactive reduced thiol, to the intestine.

We aimed to analyze the behavior of cellular glutathione of Streptococcus thermophilus strain YIT 2001 (ST-1) in the gastrointestinal environment to understand how orally administered glutathione in ST-1 cells is delivered stably to the intestine in a reactive form, which is essential for its systemic bioavailability against lipid peroxidation. Intracellular glutathione was labeled with L-cysteine-containing stable isotopes. ST-1 cells from fresh culture or lyophilized powder were treated with simulated gastric and intestinal juices for 60 min each. The release of intracellular glutathione in digestive juices was quantified via LC-MS/MS. Most of the cellular glutathione was retained in the gastric environment and released in response to exposure to the gastrointestinal environment. During digestion, the membrane permeability of propidium iodide increased significantly, especially when cells were exposed to cholate, without change in the cell wall state. ST-1 cells act as vehicles to protect intracellular reactive components, such as glutathione, from digestive stress, and release them in the upper intestine owing to the disruption of membrane integrity induced by bile acid.

Methylation and bio-accessibility assessment of arsenate in crickets (Gryllusbimaculatus)

The ability of an organism to biomethylate toxic inorganic arsenic (As) determines both, the amount of As available for uptake higher up the food chain and the toxicity of bioavailable As. An exposure study was conducted to determine ability of farmed crickets to metabolize dietary arsenate. Crickets were exposed to 1.3 ± 0.1, 5.1 ± 2.5 and 36.3 ± 5.6 mg kg−1 dietary arsenate and quantitation of total As showed retention of 0.416 ± 0.003, 1.3 ± 0.04 and 2.46 ± 0.09 mg kg−1, respectively. Speciation analysis revealed that crickets have well developed ability to biomethylate dietary arsenate and the most abundant methylated As compound was DMA followed by MMA, TMAO and an unknown compound. Arsenobetaine, although present in all feed, control and As-rich, was measured only in the control crickets. To assess the bio-accessibility of the As species, crickets were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results showed that majority of As was extracted in saliva, followed by gastric and intestinal juice, which mass fraction was equal to residue. Over 78% of total As was shown to be bio-accessible with methylated species reaching 100% and iAs over 79% bio-accessibility. Additionally, arsenite and arsenate have shown different distributions between sequential leachate solutions. Bioaccumulation of As was observed in the studied crickets although it does not seem to occur to the same extent at higher exposure levels.

Epigallocatechin gallate alleviated the in vivo toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to mouse intestine.

To evaluate the oral toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs), it is necessary to consider the interactions between NPs and nutrient molecules. Recently, we reported that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a healthy component in green tea, alleviated the toxicity of ZnO NPs to 3D Caco-2 spheroids in vitro. The present study investigated the combined effects of EGCG and ZnO NPs to mice in vivo. Mice were administrated with 35 or 105 mg/kg bodyweight ZnO NPs with or without the presence of 80 mg/kg bodyweight EGCG via gastric route, once a day, for 21 days, and the influences of EGCG on the toxicity of ZnO NPs to intestine were investigated. We found that EGCG altered the colloidal properties of ZnO NPs both in water and artificial intestine juice. As expected, ZnO NPs induced toxicological effects, such as decreased bodyweight, higher Chiu's scores, and ultrastructural changes in intestine, whereas EGCG alleviated these effects. Combined exposure to EGCG and ZnO NPs also changed trace element levels in mouse intestine. For example, the levels of Ti, Co, and Ni were only significantly elevated after co-exposure to EGCG and ZnO NPs, and Fe levels were only significantly decreased by ZnO NPs. Western blot analysis suggested that tight junction (TJ) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins were elevated by ZnO NPs, but EGCG inhibited this trend. Combined, these data suggested that gastric exposure to ZnO NPs induced intestinal damage, trace element imbalance, and TJ/ER protein expression in mouse intestine, whereas EGCG alleviated these effects of ZnO NPs.

Fabrication of dry S/O/W microcapsule and its probiotic protection against different stresses.

Encapsulation is commonly used to protect probiotics against harsh stresses. Thus, the fabrication of microcapsules with special structure is critical. In this work, microcapsules with the structure of S/O/W (solid-in-oil-in-water) emulsion were prepared for probiotics, with butterfat containing probiotics as the inner core and with whey protein isolate fibrils (WPIF) and antioxidants (epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG; glutathione, GSH) as the outer shell. Based on the high viscosity and good emulsifying ability of WPIF, dry well-dispersed microcapsules were successfully prepared via the stabilization of the butterfat emulsion during freeze-drying with 30-50 g L-1 WPIF. WPIF, WPIF + EGCG, and WPIF + GSH microcapsules with 50 g L-1 WPIF protected probiotics very well against different stresses and exhibited similar inactivation results, indicating that EGCG and GSH exerted neither harm or protection on probiotics. This significantly reduced the harmful effects of antioxidants on probiotics. Almost all the probiotics survived after pasteurization, which was critical for the use of probiotics in other foods. The inactivation values of probiotics in microcapsules were around 1 log in simulated gastric juice (SGJ), about 0.5 log in simulated intestinal juice (SIJ), and around 1 log after 40 days of ambient storage. Dry S/O/W microcapsule, with butterfat containing probiotics as the inner core and WPIF as the outer shell, significantly increased the resistance of probiotics to harsh environments. This work proposed a preparation method of dry S/O/W microcapsule with core/shell structure, which could be used in the encapsulation of probiotics and other bioactive ingredients.

Probiotics Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Horse Milk in Tambora, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

This study explores the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in horse milk from Tambora, West Nusa Tenggara by examining its functional and probiotic attributes, including bile salt tolerance, low pH, simulated gastric juice (SGJ), simulated intestinal juice (SIJ), antibacterial activity, as well as bile salt hydrolase (BSH) genes. Genotyping of LAB was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) analysis and then identified based on the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 25 LAB isolates showed the ability to grow at low pH, tolerant to bile, and survived under SIJ and SGJ conditions. The BSH gene was confirmed in three isolates, namely: SK1-28, SK2-30, and SK2-34. Results of RFLP-PCR analysis showed that the LAB isolates were grouped into three groups based on the number and molecular weight of the differences DNA fragments. The 16S rRNA analysis showed that the first two groups were Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, whereas the third group was Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. In addition, all Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosusisolates in group I showed the ability to grow at pH 9.0, but not group II. It can be concluded that Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum can be used as the indigenous probiotic bacteria source from Indonesia.

Host-guest interaction and properties of cucurbit[n]uril (n=7,8) with chlorzoxazone

The interaction between cucurbit[n]uril (n = 7,8, Q[n]s) and chlorzoxazone (CHZ) was investigated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), UV–vis spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The effects of cucurbit[n]uril (n = 7,8) on the stability, water solubility and CHZ in vitro release performance were also studied. The results showed that CHZ and Q[8] formed a 2:1 inclusion complex (CHZ2@Q[8]) with a binding constant of 6.971 × 104 L·mol−2 and CHZ and Q[7] formed a 1:1 inclusion complex (CHZ@Q[7]) with a binding constant of 9.546 × 104 L·mol−1. The intervention of cucurbit[n]uril (n = 7,8) prolonged the CHZ release time in artificial gastric and intestinal juices and increased the solubility of CHZ in aqueous solution while hardly affecting the stability.

Natural pH and temperature-sensitive hydrogel-emulsion carriers for co-delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive ingredients in the gastrointestinal tract

The low oral bioavailability of some bioactive ingredients is a challenge in the supplement and functional food areas. Consequently, there is a need for innovative carrier technologies that can increase the solubility, stability, release, and absorption of these ingredients within the human gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, some bioactive ingredients may exert their synergistic activities when delivered together. The objective of this study was to design natural carriers that could simultaneously deliver both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive ingredients, thereby increasing their ability to exert synergistic effects. Initially, model hydrophobic (lycopene) and hydrophilic (riboflavin) ingredients were encapsulated in the oil and internal water phases of water-in-oleic acid-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions, respectively. These emulsions were then dispersed into two kinds of alginate-based matrices, which may be suitable for different applications: calcium alginate gels (solid) or EDTA-calcium alginate sols (fluid). Oleic acid was used as an oil phase in the W/O/W emulsions to provide temperature-triggered release, whereas alginate-based matrices were used to provide pH-triggered release. The carriers were stable in a simulated gastric juice but released the bioactive ingredients in a simulated small intestinal juice. The calcium alginate matrix increased the light stability of the bioactive ingredients. Encapsulation improved the bioaccessibility of the co-delivered bioactive ingredients. This study provides new strategies that can be used for designing pH- and temperature-sensitive carrier for intestinal targeted delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic food bioactive ingredients.