Interview Situation Research Articles

Investigation on Preoperative Interview of Standardized Training for Anesthesiologists

Objective — To investigate the current situation of preoperative interview of standardized training anesthesiologists in Hebei province by online questionnaire. To understand the current situation of preoperative interview of standardized training anesthesiologists and screen out the main factors affecting the preoperative interview of standardized training anesthesiologists. Methods — The questionnaire is designed by the authors and is distributed through Wechat Mini Program. Questionnaire survey was conducted among standardized training anesthesiologists in several training bases in Hebei Province. Results — 313 valid questionnaires were collected. The standardized training anesthesiologists had problems such as lack of basic knowledge, lack of teacher's evaluation on their preoperative interview, and don't know how to improve. In addition, the number of preoperative interviews in neurosurgery and cardiothoracic surgery was relatively small, and the ability of preoperative interviews in specialized surgery was insufficient. Conclusion — To improve the quality of preoperative interviews, standardized training anesthesiologists need to improve the training and evaluation system and enhance teaching.

“She Is a Woman, She Is an Unbeliever—You Should not Meet with Her”: An Ethnographic Account of Accessing Salafi-Jihadist Environments as Non-Muslim Female Researchers

The Salafi-jihadist environment, which seeks to remain closed and clandestine, is extremely hard to access. Moreover, the milieu is gender segregated and hostile towards non-Muslims, even other Muslims who are not considered “real” Muslims. Depending on the researcher’s positionality this can either further complicate or facilitate accessing the milieu. Based on methodological experiences from ethnographic fieldwork (interviews and observations) in Denmark and Sweden, this article aims to unravel how researcher positionality influences different layers of access when investigating Salafi-jihadist environments. Acknowledging that gaining access is a continuous process throughout the entire research process, we specifically explore how our positions as non-Muslim female researchers both thwarted and assisted in: 1) the initial stage of searching for and contacting potential informants; 2) gaining further access through building trusted interpersonal relations; and 3) accessing sensitive emotional insights in the interview situation. The article argues that gaining and maintaining access as non-Muslim female researchers requires that the researcher be ready to play along with stereotypical gender views, undergo “trust tests,” and manage one’s own positionality by undertaking ‘emotional labor’ in accordance with stereotypical perceptions of women as, for example, providing comfort.

Counter-talk as symbolic boundary drawing: Challenging legitimate cultural practices in individual and focus group interviews in the lower regions of social space

In qualitative interviews, challenges such as deviations from the topic, interruptions, silences or counter-questions are inevitable. It is debatable whether the researcher should try to alleviate them or consider them as important indicators of power relations. In this methodological article, we adopt the latter view and examine the episodes of counter-talk that emerge in qualitative interviews on cultural practices among underprivileged popular classes by drawing on 49 individual and focus group interviews conducted in the highly egalitarian context of Finland. Our main aim is to demonstrate how counter-talk emerging in interview situations could be fruitfully analysed as moral boundary drawing. We identify three types of counter-talk: resisting the situation, resisting the topic, and resisting the interviewer. While the first type unites many of the typical challenges inherent to qualitative interviewing in general (silences, deviations from the topic and so forth), the second one shows that explicit taste distinctions are an important feature of counter-talk, yet the interviewees mostly discuss them as something belonging to the personal sphere. Finally, the third type reveals how the strongest counter-talk and clearest moral boundary stemmed from the interviewees’ attitudes towards the interviewer herself. We argue that counter-talk in general should be given more importance as a key element of the qualitative interview. We demonstrate that all three types of counter-talk are crucial to properly understanding the power relations and moral boundaries present in qualitative interviews and that cultural practices are a particularly good topic to tease them out.

Conducting Social Research Online: Empathetic Concern and Sociability

As of February 2020, all access to the research field has taken place online out of necessity and, as a consequence of this, it seems that there are many questions which must be tackled by methodological research. The paper will discuss some of these, starting from a focus group experience: what elements of the interview situation change? What comes into play in the dynamics of the relationship that is established? Do the typical dynamics of a focus group also develop, even among people who look at each other from a screen, who only see each other’s faces or little more, and who have never met before? What must the facilitator of the discursive production take into account? The reference is to two important authors, Edith Stein and Georg Simmel. The hypothesis discussed concerns the reduction of the possibility for empathy in the interaction and the affirmation of sociability, which almost seems to fill the space left by empathy.

Safeguarding personal integrity while collecting sensitive data using narrative interviews – a research note

ABSTRACT Narrative interviews with young victims of crime can provide information regarding their unique situations and how the victimization has affected their lives. However, the method can be intrusive, and not all young people are able to safeguard their personal integrity. This research note offers reflections on the use of narrative interviews with young victims of crime, and on interview situations that raised ethical quandaries about whether to discontinue the interviews to reduce the risk of harm. The note starts with a brief description of research on sensitive topics, the study, and the narrative method. After that, I reflect upon some interview situations that have left me wondering what I could have done differently, resulting in suggestions on what could be changed.

Sociodemographic Correlates and Mental Health Comorbidities in Adolescents With Social Anxiety: The Young-HUNT3 Study, Norway.

Social anxiety is highly prevalent in adolescents and is often associated with great individual suffering and functional impairment. Psychiatric comorbidity is common and further adds to this burden. The purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the occurrence of diagnosed and self-reported social anxiety among 8,199 Norwegian adolescents aged 13–19 years who participated in the population-based Young-HUNT3 study (2006–2008); (2) to examine associations between sociodemographic characteristics and different subgroups of social anxiety; and (3) to describe the psychiatric health comorbidities among adolescents diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD). In total, 388 (5.9%) of the adolescents screened positive for SAD and were invited into a diagnostic interview, performed by professional nurses, using Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM IV: child version (ADIS-C) (response rate = 54.6%). A SAD diagnosis was indicated in 106 individuals (50% of the interview subjects), and more than two-thirds of the adolescents diagnosed with SAD had one or more comorbid psychiatric disorders. Higher mean scores of self-reported social anxiety symptoms, poor self-rated health, sleep problems, poor family economic situation, low physical activity, and having sought professional help within the last year were associated with higher odds of being in the screening positive subgroup. Screening positive subjects who did not meet for a diagnostic interview did not differ notably from the rest of the screening positive group in terms of these sociodemographic characteristics. Based on our results and the fact that individuals with social anxiety often fear interview situations, the use of ADIS-C, screening questions and self-reports seem to be sufficient when aiming to identify epidemiologically representative cohorts of adolescents at risk of social anxiety.

Studying Intimacies that Matter: Affective Assemblages in Research Interviews with Forced Migrants

ABSTRACT This article explores methodological challenges in studying intimacies through analysing affective assemblages in research interviews. The participants in this study are forced migrants trying to reunite with their transnational families. Building on scholarship where affect is considered precognitive, meaning that it happens prior to emotions, this article approaches affective knowledge through methodological exploration. The analysis explores two research encounters from a data set which include interviews with 55 forced migrants in Finland, some of which were done together with a research assistant working as a translator. In addition, data include the researcher’s notes on re-listening to six interviews. The research question is how affect influences research interview situations and what effects these affective assemblages have on all involved. Additionally, the interest is in what these assemblages reveal about empathy and difference. The results show that intimate relations may manifest through a shared, intense affective assemblage where the borders of the researcher and participant become blurred. Difficult experiences of losses and injustices in the realm of intimacies may also cause affective dissonance. In these research encounters, difference between the researcher(s) and the participant(s) is left unsolved. The unresolved difference may reveal power relations between the researcher and participant.

Vulnerability to interrogative suggestibility from negative life events. A comparison of separated asylum-seeking youth and age-matched peers.

The consistency of young asylum-seeker's verbal testimony is often critical in determining the outcome of their claims. It is well established that an interviewee may change their answers to appease an interviewer or in response to suggestions. Experiencing adversity during childhood may increase vulnerability in such interview situations. Here, the vulnerability to interview pressure of asylum-seeking youth separated from their caregivers as minors was compared with age-matched peers. Thirty participants (16–23 years) completed the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS2, measures of negative life events (NLEs) and non-verbal cognitive functioning measures. Vulnerability to interrogative suggestibility, non-verbal cognitive functioning and number of NLEs was compared between two groups. This preliminary data showed asylum-seeking youth as significantly more vulnerable to Shift; changes in response to interviewer feedback. NLEs and lower non-verbal cognitive functioning were significantly more common among the separated youth increasing vulnerability to Shift. The implications are discussed.

Interview as Social Practice: How Can Nexus Analysis Enhance Reflexivity?

This article suggests that the understanding of an interview as a social practice can be enhanced by the notion of social action mediated by language and material tools as proposed in nexus analysis methodology. Interviews can be viewed either as a source of gathering information or social practice. The latter approach advocates for a greater sense of reflexivity about the interview situation. This article suggests that nexus analysis methodology can help concretize the greater reflexivity about interactional resources of an interview in different ways. One such way is to explore how parties in an interview interaction use material places to bring out discourses that may otherwise not have been triggered if conventional qualitative interview approaches were used. This is illustrated with interviews about the impact of gold mining on human well-being in the Ahafo Region of Ghana, carried out on a gold mining site. This article concludes that paying attention to the interview site has an unrealized potential to strengthen the reflexivity about the interview situation.

Video cases as tricksters, in medical students´ transition to psychiatric clerkship. A liminal perspective.

This study introduced a lens of liminal theory, drawn from anthropological classical ritual theory, to explore how a preparatory teaching format using video casesinfluenced medical students' patient approaches in their subsequent psychiatric clerkship. The video cases portrayed simulated patient-doctor encounters in diagnostic interview situations and were hypothesized to function as a liminal trickster. The study applied a qualitative explorative design using individual rich picture interviews. We asked the students to draw their experiences, which we investigated using a semi-structured interview guide designed to capture and unfold the students' perspectives. We explored how students navigated insights from the preparatory teaching in their clerkship using liminal theory concepts in a mixed inductive and deductive thematic analysis. The results from 8 rich picture interviews demonstrated that students' ability to navigate insight gained from the video cases in their clerkship varied according to their roles in the clinical diagnostic interview situations. Students having active roles in the diagnostic interview situation adopted a patient-centred focus demonstrating empathic engagement and self-reflexivity related to their learning experiences with the video cases. Students with passive roles described a focus on how to adopt an appropriate appearance and copied the behaviour of the simulated doctors in the video cases. The liminal ritual theory perspective to explore the influence of preparatory teaching was useful for demonstrating how video cases could affect students' patient-centred learning. Without guidance and active roles in clerkship, medical students' learning experiences may lead to a prolonged liminal phase and may not capitalise on the potentially positive effects of the preparatory teaching. Liminal theory may further inform our understanding of students' learning considering patient cases in educational technology arrangements as tricksters.

The Qualitative Interview and the Necessary Attitude of Openness

The article takes a look at the qualitative interviews frequently used in the rehabilitation sciences and their practical implementation. An essential aspect of conducting an interview - in addition to characteristics of processuality and communication - is the attitude of openness. This comprises several aspects in the qualitative research process, which are specifically mentioned here. This begins with a methodological openness in the selection and application of suitable methods for the research object to be investigated. The attitude of openness continues in the research process when possible adjustments in the approach become necessary, which can and should then also be the subject of methodological reflection. Openness thus refers to the entire research process and its unforeseen events and progressions. However, an attitude of openness also and especially means an open-mindedness towards the interviewees as well as towards the interview situation and its framework conditions. Last but not least, this requires openness towards oneself in the sense of a reflection of one's own self-evidence in order to (re-)structure interviews as little as possible.

Violence, role reversals, and turning points: work identity at stake at a therapeutic residential institution for adolescents

ABSTRACT This article focuses on how one staff member at a therapeutic residential institution negotiates his work identity, exploring how he narrates a violent incident, the formation of work identity, and how the adolescent figures within these processes. Mishler argues that when speaking, we perform identity. As social actors, we select and organise language, telling stories that fit the audience, our intentions, and the occasion. The article is framed both theoretically and methodologically through the assumption that narrative is a fundamental human way of giving meaning to our experiences. Identities are understood as being produced and performed within personal narratives. Thus, in an interview situation, narratives provide an interactive space for personal subjectivities to be expressed and enacted. Drawing on Mishler, we find three essential ‘turning points’ that shape Alex’s work identity: (1) the violent incident, (2) the adolescent’s return to the ward, and (3) Alex’s subsequent change of wards. We interpret Alex’s narrative as a ‘narrative of resistance’ that may have practical day-to-day implications for the field of institutional care and help expand the staff’s clinical toolbox. Further, Alex’s narrative is a vital example of stories of violence, which can be incorporated into policy documents on violence management.

How guilty and innocent suspects perceive the police and themselves: suspect interviews in Germany

PurposeSuspects are central participants of a police interview and can provide crucial information on the interview interactions with the interviewers. This study examined how the way suspects perceive interviews relates to (a) their reported status of being guilty or innocent and (b) their decision to confess or deny.MethodsA total of 250 convicted offenders completed a two‐part questionnaire on their perceptions during the most recent suspect interview in which they had confessed to or denied a crime they had committed (Part 1) or not committed (Part 2).ResultsParticipants reported a total of 334 police interviews – 223 for which they reported being guilty and 111 for which they reported being innocent. An exploratory factor analysis showed that three latent factors described how they viewed the interviewers and themselves: Respectful‐Open Behaviors (non‐accusatorial interviewer behaviour, and no pressure in suspects), Confession‐Oriented Tactics by the interviewer (minimization and maximization tactics), and Suspects’ Psychological Distress (insecurity, fear, and lack of self‐confidence). Suspects perceived less Psychological Distress and less Respectful‐Open Behaviors in reported innocent (vs. guilty) interview situations. In reported guilty interview situations, confessions were associated positively with Respectful‐Open Behaviors and Suspects’ Psychological Distress, whereas denials were associated positively with Confession‐Oriented Tactics. Innocent interview situations showed a positive correlation between confessions and Suspects’ Psychological Distress.ConclusionsIn this study, suspects deliver an important message to the police and the legal system: The findings substantiate the benefits of an open‐minded interviewing approach, and fail to support a confession‐oriented interrogation approach.

What’s in a name? Identity, indexicality and name-change in an immigrant context

AbstractThe present study explores the case of a transnational Polish family in Norway in which one of the care givers as well as the teenage son underwent a name change after their initial experiences of migration. Drawing on the audio-recorded interactions in the interview situation, the article investigates the identity constructions of the focal participant in his narrative about the name change. To this end, first, the indexicalities of the social identity categoryPoleas constructed in Norwegian media and the participants’ accounts are outlined. Then, against this backdrop, the focal participant’s identity claims as occasioned in the narrative on the name change are discursively analyzed. The analysis shows that the identity claims the focal participant makes aim at dissociating himself from the powerless, stigmatized position of a migrant, in which he was cast upon his arrival in Norway. Furthermore, the study suggests that migrant identity constructions need to be considered against the participants’ lived experiences of migration, larger societal discourses and against participants’ constructions of belonging to imagined communities.

“To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate My Child?” What Is at Stake in Vaccination Repertoires?

One of the most hotly debated topics in Romania in recent years has been the vaccination of children, especially in relation to the measles epidemic that began in 2016 and continues to this day. Using a discourse analytic perspective, this article addresses the main interpretative repertoires regarding the vaccination of children displayed in interview situations by two categories of parents, namely those who decided to vaccinate their children and those who refused to vaccinate their children. Regarding the first group, I have identified the following repertoires: (1) the repertoire of "I trust doctors, I trust science" as a repertoire of expressing total trust; (2) the repertoire of hypocrisy and ridicule in relation to “vaccine refusers” and (3) the repertoire of the absurdity of anti-vaccine theories. These repertoires come together into a broader discursive framework of epistemic superiority. The second group of parents (those who decided to refuse vaccination) developed a series of sub-repertoires to substantiate a rational, responsible and loving parent's identity. I conclude that although we are witnessing a dynamic dialogic construction, at present the repertoires are constructed in a way that cancels out a possible dialogue between the two groups. On the one hand, those who support vaccination do so from a position of epistemic superiority, accusing vaccine refusers of lack of reason and education. On the other hand, those who refuse vaccination construct hypertrophied and complex repertoires of responsibility, rationality and affectivity meant to replace the legitimacy of scientific, medical and administrative institutions as a basis for parental decision making.

Interviews and Inference: Making Sense of Interview Data in Qualitative Research

The paper outlines different modes of inference that researchers are able to make from interview data. Rather than championing one correct mode of inference, I argue that most open-ended and semi-structured interviews contain (a) open contexts in which we can cautiously infer about other situations from the interview; (b) contexts that we should treat as hermetically closed; and (c) refracted contexts in which the relationship between the interview and other situations is patterned but not direct. Having outlined these contexts, the paper focuses on two forms of refracted relations between interviews and other contexts of action, analyzing interviews as refracted images of both people’s landscapes of meaning and talk’s promissory aspect. In doing so, the article makes two contributions. First, it seeks to clarify how researchers should think about the inferences they can make from in-depth interviews. Second, it is also meant as a contribution to our understanding of the relationship among situations by stressing how actors’ talk sets up collective action in ways that often end up supporting the projects they narrate.

Complexity and flexibility: interviews with three-generation families in their homes

In a study on urban greenspace use, we conducted one-on-one interviews with children, parents and grandparents living in multi-generational families; there were 15 families and 57 interviewees aged between 6 and 80 years. Although we set out to interview individuals, in practice, it became a fluid zooming in and out between different family members in a dynamic family environment. When preparing for this research, we could find no guidance related to the complex scenario of multiple-generation interviewing in family homes. Our research provides new insights into interviewing, quality of data expectations, fluid interview situations, the benefits and pitfalls of engaging in dynamic multifaceted family scenarios and ethical practices around consent, confidentiality, disruptions and disclosure associated with multi-generational family engagement. Flexibility and substantial interviewing experience are critical to success; this type of research we discovered is not for the faint of heart. Multi-generation living is growing, highlighting the need for further research into and guidance on multi-generational research that allows the voices of all the generations to be heard equitably and effectively. Such research will be vital for housing, planning, design and social policy-related professions which need to understand better the different values and needs present at different stages of life.

Is it an issue before it's a problem? Investigating men's talk about fertility.

While fatherhood and male involvement in family life have been the focus of much research during the past few decades, we know less about men's involvement in the stage that precedes fatherhood and reproductive decision-making, their awareness of and sense of responsibility for reproductive health and fertility. This article draws attention to how men talk about fertility and reproductive intentions, focusing on how their perceptions and knowledge of fertility and procreation are structured around social norms and expectations. The study was based on interviews with 25 men in reproductive age with no prior history of infertility, including men with as well as without children and men of different sexual orientations and gender diversity. Our findings indicate a tension between, on the one hand, a general tendency among the men to take their fertility for granted and neither think nor talk about it, and, on the other hand, a latent concern about possible infertility which seemed to be activated in the interview situation. These findings raise questions of how conversations about fertility might impact men's thinking about their own fertility that call for further exploration and that are of significance in considerations of how to promote fertility awareness and reproductive health.

Nursing students' motivation regulation strategies in blended learning: A qualitative study.

Although there is a strong body of evidence showing that motivational factors are critical components of self-regulated professional learning and commitment to work, little is known about nursing students' motivation regulation during their studies. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of nursing students' motivation regulation (MR) strategies and factors contributing to their reported use along their 3-year study path in a blended learning environment. A purposeful sampling was used to select 12 undergraduate nursing students, who exhibited different MR profiles and had completed almost 3 years of study in a BL degree program. A qualitative, deductive, content analysis was used to depict students' experiences from their retrospective recollection in the interview situation. Seven motivation strategies were identified: environmental structuring, self-consequating, goal-oriented self-talk, efficacy management, emotion regulation, regulation of value, and interest enhancement. Individual and situational factors were found to enhance and to sustain the use of appropriate MR strategies. The students exhibited versatility in their use of MR strategies, which were related to the study phase. These findings regarding nursing students' MR strategies should be considered in the development of nursing education programs and the implementation of improvements that contribute to professional and self-regulated learning in BL programs.

The Challenges of Including Patients With Aphasia in Qualitative Research for Health Service Redesign: Qualitative Interview Study.

BackgroundAphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write. Aphasia is a frequent complication of stroke and is a major disability for patients and their families. The provision of services for stroke patients differs across health care providers and regions, and strategies directed at improving these services have benefited from the involvement of patients. However, patients with aphasia are often excluded from these co-design activities due to a diminished capacity to communicate verbally and a lack of health researcher experience in working with patients with aphasia.ObjectiveThe primary aim of this paper is to identify approaches appropriate for working with patients with aphasia in an interview situation and, more generally, determine the importance of including people with aphasia in health service improvement research. The secondary aim is to describe the experiences of researchers involved in interviewing patients with aphasia.MethodsA total of 5 poststroke patients with aphasia participated in face-to-face interviews in their homes to gain insight into their in-hospital experience following their stroke. Interviews were audio-recorded, and thematic analysis was performed. The experiences of the researchers interviewing these patients were informally recorded postinterview, and themes were derived from these reflections.ResultsThe interview technique utilized in this study was unsuitable to gain rich, qualitative data from patients with aphasia. The experience of researchers performing these interviews suggests that preparation, emotion, and understanding were three of the main factors influencing their ability to gather useful experiential information from patients with aphasia. Patients with aphasia are valuable contributors to qualitative health services research, and researchers need to be flexible and adaptable in their methods of engagement.ConclusionsIncluding patients with aphasia in health service redesign research requires the use of nontraditional interview techniques. Researchers intending to engage patients with aphasia must devise appropriate strategies and methods to maximize the contributions and valuable communications of these participants.