Requests For Interviews Research Articles

B-203 Advancing Equity, Inclusion, and Diversity in Genetic Testing: Disparities in Detection Rates and Access to Carrier Screening Among 8,000 Patients Nationwide

Abstract Background Professional medical societies recommend that carrier screening for 113 different genetic disorders be offered during pregnancy or preconception to all individuals, regardless of ancestry, in order to provide more equitable opportunities for patients to ascertain their reproductive risks. In our clinical laboratory experience, however, the vast majority of healthcare providers continue to order carrier screening for only cystic fibrosis (CF), which is disproportionately common in white individuals of Northern European descent. Our highest volume CF screening test is performed on >10,500 diverse patients per year and utilizes a targeted genotyping array that detects >500 variants in CFTR and >1200 variants in >150 other pertinent genes. Here we report the inequities in diagnostic yield among our first 8,000 patients for whom only limited testing was ordered and examine the barriers to widespread adoption of more inclusive carrier screening. Methods Three carrier screening options (CF, CF+spinal muscular atrophy [SMA], CF+SMA+fragile X syndrome [FXS]+hemoglobinopathies) were ordered clinically and performed on DNA extracted from 8,000 whole blood samples from unique individuals utilizing a custom SNP array (Thermo Fisher GeneTitanTM platform) designed to detect >1700 pathogenic variants in 218 different genes. Data was retrospectively reviewed to determine overall detection rates for carriers of all recommended conditions vs. only the condition(s) included in the originally ordered service. Finally, reproductive health providers at nine different ordering sites across the U.S. were interviewed regarding their current carrier screening practices. Results Patients were referred for testing by 119 different clinical facilities. 98.1% (7847/8000) had CF-only testing ordered, 1.2% (99/8000) had CF+SMA testing ordered, and 0.68% (54/8000) had testing for CF+SMA+FXS+hemoglobinopathies ordered. 7.1% (568/8000) of patients had reportable variants in CFTR. Had CF+SMA testing been ordered on all 8,000 patients, however, the diagnostic yield would have been 8.9%. Of the patients who had CF-only or CF+SMA testing ordered, 11.9% (943/7946) were found to be carriers of hemoglobinopathies. Finally, had all 8000 patients had testing for all currently recommended targets on the panel, the diagnostic yield would have increased to 55% (4396/8000). Ordering providers at 9/50 different contacted sites agreed to interview requests. 100% (9/9) of respondents indicated that their patients experience significant disparities in access to carrier screening, and that the primary cause of these inequities was insufficient insurance reimbursement. 67% (6/9) of respondents indicated that >50% of their patient population identified as non-white and would have “very strongly” benefitted from “testing for other disorders beyond CF.” Conclusions Despite clinical practice guidelines urging for more population-neutral carrier screening, major gaps exist between what is recommended versus ultimately ordered. This significantly limits the clinical utility of testing, especially in patients from underrepresented backgrounds. Improved insurance coverage for more inclusive carrier screening is needed to help reduce such disparities.

Traditional healers' perception on scabies causation and management in Ghana.

Scabies is an underdiagnosed skin infestation caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. The infection causes severe itching and a skin rash but can be effectively treated using topical or systemic drugs. Scabies outbreaks are commonly reported in resource-poor countries, including Ghana. Traditional healers play an important role in primary care in rural areas. The role of these traditional healers in the management of scabies has so far not been explored. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the perceptions of traditional healers regarding the causation and management of scabies. A phenomenological qualitative approach was employed. Traditional healers in the Asante Akim North and Central districts in Ghana were approached with an interview request. Using a semi-structured interview protocol, 15 traditional healers were interviewed. The results were coded and analysed, after which seven themes were extrapolated. Scabies infections were frequently reported by traditional healers. Itching and skin rash were unanimously regarded as the major symptoms of scabies. The majority acknowledged the infectious nature of scabies, but no participant reported the causative organism. A dichotomous disease classification was noted, consisting of 'natural' and 'spiritual' variants each with a unique disease profile and management requirements, as reported by the traditional healers. All but two traditional healers reported to treat scabies using almost exclusively herbs and spiritual rituals. The majority of traditional healers were open to collaboration with allopathic healthcare providers. Collaboration could broaden the primary care network in rural areas, but mistrust and lack of transparency form potential barriers to collaboration. We, therefore, emphasise the need for additional efforts to investigate strategies for future collaboration.

Physician Leadership and Burnout: The Need for Agency; a Qualitative Study of an Academic Institution.

Organizational approaches to physician burnout are limited. Training physician leaders to influence the organizational environment is a growing area of study. This study explored perceived physician leadership behaviors in response to burnout from the viewpoint of faculty physicians not in formal leadership positions. Understanding physician leadership behaviors from the viewpoint of those faculty being led can inform organizational strategy and leadership training to address physician burnout. Interview requests were sent to 70 randomly identified faculty physicians from a roster containing all 1145 physician faculty that excluded the Pediatric Department, at an academic health care institution in Southern California. The first ten respondents were asked to participate in a 30-to-40-minute semi-structured virtual interview via Zoom. The interviewees were asked two questions pertaining to burnout and their perception of how leadership responded. The two questions were "What has leadership done to address burnout?" and "If you had five minutes to advise your leaders on burnout, what would you say?" The recorded interviews were transcribed, redacted, and then sent to two reviewers. Thematic analysis through iterative coding was completed, and categories were constructed that aligned with the two interview questions. Overall, five themes were identified. These themes were organized according to the interview questions and broadly categorized as physician leadership behaviors observed that corresponded to the interview question of what leadership had done to address burnout and physician leadership behaviors desired corresponding to the second interview question of what advice should be given. Leadership behaviors observed in the context of burnout included three themes; referral to individual wellness programs, increased number of meetings and events, and a lack of agency in addressing wellness issues. The two themes of leadership behaviors desired were the obtainment of more resources and the granting of greater appreciation and recognition for work done through enhanced communication. This small study of faculty physician perceptions of leadership behaviors identified several themes that had been identified in previous studies of leadership and burnout; need for relationship building through communication, need for resources to address work issues, and referral to wellness programs. However, the identification of a lack of agency in addressing factors in the wellness environment has not been identified in the previous burnout and physician leadership literature. Further study into the causes of this perceived lack of agency should be explored. Understanding the root causes of physician leaders' lack of agency can further inform physician leadership education as an organizational approach to burnout.

Utilizing Asynchronous Email Interviewing for Qualitative Research Among Multiple Participant Groups: Perspectives on Met and Unmet Needs From Chaplain Staffing

Asynchronous email interviewing has been increasingly utilized as an electronic method of data collection in qualitative research, because it eliminates the need for costly travel and transcription and allows more time for participants to react with thoughtful, reflective responses. While research indicates that data collected in written form is comparable in content and richness with that collected in-person, via telephone, or through virtual live interactions, there is the risk of participant attrition, loss of trust-building with subjects and missing non-verbal/visual cues for the researcher. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate use of asynchronous email interviewing as applied to a study on expectations and demands of chaplains in hospital settings. Unique in this approach is the inclusion of multiple participant groups over a large geographical area. Data were collected among chaplains, chaplain leaders, nurses, hospital executives, and patients and family members across a multi-state healthcare system. Although enrollment was adequate, 37% of those enrolled did not respond to initial interview emails, and of those who did respond, only 42% responded to follow-up questions. For several participants who did not respond to requests for email interviews, subsequent invitations to participate in live virtual interviews were preferred. Analysis reflected significant differences between groups in the quantity, quality, and richness of data, which may reflect communication patterns and preferences, time restrictions, and subject matter engagement. Based on study findings, it is suggested that similar studies offer options of interview modalities to participants to best meet their preferences and schedules.

Provide a Pathway for Interview Requests

Provide a Pathway for Interview Requests

Employment intention and career planning of male nursing students in different levels of colleges and universities: Aqualitative study.

To explore the employment intention and career planning of male nursing students at different levels of colleges and universities and provide references for formulating individualized training content. Phenomenological research method in qualitative research. Using a phenomenological research method, 15 male nursing students from three levels of colleges and universities were interviewed in a one-to-half structure, and the data were analysed using NVivo12.0 software and the Colaizzi seven-step analysis method. Four themes and 10 sub-themes were extracted. The four themes included professional identity experience, nursing learning experience, career expectation and planning and educational needs. The 10 sub-themes included the negative effects of traditional impressions, the gradual establishment of professional identity, public health events promote professional identity, negative experiences in learning, positive growth from learning, varied career plans, career expectations and influencing factors, a reasonable schedule, diversity of content requirements and the positive effect of teaching teachers. Influenced by many factors, the employment intention and career planning of male nursing students at different higher education levels are varied. Schools and clinical practice units should strengthen the training of employment intention and career planning and make reasonable time adjustments to the training content. In total, 15 male interns accepted our interview request. We utilized their break time to conduct the interviews, resulting in significant contributions to the content of the article.

Sports Organizations and Their Defensive Mediatization Strategies: The Sports Journalist’s Perspective

This article provides empirical evidence of ‘defensive mediatization strategies’ in the field of sport. These are strategies used by actors individually and collectively to control and sometimes avoid media publicity—for example, by refusing requests for media interviews, or in the case of an organization, by making media literacy training available to its staff. In this article, we use the concept of defensive mediatization strategies to identify and illuminate some of the challenges facing professional sports journalists in the postbroadcast era. The article draws on findings from an ongoing study of the relationships between professional sports organizations, athletes, and journalists, but reports only on interviews conducted with experienced sports journalists in Ireland and Britain (n = 16). Our analysis identifies a number of defensive mediatization strategies used by sports organizations, including increased levels of in-house media, differential treatment of journalists, and an increasingly competitive stance towards journalism generally. We also consider a potentially more pernicious strategy: the hiring of professional sports journalists as internal communications advisers—a switching of role positions that might be termed ‘poacher turned gamekeeper’. The article organizes findings according to the three categories of defensive mediatization strategies identified in the extant literature (persistence, shielding, and immunization) and proposes a fourth category, which we label steering.

Cross-border commercial activity strategies of businesses in the border province Edirne

The aim of this study is to reveal the strategies to enter the international markets applied by the enterprises that entered the international markets in Edirne, which is an important border province, and to provide basic information to researchers as well as different organizations and managers, since there is no previous study on this subject in the literature.For this purpose, exploratory research design, one of the qualitative research designs, and semi-structured interview method as data collection method were used. In the research, interview requests were made for all of the businesses, except the closed ones, which could not be reached from the list of 56 companies operating internationally and obtained from the Edirne Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ECCI), but 20 companies accepted the interview request.In the research, it has been seen that the enterprises that opened to international markets in Edirne generally apply export strategy directly or indirectly, as well as make a little direct investment. It has been understood that partnership strategies (strategic partnership, joint venture, assembly operations, etc.) are not preferred to avoid risk. It has been stated that businesses that have started their international operations have increased their profitability and transaction volumes, they have been recognized in international markets, and they have been able to catch up with developments and opportunities in the international arena. In addition, it has been observed that international businesses in Edirne have expectations from managers such as legal guarantees, financial stability arrangements to be less affected by the exchange rate difference, informing ETSO and other public institutions about international opportunities, and deciding for Edirne’s geographical proximity to Europe to provide more benefits to the region and the country.

Notes for Notes

Notes for Notes Misti Shaw, Melissa A. Weber, Maristella Feustle, Kristina Krämer, Jane Gottlieb, and Jonathan Sauceda During the 2022 Music Library Association virtual annual meeting, the following awards were given: The Diversity Scholarship offers candidates from under-represented groups the opportunity to pursue a master’s degree in library and information science with financial support. The goal of the scholarship is to recruit students from historically underrepresented racial and ethnic groups into music librarianship by providing support for master’s-level LIS education. The first is Michelle Rivera. The second is Jade Vaughan. The Kevin Freeman Travel Grant supports travel and hotel expenses to attend the Music Library Association's annual meeting along with gratis registration. This year’s recipients will be permitted to apply their travel grants to the next in-person conference. The four recipients are as follows: Margaret Cuddihy, George (Geo) Flores, Jackson Harmeyer, and Mia Watts. This year we are gratified to be offering a brand new award, for Paraprofessionals and Public Librarians. As with the Freeman award, our five recipients will use their travel grants for the next in-person conference, and we heartily welcome them now. Our five recipients are: Rita Alfaro, Abigail Bass, Jennifer Eltringham, Kathryn Kuntz, and Amanda Steadman. The Walter Gerboth Award and the Carol June Bradley Award were combined into one award committee last year, while maintaining two separate awards to support research. No Gerboth award was chosen this year. We do have two Bradley award recipients for research in the history of music library collections and they are: Carolyn Doi for her project, “Sounds of Home,” documenting local music collections across Canada. Patricia Sasser for her project, “Documenting Music among Russian Jewish Kharbinsty, 1910–1929,” with research at the New York Public Library. The Dena Epstein Award supports research in archives or libraries internationally on any aspect of American music. This year’s recipients include Michael Cooper, for his book-length biography project about [End Page 50] Margaret Allison Bonds (for the Master Musicians series of Oxford University Press), Michael Kramer, for his book project, “This Machine Kills Fascists: What the Folk Music Revival Can Teach Us About the Digital Age,” David Rugger, for his book project, “Simple Man: Klaus Nomi’s Life and Art,” and Emmalouise St. Amand, for her dissertation on semi-professional and amateur Black girl groups in New York City between 1950 and 1965. The Vincent H. Duckles Award is the Music Library Association’s annual prize for the best book-length bibliography or reference work in music. This year’s recipient is Alexander Sanchez-Behar, for John Adams: A Research and Information Guide (Routledge, 2020). The Richard S. Hill Award is an annual award for the best article on music librarianship or article of a music-bibliographic nature. This year’s Hill Award goes to Elizabeth Berndt-Morris and Sandi-Jo Malmon for their article, “Surveying Composers: Methods of Distribution, Discoverability and Accessibility of their Works and the Corresponding Impact on Library Collections,” which appeared in Fontes Artis Musicae. The Eva Judd O’Meara Award honors the best review published in Notes. This year’s recipient is K. Dawn Grapes for her review of The Norton Guide to Teaching Music History. The MLA Citation, the Association’s tribute for lifetime achievement, is awarded in recognition of distinguished service to music librarian-ship over a career. It is the highest honor we bestow. This year, we have one recipient of the MLA Citation. As a true champion of the music of African Americans and of paraprofessionals in music libraries, she has positively contributed to the work of MLA’s members and their patrons. Her decades-long, groundbreaking work has produced a multifaceted body of research and performances of African-American vocal music. Her websites, including “Afrocentric Voices in ‘Classical’ Music,” “The Spirituals Database,” and “Afrocentric Sounds Radio,” document the work of Black musicians and increase access to oft-neglected bodies of literature. Her published articles, presentations at many national and regional conferences, and her first book, “So You Want to Sing Spirituals,” demonstrate the breadth of her authority, as do recognitions of her expertise, such as grants and requests for interviews. She is...

The Value of College Athletics in the Labor Market: Results from a Resume Audit Field Experiment

Employers may favor applicants who played college sports if athletics participation contributes to leadership, conscientiousness, discipline, and other traits that are desirable for labor-market productivity. We conduct a resume audit to estimate the causal effect of listing collegiate athletics on employer callbacks and test for subgroup effects by ethnicity, gender, and sport type. We applied to more than 450 jobs on a large, well-known job board. For each job listing, we submitted two fictitious resumes, one of which was randomly assigned to include collegiate varsity athletics. Overall, listing a college sport does not produce a statistically significant change in the likelihood of receiving a callback or interview request. We find no statistically significant differences within ethnicities or genders.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penutupan Rute Penerbangan Batam-Rengat

One of the pioneer flight route approved by Communication Ministry in 2018 is Batam-Rengat route. In progress, the pioneer route changed into commercial route, signed by initiation commercial company of Wings Air in August 2018. However, in August 2019, the Wings Air Company did not offer the route to the public. Finally, now, there is no flight service provided to the route, which is detrimental to people who need air transportation on that route. For the reason, it is needed to conduct research to express significance behind the closing event of the flight route. This study aimed to analyze the process of Batam-Rengat route progress from 2018 to 2019 and identify factors that affecting the closure of the Batam-Rengat flight route in 2019. Method used in this study was qualitative study with case study. Information was chosen according to specific criteria and data were collected by in-depth interview and secondary data request to relevant institutions/organizations. Hereinafter, interview data were reduced and classified according to specific themes. Furthermore, primary and secondary data were compiled into a unit to make description of activity event of Batam-Rengat route flight from 2018 to 2019. Times series analysis was used to find description of route progress process from the pioneer flight to commercial flight, and factors analysis was used to identify the factors affecting the route closure. The results of time series analysis indicate that the pioneer flight operated during six months from February 2018 to July 2018; then, along with the commercial flight for five months from August 2018 to December 2018. From January 2019 to June 2019, there was only one flight service, namely, commercial flight by the Wings Air. The results of factor analysis indicate the closure of the Batam-Rengat commercial route is influenced by passenger demand, flight schedules, airplane fares, and demand patterns. This study found other findings, namely the Japura-Padang flight route has good market potential and community/business participation efforts in Indragiri Hulu to help the occupancy rate of aircraft on the Batam-Rengat flight route

Competency-Based Self-Assessment Tools: A Mixed-Methods Retrospective Analysis of Need.

Evaluating the impact of Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) programs on the development of clinical research professionals is crucial. To this end, the value of competency-based metrics to assess the professional growth of CTSA awardees is unknown. A needs assessment was conducted to determine the present use and potential need for a competency-based self-assessment tool (CBST) as well as what professional competencies were valued. A mixed-methods retrospective analysis was conducted using prior data from semi-structured interviews and online surveys. Overall, 29 unique CTSA hubs participated. Interview requests and surveys had a response rate of 21% (21 out of 102 contacted) and 33% (21 out of 63), respectively. Six institutions were doubly represented in both interviews and survey responses. Of interviewees, 33% reported existing use of a competency-based assessment tool, and 62%, inclusive of those already using a tool, indicated a clear need for one. Interviewees highlighted that CBSTs should ideally be customizable, soft skill-focused, and complementary to other forms of assessment. Of the survey respondents, 67% reported already using a CBST. Both interview and survey results found that communication and teamwork were highly valued competencies in clinical research professionals. Among CTSA workforce development administrators, there is notable interest in CBSTs, particularly ones that are customizable and soft skill-focused.

Opening the Black Box: The Turkish Military Before and After 15 July 2016

Opening the Black Box: The Turkish Military Before and After 15 July 2016

Election Guidelines: Know the Rules

Election Guidelines: Know the Rules

Spending Time Together Outside of the Clubs: Cross‐gender Rapport Building and Interview Recruitment in Music Scene Ethnography

This article examines the politics of cross‐gender interview recruitment in popular music scene ethnography. It specifically focuses on how complexities surrounding gender, race, and presumed intention impact efforts to build rapport and recruit interviewees. To do this, I present a series of accounts from my dissertation research—conducted twenty years ago—and reflect on the challenges I faced as a straight, cisgender, Black male researcher interacting with (non‐Black) women within various hip‐hop nightlife settings. In the process, I introduce the concepts of intimate counterpublics and aggregate counterpublics as means to spatially mapping different degrees of subcultural investment (based on levels of familiarity, intimacy, and trust) and the types of connections they enable. I conclude by offering suggestions, for researchers working within popular music scenes or other youth‐oriented spaces, on how to negotiate such challenges. I also propose that ethnographers should be more attentive to nuances of interview requests and how embodied situational research transactions can serve as bases for ethnographic understanding.

P-740 Socio-cultural and clinical implications of ‘routine’ AMH testing in India: Insights from an interview study with the healthcare professionals (HCPs)

Abstract Study question How do Indian healthcare professionals describe their clinical experience with and perspectives on AMH testing in Indian women seeking fertility treatments including fertility preservation? Summary answer The HCPs cautioned against AMH testing as a screening tool in presumed fertile Indian women due to its anticipated impact on women’s arranged-marriage prospects. What is known already AMH test is being increasingly used to assess women’s ovarian reserve (OR) while planning fertility treatments or to guide decisions about fertility preservation (FP). There is weak evidence suggesting that serum AMH level and fertility treatment outcomes vary in different population groups. Surveys with women in reproductive age (e.g. the US, Ireland, the Netherlands) indicate that a majority wants to know their OR to aid reproductive decision making. As yet, both globally and in an Indian context, there are only few qualitative studies exploring the views of HCPs on the OR assessment in clinical practice and its socio-cultural implications. Study design, size, duration This paper reports the findings of an exploratory qualitative research aimed at understanding whether and how elective fertility preservation could influence reproductive autonomy of Indian women. Between June 2018 and April 2019, IVF specialists and obstetricians practicing in ten cities across five Indian states were interviewed in English (language commonly spoken) using a semi-structured interview guide. The discussion about OR assessment with AMH-testing was initiated by the participants indicating its significance in their clinical practice. Participants/materials, setting, methods The study sample included 17 male and 15 female HCPs, the majority (18/32) was practicing in Mumbai. Twenty-six of them were in private practice while six worked as OBGYNs in publicly funded teaching hospitals. Twenty-six participants were interviewed in their clinics and the remaining six using Skype or telephone. After several rounds of immersive reading, the interview sections on OR and AMH-test were analyzed inductively using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Main results and the role of chance Several participants reported that many of their patients present with decreased OR (DOR) at a younger age and need higher dosages of hormones for ovulation induction compared to the dosages mentioned in international guidelines. They corroborated this experience with a few peer-reviewed articles indicating a six-years age difference in OR of Indian women undergoing IVF compared to Spanish women. A majority of participants advocated for the rational use of OR assessment in IVF patients but warned against its indiscriminate use or interpretation out of context due to concerns about overdiagnosis of ovarian factor infertility and overtreatment with IVF with donor eggs. Although the physicians who had performed elective FP perceived AMH test as a simple, affordable and empowering tool to guide FP decisions, most participants were critical of using AMH-test as a screening tool in young, presumed fertile women completing university education. They were concerned that a diagnosis of DOR as a result of such screening in this population in the Indian context will adversely impact women’s chances of marriage and might further increase pressure on women to get married and complete their childbearing early even if they are not ready for it. Limitations, reasons for caution This is the first qualitative study assessing views of Indian HCPs on AMH testing. These results are indicative rather than a representation of views of Indian HCPs. Almost half of the contacted HCPs did not respond to interview requests; we do not know whether they had different views. Wider implications of the findings The insights on clinical implications of AMH testing in India are relevant to other societies beyond the Euro-American and Australian context where AMH testing will increase in the future. The socio-cultural implications of ‘routine’ AMH testing in India urges us to be aware of similar implications in other cultural contexts. Trial registration number Not applicable

P–740 Socio-cultural and clinical implications of ‘routine’ AMH testing in India: Insights from an interview study with the healthcare professionals (HCPs)

Abstract Study question How do Indian healthcare professionals describe their clinical experience with and perspectives on AMH testing in Indian women seeking fertility treatments including fertility preservation? Summary answer The HCPs cautioned against AMH testing as a screening tool in presumed fertile Indian women due to its anticipated impact on women’s arranged-marriage prospects. What is known already AMH test is being increasingly used to assess women’s ovarian reserve (OR) while planning fertility treatments or to guide decisions about fertility preservation (FP). There is weak evidence suggesting that serum AMH level and fertility treatment outcomes vary in different population groups. Surveys with women in reproductive age (e.g. the US, Ireland, the Netherlands) indicate that a majority wants to know their OR to aid reproductive decision making. As yet, both globally and in an Indian context, there are only few qualitative studies exploring the views of HCPs on the OR assessment in clinical practice and its socio-cultural implications. Study design, size, duration This paper reports the findings of an exploratory qualitative research aimed at understanding whether and how elective fertility preservation could influence reproductive autonomy of Indian women. Between June 2018 and April 2019, IVF specialists and obstetricians practicing in ten cities across five Indian states were interviewed in English (language commonly spoken) using a semi-structured interview guide. The discussion about OR assessment with AMH-testing was initiated by the participants indicating its significance in their clinical practice. Participants/materials, setting, methods The study sample included 17 male and 15 female HCPs, the majority (18/32) was practicing in Mumbai. Twenty-six of them were in private practice while six worked as OBGYNs in publicly funded teaching hospitals. Twenty-six participants were interviewed in their clinics and the remaining six using Skype or telephone. After several rounds of immersive reading, the interview sections on OR and AMH-test were analyzed inductively using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Main results and the role of chance Several participants reported that many of their patients present with decreased OR (DOR) at a younger age and need higher dosages of hormones for ovulation induction compared to the dosages mentioned in international guidelines. They corroborated this experience with a few peer-reviewed articles indicating a six-years age difference in OR of Indian women undergoing IVF compared to Spanish women. A majority of participants advocated for the rational use of OR assessment in IVF patients but warned against its indiscriminate use or interpretation out of context due to concerns about overdiagnosis of ovarian factor infertility and overtreatment with IVF with donor eggs. Although the physicians who had performed elective FP perceived AMH test as a simple, affordable and empowering tool to guide FP decisions, most participants were critical of using AMH-test as a screening tool in young, presumed fertile women completing university education. They were concerned that a diagnosis of DOR as a result of such screening in this population in the Indian context will adversely impact women’s chances of marriage and might further increase pressure on women to get married and complete their childbearing early even if they are not ready for it. Limitations, reasons for caution This is the first qualitative study assessing views of Indian HCPs on AMH testing. These results are indicative rather than a representation of views of Indian HCPs. Almost half of the contacted HCPs did not respond to interview requests; we do not know whether they had different views. Wider implications of the findings: The insights on clinical implications of AMH testing in India are relevant to other societies beyond the Euro-American and Australian context where AMH testing will increase in the future. The socio-cultural implications of ‘routine’ AMH testing in India urges us to be aware of similar implications in other cultural contexts. Trial registration number Not applicable

Taekwondo as an Academic Field of Study for Non-Koreans: An Unconventional and Extreme Form of Martial Arts Tourism

Many Korean universities grant undergraduate and graduate school degrees in part on coursework, theses, and dissertations that explore Taekwondo through various academic lenses in Taekwondo Studies programs, yet only a few individuals have traveled to the Korean Peninsula to study Taekwondo academically. Traveling internationally to earn a university degree in a martial art can be considered extreme martial arts tourism. This multidisciplinary study explores the motivations of non-Koreans who have studied Taekwondo academically in Korea as well as their aspirations after graduation. The study utilized a combination of autoethnographic techniques and interviews with individuals who have given up years of their lives, thousands of dollars, their home cultures, languages, and food, and their families to travel to a foreign university in order to study Taekwondo. Twelve participants were identified that met the selection criteria, but eight responded to the interview requests. The nine participants, including the author, came from a wide assortment of backgrounds, but all shared a passion for Taekwondo; now, most participants (n = 5) have jobs within the Taekwondo industry, including two professors in separate Departments of Taekwondo. This study’s findings elucidate why non-Koreans study Taekwondo academically and thereby offer suggestions on how to improve this educational market.

40977 Assessing the Need for Competency-Based Self-Assessment Tools for CTSA Professionals

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This study works to improve the quality of clinical and translational workforce development programs in order to enhance the training of researchers in the field. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Evaluating the impact of Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Programs is crucial. To this end, the value of competency-based metrics to assess the professional growth of CTSA awardees is unknown. A needs assessment was conducted to determine the present use and potential need for a competency-based self-assessment tool. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A mixed methods study was conducted using synchronous live interviews and asynchronous online surveys. Study authors contacted 102 CTSA administrators nationwide for live interviews according to I-Corps ******„¢Customer Discovery Guidelines. Interviews were recorded and transcribed through Innovation Within, an I-Corps „¢online platform and independently analyzed by two members of the study team. An online REDCap survey was also distributed to 63 CTSA hubs via an internal listserv. In an attempt to elicit responses similar to the I-Corps „¢Customer Discovery Guidelines, the survey asked questions related to the use of competency assessments and requested explanatory responses but did not explicitly ask respondents if they needed a competency-based self-assessment tool. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Overall, 30 unique CTSA hubs participated. Interview requests and surveys had a response rate of 22% (22 out of 102) and 33% (21 out of 63), respectively. Of the interviewees, 32% (7 out of 22) reported existing use of a competency-based assessment tool, and 59% (13 out of 22), inclusive of those already using a tool, indicated a clear need for one. Of the survey respondents, 62% (13 out of 21) already use a CBST. Interviewees highlighted preferred features for a CBST: customization, soft skills assessment, and integration with local academic institutions. Communication and teamwork were highly valued soft skills, a finding reinforced by survey results in which 80% of respondents marked oral and written communication and teamwork as important skills for their professional workforce. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Among CTSA administrators involved with workforce development, there is notable interest in a competency-based self-assessment tool, particularly one that is customizable, soft skill-focused, and integrated with local educational systems.

Say What Was Not Said.

About one year ago, I learnt of the existence of In Silico . It did not come as a surprise, as I had expected that toward the end of the Human Brain Project (HBP)’s 10-year funding period, there will be a rush of articles and generally increased media interest in covering the project’s progress, achievements, and failures, although In Silico is special, given its 10-year time frame. I joined the HBP in 2014 and lead today one of three science work packages. For this documentary, I expected to hear requests for interviews, but there was literally nothing of that sort. After I have finally watched In Silico , I understand why. The documentary is in fact not about HBP, despite claims to the contrary by a previous review (Abbott, 2020). In Silico director, Noah Hutton, rather focuses on his fascination with Henry Markram’s 10-year vision of building a brain from the bottom up, the Blue Brain Project (BBP). As will be described towards the end, the HBP follows a stringent and much broader concept of integrating neuroscience and medicine with technology. In a companion commentary (Destexhe, 2021), Alain Destexhe explains that only a small percentage of the actual efforts in HBP is devoted to Henry Markram’s activities in the project, I will thus not further dwell on it. My second expectation was to find a discussion of science, shedding light on the scientific controversy regarding the endeavor of constructing an in silico brain. Disappointingly, this expectation was not fulfilled either, and it is, in my opinion, a missed opportunity. Noah Hutton thematizes several points such as bottom-up construction, consciousness, as well as noise and variability. But the discussion remains shallow, hardly reaching beyond snippets of statements by neuroscientists flagging key words and reiterating the …