Interview Methodology Research Articles

Brain drain in the aid sector: Unpacking the barriers of the dual-salary system

The existence of a dual-salary system in the aid sector creates structural barriers and impediments to the development of localised and sustainable responses. During the recruitment process, professionals are not evaluated according to their previous experience and titles. Instead, their nationality weighs on their application more than their expertise. In this paper, I have conducted qualitative research through a Key Informant Interview (KII) methodology, aiming to identify trends of thought among aid professionals, particularly those in senior leadership positions working as expatriates from Least Developed Countries (LDCs). I will firstly introduce the topic, then analyse the advantages and disadvantages of creating a fairer system that encourages the return of aid professionals to their home countries. Finally, I will compare my assumptions through KIIs to identify the trends of thought among interested parties. In the conclusion, I review these ideas, hoping to foster further research on the topic and inform global aid leadership.

Spanish technological development of artificial intelligence applied to journalism: companies and tools for documentation, production and distribution of information

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been progressively expanding over the last decade, with its transversal application to the journalistic process and the engaging of media and technology companies in developing specific tools and services. This research offers a first catalogue of Spanish technological companies and institutions that develop AI systems applicable to journalism, with services and features grouped into three phases of the journalistic process: 1. Automated gathering and documentation of information; 2. Automated production of content; and 3. Information distribution and audience relations. The research uses a methodology of in-depth interviews with 45 innovation heads of Spanish-based companies and technological centres specialised in the development of AI (N = 25), and is supported by questionnaires to systematise four study categories: company profiles, tools, journalism-specific services and future trends. The results confirm a clear evolution of Spanish technological companies within the AI sector, with services and tools available for the whole journalistic process, mainly in the information gathering and content distribution phases related to monetisation; the automated news production phase is thereby overshadowed. The offering is diversified in terms of formats -textual, audiovisual, sound- and platforms, especially web and social media. The companies consulted testify to the profitability of its implementation and note a growing interest from the media, but warn of an uneven progress that reflects “slowness”, “distrust” and “lack of knowledge” regarding the application of AI.

“I Cannot Fall Pregnant!”

Abstract Girls from single-parent households in South Africa (90 percent of whom are Black African or coloured) have significantly lower educational outcomes than other demographics. Through a methodology of life-history interviews, we explore the experiences of 30 women in single-headed households who have been successful in their educational endeavours as university students or graduates. Results show that pressures on girls from single-headed households to look after the family and domestic sphere and to protect their bodies from sexual abuse leave many girls depleted of the time, energy, and mental capacity required to study. Despite these challenges, these participants have escaped the perceived weight of their female burden in a post-apartheid, patriarchal society and reclaim their bodies and sense of agency through educational success.

Mentoring the Wellbeing of Specialist Pediatric Palliative Care Medical and Nursing Trainees: The Quality of Care Collaborative Australia.

The Quality of Care Collaborative Australia (QuoCCA), working across 6 tertiary centers throughout Australia, builds capability in the generalist and specialist pediatric palliative care (PPC) workforce, by providing education in metropolitan and regional areas. As part of the education and mentoring framework, Medical Fellows and Nurse Practitioner Candidates (trainees) were funded by QuoCCA at four tertiary hospitals throughout Australia. This study explores the perspectives and experiences of clinicians who had occupied the QuoCCA Medical Fellow and Nurse Practitioner trainee positions in the specialised area of PPC at Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, to identify the ways in which they were supported and mentored to maintain their wellbeing and facilitate sustainable practice. Discovery Interview methodology was used to collect detailed experiences of 11 Medical Fellows and Nurse Practitioner candidates/trainees employed by QuoCCA from 2016 to 2022. The trainees were mentored by their colleagues and team leaders to overcome challenges of learning a new service, getting to know the families and building their competence and confidence in providing care and being on call. Trainees experienced mentorship and role modelling of self-care and team care that promoted wellbeing and sustainable practice. Group supervision provided dedicated time for reflection as a team and development of individual and team wellbeing strategies. The trainees also found it rewarding to support clinicians in other hospitals and regional teams that cared for palliative patients. The trainee roles provided the opportunity to learn a new service and broaden career horizons as well as establish wellbeing practices that could be transferred to other areas. Collegial interdisciplinary mentoring, with the team learning together and caring for each other along common goals, contributed immensely to the wellbeing of the trainees as they developed effective strategies to ensure their sustainability in caring for PPC patients and families.

Women entrepreneurs in India: a systematic literature review

PurposeThis paper aims to organize the existing empirical research on women entrepreneurs (WEs) in India, highlight the research areas that have not received attention and present opportunities for future research.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review (SLR) was performed on 74 scholarly articles focusing on WEs in India and published between 1993 and 2020. This review is structured around the 4W framework used in previous SLRs. The review is directed by the following foci: what do we know about academic research on WEs in India? How were these studies conducted? Where were these studies conducted? Why should academicians and practitioners consider WE research?FindingsThe authors arrived at four main themes underlying the empirical research on WEs: success factors for WEs, challenges faced by WEs, factors that attract and motivate WEs and performance measures for WEs. While challenges and success factors have received attention from researchers, there is a distinct lack of papers on factors that attract or motivate WE and performance measures. The main gaps identified were a lack of theoretical basis in studies, reliance on interview and survey-based methodology and a lack of context-specific studies.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this review are limited to WEs operating in India. Only Scopus-indexed journals listed in the Australian Business Dean's Council Journal Quality List (ABDC JQL) were included in the final SLR list.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies to use a systematic approach to provide a detailed account of the state of the literature on women's entrepreneurship research in India.

Factors associated with the use of public eHealth services in Poland - a 2022 nationwide cross-sectional survey.

Poland is an example of a European country that has made significant progress in digitizing healthcare during the last 5 years. There is limited data on the use of eHealth services by different socio-economic groups in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic The aim of the study was to characterize public attitudes towards the use of e-Health services in Poland, as well as to identify factors associated with the use of e-Health services among adults in Poland. A questionnaire-based survey was carried out during 9-12 September 2022. A computer-assisted web interview methodology was used. A nationwide random quota sample of 1,092 adult Poles was selected. Questions on the use of 6 different public eHealth services in Poland and soci-economic characteristics were addressed. Two-thirds of participants (67.1%) had received an e-prescription in the last 12 months. More than half of the participants used the Internet Patient Account (58.2%) or the patient.gov.pl website (54.9%). One-third of the participants had teleconsultation with a doctor (34.4%), and approximately one-quarter of participants had received electronic sick leave (26.9%) or used electronic information about treatment dates (26.7%). Of the ten different socio-economic factors analyzed in this study, educational level, and place of residence (p<0.05) were the most important factors associated with the use of public eHealth services among adults in Poland. Living in rural areas or small cities is associated with a lower level of public eHealth services utilization. A relatively high interest in health education through eHealth methods was observed.

Qualitative Study on HIV/AIDS Prevention in Jombang City

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Background: 2022 will see an increase in the number of HIV/AIDS cases in Jombang City, ranking it second in East Java with 1388 PLWHA, 20 cases of mother-to-child HIV transmission during childbirth, 12 HIV (+) cases, 8 AIDS cases, and 100 fatalities. The Independent Practice Midwife (BPM) is the linchpin of a healthcare organization that has the potential to grow into a network of expectant mothers. Midwives are qualified to serve as health educators for expectant women who exhibit habits that increase their risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. In a qualitative study in Jombang City, the aim of this study was to determine the program to develop midwives' ability as health educators for expectant mothers in an effort to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission.&#x0D; Method: This study is qualitative and employs an in-depth interviewing methodology. Up to 8 stakeholders served as primary informants, while 2 NGOs and 10 BPM employees served as secondary informants. analysis of data using the content analysis approach.&#x0D; Results: Because national guidelines for preventing HIV transmission from mother to newborn have been popularized, stakeholders have implemented a policy that uses standard technical programs for midwifery practice. Midwives have received training in APN, PI, and STIs, but due to funding restrictions, they have never received training in HIV/AIDS counseling. There is no such thing as BPM; only the central IBI does monitoring and assessment, which is done only through monthly reports. The coordination of NGOs, KPAD Regional Child Protection Commission, Public Health Office, The Indonesian Midwives Association, and BPM in the execution of monitoring and evaluation is insufficient, and only IBI is carried out, unplanned, carried out at any moment if it is going to prolong the practice permit. BPM has not yet received special supervision. Coordination amongst stakeholders during the implementation of supervision is insufficient. In an effort to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS, health education facilities for pregnant women in BPM have been provided with posters, flipcharts, and MCH handbooks. There are four VCT clinics and three PMTCT clinics.&#x0D; Conclusion: Program to improve midwives' abilities as health educators for expectant mothers in an effort to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS at BPM (independent practice midwives) Jombang City. In order to improve coordination between stakeholders (KPAD Regional Child Protection Commission, Public Health Office, and IBI The Indonesian Midwives Association with BPM in monitoring and supervision, train counselors for BPM (independent practice midwives), and have midwives become more motivated to provide IEC and continue to improve professionalism in providing midwifery services, advocacy is required to the Regional/ Legislative Council&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Rural Settlement Development in Western China: Risk, Vulnerability, and Resilience

Rural development is an essential link in the social governance system, and it is the key to market rural development and enhancing farmers’ living conditions. It is a critical starting point for changing the agricultural landscape and improving agricultural social governance capability. It is also the proper means of encouraging the balanced growth of urban and rural society, as well as traditional wealth. Farmers no longer have to worry about “short of food and clothing,” but “housing challenges” pose a threat to the soundness, harmony, and growth of rural areas, social hazards are increasing, and rural areas in distant western areas continue to create risk and vulnerability of living setting. Most previous studies have focused on economic and regulatory elements; however, this study focuses on the composition of home environment risk factors, as well as the influence of fabric vulnerability, trust vulnerability, and emotional vulnerability produced by risks. To successfully resist residential surroundings threats, improving the effectiveness of risk response and boosting farmers’ resilience are all critical strategies to reduce susceptibility. This study, which employs in-depth interview methodology, explains how the growth of a gorgeous new country must enhance and ensure the safety of farmers’ living surroundings to prevent risk impact, as well as how the country’s resilience should be improved. The findings indicate that, in the technique of rural government, the preservation of living environments is not only one of the primary desires of farmers, but, furthermore, the key to increasing farmers’ flexibility to combat hazards, and also the lone way to come through property rural development. In accordance with the specific situation, the associated countermeasures, square measure, imply: to begin, the highest body’s role placement is treated to weaken the fabric, this weakness caused by the unclear role positioning. Second, we should always encourage excellent communication among subjects about the concept of trust in order to reduce the vulnerability of trust produced by insufficient policy coverage and differences in policy interpretation and knowledge. Third, we should always perceive and satisfy the emotional needs of farmers’ families in order to reduce the emotional vulnerability caused by policies and procedures that neglect their true feelings.

Stakeholder views on cognitive communication assessment and intervention for a person living independently in the community with severe traumatic brain injury.

Cognitive communication disorder (CCD) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is well documented and these communication problems impede successful re-integration into community living. While there is growing evidence for intervention to both detect and treat the impact of these deficits across the rehabilitation continuum, there are barriers to accessing services. Cognitive communication impairments may be missed because the person can talk, and this may mask the subtle but debilitating impact of a CCD. Referral to a speech and language therapist (SLT) may be overlooked or not timely, which prevents the individual accessing evidence-based interventions. Inadequate treatment provision and an under- or overestimation of communication capability can potentially undermine the effectiveness of wider team assessment and intervention. To report stakeholder views on specialist SLT input for CCD within a multidisciplinary team intervention for a community-dwelling individual with severe TBI. The investigation explored perspectives on understanding of CCD, on practice and on outcomes, in order to inform professional groups on perceived impacts of the evidence-to-practice gap. A semi-structured interview methodology was employed with 11 stakeholder participants involved in a single case. Data were evaluated using a thematic framework method. Themes were inductively derived from the stakeholder narratives. Stakeholders reported the following outcomes from specialist SLT input for CCD within a collaborative team approach: improved engagement with rehabilitation and support teams, improved health-related quality of life and well-being, and increased client participation in community activities of personal relevance. Stakeholders also reported inequities in wider service provision where limitations in professional understanding of CCD and knowledge of best practice recommendations preclude access to specialist SLT services. CCDs are under-recognised and this can have a devastating effect on people with CCD and on those around them. Stakeholder reports provide evidence for the effectiveness of SLT practice recommendations for the treatment of CCD following TBI. They also provide additional evidence of persisting barriers to accessing treatment. Future research to explore ways to close this evidence-to-practice gap is required. What is already known on this subject Cognitive communication difficulties are a well-documented consequence of TBI. There is evidence for the effectiveness of person-centred interventions for CCD across the recovery continuum. International evidence-based practice recommendations are in place for CCD assessment and management. Barriers to accessing SLT expertise for CCD have previously been reported. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This investigation explores the views of a diverse group of stakeholders involved in a single case of a community-dwelling individual with severe TBI. Stakeholders report positive real-world outcomes from SLT interventions for CCD within a coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation team. Stakeholder reports also indicate inequities in wider service provision and CCD knowledge gaps amongst professional groups providing rehabilitation services for people with TBI. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? CCDs are under-recognised, with devastating effect for people with CCD and those around them. These findings underscore the importance of raising professional awareness of CCD and best practice recommendations, in order to improve access to SLT expertise for people with CCD following TBI.

Research on the Current Situation and Improvement of Three-Dimensional Learning of Compulsory Education in China in the Post-epidemic Era

In the post-epidemic era, compulsory education is carried out simultaneously at three dimensions of school education, family education and online education. Based on the methodology of literature survey, questionnaire survey and interview, and the current status, this paper proposes targeted and practical countermeasures to the compulsory education in China in the post-epidemic era. For the post-epidemic era, this study proposes to form a new three-dimensional education system to enhance the quality of compulsory education in China. To achieve this goal, this paper recommends methods such as optimizing and integrating education resources, constructing a brand-new learner-center education system, and also leveraging modern information technologies. These strategies are necessary to ensure the education system back to normal status under the prevent and control measures during the pandemic and are also in line with the proactive procedures for education reform and development adopted by internationally and domestically.

Transnational caring in times of COVID-19: The experiences of visible minority immigrant carer-employees

Globalization and immigration policies between Canada and immigrant-sending nations have heightened transnational caregiving. The research objective is to explore the experiences of visible minority immigrant transnational carer-employees (VMI TCEs) before and during the pandemic. In this study, participants reside in the mid-sized city of London, Ontario and engage in paid employment or volunteering while providing unpaid care to family members and/or friends abroad. Interviews and arts-based methodology were used to collect data from 29 VMI TCEs from 10 countries. Intersectionality theory informed thematic analysis and three themes emerged: (1) The nuances of providing transnational care, (2) The impact of geographic dislocation on care and wellbeing, and (3) Caregiving during COVID-19. Findings highlight the fluidity of transnational caregiving, in that participants both shape and are impacted by time-space dimensions. Study results may be used to inform culturally sensitive adaptions to the existing standard for organizations to be more inclusive of and accommodating to carer-employees. Findings can also inform the implementation or improvement of programs and services offered by the government, immigration resettlement agencies, employers and other stakeholders working with people who may share similar experiences to VMI TCEs. The creation of accessible and appropriate resources for this group of people will better support them in resettling outside of major urban cities in Ontario and other provinces across Canada.

Education and Mentoring of Specialist Pediatric Palliative Care Medical and Nursing Trainees: The Quality of Care Collaborative Australia.

The Quality of Care Collaborative Australia (QuoCCA) builds capability in the generalist and specialist paediatric palliative care (PPC) workforce throughout Australia. It supports regional and community services to provide care close to families' homes, as well as building expertise in tertiary centers. Medical Fellows and Nurse Practitioner candidates (specialist trainees) were funded by QuoCCA at four tertiary hospitals throughout Australia supported by an education and mentoring framework. This study explored the activity and experiences of clinicians who had occupied these roles to evaluate their effectiveness to build PPC capability. Online surveys recorded the monthly activity of Medical Fellows, with a point in time check of knowledge, skills and confidence in 2019. Discovery Interview methodology was used to collect detailed experiences of 11 trainees employed between 2018 to 2022 in Queensland. A combination of mentoring and formal and informal education, peer support and practical experience was valuable for trainees. They found the support of the whole interdisciplinary team advantageous to learning. Shadowing experienced team members gave them the opportunity to learn practical skills, especially regarding communication with families. Practicing clinical skills was beneficial, through being on call, attending home visits, supporting families, prescribing medications and developing treatment plans in collaboration with the team.The trainee experience was optimised through learning from families, personal reflection, involvement in research projects and delivering QuoCCA education. The QuoCCA trainee roles for Medical Fellows and Nurse Practitioner candidates exhibit a valuable and effective education and mentorship framework that could be applied to other specialties. The service leadership and collaborative interdisciplinary team support various modes of education and mentoring. The roles not only develop the trainees' specialised PPC clinical skills, they also improve their general clinical practice, including communication, empathy and holistic care. A structured curriculum of education is recommended to protect these positive outcomes.

Interrogating cluster entrepreneurship - the Nigerian artisanal experience

The artisanal entrepreneurial clusters are bounded enterprise spaces that facilitate the convergence of proximate businesses in the informal sector. These bounded spaces are governed by their own ethics and practices, which are underscored by the local tradition and customary ethos. Through a qualitative interview methodology, respondents' rational and non-rational perspectives are found to dictate entrepreneurial clusters' rituals and praxes. The rational and non-rational explanations include the cultural view of the entrepreneurs, which offer in-depth understanding of how people in particular setting interpret events such as the causes of accident in the workplace, competition pressure, sexual harassment, etc.

Apoiando estudantes com deficiência durante períodos de transição para atingirem um elevado potencial por meio de serviços de terapia ocupacional

Abstract Introduction Transition periods are integral parts of a person’s life span, characterized by phases of life and shifts in activity before adapting to new situations. Objectives This study aims to understand the high potential characteristics of students with disabilities and evaluate the roles of school-based occupational therapists (SBOT) in assisting these students during transition periods. Method This study comprised 196 students and five SBOT. Research instruments included a characteristic checklist for potential learners and an in-depth interview methodology. The checklist, developed from related literature, consisted of three domains: physical and socio-emotional health, self-determination, and communication and academic performance. Students’ performance levels were rated by teachers, with high potential characteristics being defined as achieving an average total score ≥2.0, without obtaining a zero in any checklist item. Results Most participants achieved full scores for high potential characteristics in the physical and socio-emotional health domain. Most SBOT provided direct, indirect, and integrated services using various service delivery models that were tailored to different types of disabilities. Conclusion This study provides fundamental information for SBOT and school professionals to foster high-potential characteristics in students with disabilities during transition periods. Suitable services in the domains of physical and socio-emotional health, self-determination, and communication and academic performance can enhance these high-potential characteristics.

Evaluation of the Strategic Performance of the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage/Case Study

This research aims to the possibility of evaluating the strategic performance of the State Board for Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH) using a balanced scorecard of four criteria (Financial, Customers, Internal Processes, and Learning and Growth). The main challenge was that the State Board use traditional evaluation in measuring employee performance, activities, and projects. Case study and field interviews methodology has been adopted in this research with a sample consisting of the Chairman of the State Board, 6 General Managers, and 7 Department Managers who are involved in evaluating the strategic performance and deciding the suitable answers on the checklists to analyze it according to the 7-points Likert scale. Data analysis results have been extracted using statistically weighted averages via Excel 365, and one of the main outcomes of this research is that the process of evaluating the strategic performance of the State Board for Antiquities and Heritage is of great importance for its impact on the State’s activities for it has high flexibility to adjust its goals according to the environment that controls the State.&#x0D; &#x0D; Paper type Categories your paper under one of these classifications: A case study.

Tsunami risk perception in central and southern Italy

Abstract. The Tsunami Alert Centre of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (CAT-INGV) has been promoting, since 2018, the study of tsunami risk perception in Italy. Between 2018 and 2021 a semi-structured questionnaire on the perception of tsunami risk was administered to a sample of 5842 citizens residing in 450 Italian coastal municipalities, representative of more than 12 million people. The survey was conducted with the computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) methodology, described in Cerase et al. (2019), who published the results of the first pilot survey (about 1000 interviews). The large sample and the socio-demographic stratification give an excellent representation of the resident population in the surveyed Italian coastal municipalities. Moreover, in 2021 an optimized version of the questionnaire was also administered via Telepanel (a tool for collecting proportional and representative opinions of citizens) that was representative of the Italian population and included 1500 people distributed throughout the country. In this work we present the main results of the three survey phases, with a comparison among the eight surveyed regions and between the coastal regions and some coastal metropolitan cities involved in the investigations (Rome, Naples, Bari, Reggio Calabria, and Catania). Data analysis reveals heterogeneous and generally low tsunami risk perception. Some seaside populations, in fact, show a good perception of tsunami risk, while others, such as in Apulia and Molise, reveal a lower perception, most likely due to the long time elapsed since the last event and lack of memory. We do not find relevant differences related to the socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender) of the sample, whereas the education degree appears to affect people's perception. The survey shows that the respondents' predominant source of information on tsunamis is the television and other media sources (such as newspapers, books, films, internet), while the official sources (e.g., civil protection, local authorities, universities and research institutes) do not contribute significantly. Also, we find an interesting difference in people's understanding of the words tsunami and maremoto, the local term commonly used in Italy until the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman event, which should be taken into account in scientific and risk communication. The Telepanel survey, based on a nationwide sample, highlights a lower level of tsunami risk perception in comparison to average risk perception levels found in the coastal-municipality sample. Our results are being used to drive our communication strategy aimed at reducing tsunami risk in Italy, to activate dissemination and educational programs (data driven), to fill the data gap on tsunami risk perception in the North-Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and connected seas (NEAM) area, and to implement multilevel civil protection actions (national and local, top-down and bottom-up). Not least, outputs can address a better development of the UNESCO Tsunami Ready program in Italy.

Use of a focus group-based cognitive interview methodology to validate a cooking behavior survey among African-American adults.

Disparities in diet-related diseases persist among African-Americans despite advances in risk factor identification and evidence-based management strategies. Cooking is a dietary behavior linked to improved dietary quality and cardiometabolic health outcomes. However, epidemiologic studies suggest that African-American adults report a lower frequency of cooking at home when compared to other racial groups, despite reporting on average cooking time. To better understand cooking behavior among African-Americans and reported disparities in behavior, we sought to develop a survey instrument using focus group-based cognitive interviews, a pretesting method that provides insights into a survey respondent's interpretation and mental processing of survey questions. A comprised survey instrument was developed based on input from a community advisory board, a literature review, and a content review by cooking behavior experts. The cognitive interview pretesting of the instrument involved African-American adults (n = 11) at risk for cardiovascular disease who were recruited from a community-based participatory research study in Washington, D.C., to participate in a focus group-based cognitive interview. Cognitive interview methodologies included the verbal think-aloud protocol and the use of retrospective probes. Thematic analysis and evaluation of verbalized cognitive processes were conducted using verbatim transcripts. Five thematic themes related to the survey were generated: (1) Clarity and relevancy of question items; (2) influence of participants' perspectives and gender roles; (3) participant social desirability response to questions; (4) concern regarding question intent. Eleven survey items were determined as difficult by participants. Cooking topics for these items were: cooking practices, cooking skills, cooking perception (how one defines cooking), food shopping skills, and socialization around cooking. Question comprehension and interpreting response selections were the most common problems identified. Cognitive interviews are useful for cooking research as they can evaluate survey questions to determine if the meaning of the question as intended by the researcher is communicated to the respondents-specific implications from the results that apply to cooking research include revising questions on cooking practice and skills. Focus-group-based cognitive interviews may provide a feasible method to develop culturally grounded survey instruments to help understand disparities in behavior for culturally relevant diet behaviors such as cooking.

“Migrar es como morir para renacer en otro lugar”: la experiencia de venezolanos en Perú

This paper explores the concept of “suffering” in the migratory experience of displaced Venezuelans in Peru in three moments: in the context of their departure, during the journey to Peru, and in the context of their arrival. Through a mixed methodology of participant observation and interviews, this paper aims to understand the signification of the concept of suffering in the different phases of the process. In the analyzed case, it was found that to each phase corresponds different motives and types of suffering, and that others are maintained in the three stages. Although the concept of suffering is implicit in many recent academic contributions to the phenomenon of migration, an adequate theorization of the suffering of Venezuelan forcibly displaced has been lacking. This article thus contributes to the literature on migration and suffering, and at the same time to the emerging literature on Venezuelan forced displacement across Latin America.

Hierarchical Analysis of Forms of Support for Employees in the Field of Health Protection and Quality of Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Desired Post-Pandemic Forms of Support.

Issues of employee support during the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-pandemic period are of an interdisciplinary nature. Moreover, these should be considered from both an epistemological and a practical perspective. The aim of this study was to determine what forms of support for employees in terms of health and quality of work were provided by employers during the pandemic and what forms of support will be expected by employees after it ceases. The research process was carried out in two stages: primary and secondary exploration and quantitative clarification. In the first stage, a systematic review of the literature and a critical analysis of the so-called grey literature was performed. In the second stage, computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) methodology was used. Ward's method was used for data analysis. The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic forced employers to search for new solutions to enable the continuation of their business activities, which consisted of switching from the traditional form of work to a remote form. The transition to the remote work mode changed the approach to the forms of work support provided for employees, with particular emphasis on the health of employees and the quality of work. The changes in the forms of support for employees in terms of health and quality of work were either bottom-up or top-down. Employers tried to provide access to remote infrastructure as much as possible, but the consequences of remote work in terms of the physical and mental health of employees were rarely noticed or considered. After the pandemic, online health support and access to the appropriate equipment and tools for remote work are unlikely to be needed.

What makes supported internships an effective approach to VET?

Internationally, there have been varied attempts to secure the inclusion of young people with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) in Vocational Education and Training (VET). This paper investigates supported internships (SIs), which are programmes that include college courses in numeracy and literacy, workplace learning, and broader life skill development. Drawing on an empirical study of one SI in England, this paper focuses on the pedagogic structure of SIs to explore how systematic instruction combines with elements of the workplace environment to bring about successful vocational learning for young people with SEND. It considers whether the expansive-restrictive conceptualisation of apprenticeship learning explains successful outcomes within an SI. A case study approach using a qualitative methodology of semi-structured interviews was adopted to explore the experiences of people involved in the SI. These included two job coaches, four colleagues, six interns and three graduates from the SI. Thematic analysis revealed this SI facilitates workplace learning for young people with SEND because it models an expansive (not reductive) approach to internships. Systematic instruction did not result in restrictive learning because of role design and broader organisational features. A key facilitating aspect was that the design of the internship fostered opportunities to develop identity through crossing boundaries. Implications for the design of SIs (to facilitate social inclusion and ensure employment outcomes for young people with SEND) are discussed.