Interventional Conditions Research Articles

Digital Echoes of Discrimination: Investigating the Reception of Hate Speech Against Korean Chinese in Online Communities

abstract: This study aims to investigate the circulation, consumption, and learning of anonymous users’ hatred in online communities, focusing on the reception process of hate speech targeting Korean Chinese people, a group long discriminated against by native Koreans and the media. It identifies critical factors shaping attitudes toward Korean Chinese (i.e., Chaoxianzu), defining hate as long-term sentiments resulting from repeated immediate emotions triggered by specific incidents and social identities. This study adopts a grounded theory approach, employing interviews to construct a paradigm model that captures the authentic perspectives of online community users. Following the coding process, 17 categories and 38 subcategories emerged. Online audiences consolidate or maintain their attitudes through admission, resistance, exploration, and reproduction after exposure to hate expressions toward Korean Chinese. Self-intervention, personal experience, quality of verbal stimulation, and patriotism function as interventional conditions or environmental contexts throughout this process.

Experience of Clinical Adaptation among Nurses in Intensive Care Unit

Purpose : This study aimed to explore and describe intensive care unit (ICU) nurses’ experience of clinical adaptation.Methods : The participants were 14 ICU nurses with more than two years of working experience in the ICU. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews conducted between July and October 2021. Theoretical sampling was used to the point of theoretical saturation. Data were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method.Results : A total of 79 concepts, 37 subcategories, and 16 categories were identified through open coding. Axial coding based on the paradigm model revealed that the central phenomenon was “The harsh adversity faced in the nursing field where life and death are determined” and the core category was “Enduring the adversity of caring for critically ill patients and achieving self-realization.” ICU nurses’ clinical adaptation process was explained in five phases: “confrontation period,” “turbulent period,” “seeking period,” “struggling period,” and “stabilized period.” The five phases that affect interventional conditions were “Support from reliable people,” “Recognition of administrative and financial support.”Conclusion : This study provided novel insights for a comprehensive understanding of ICU nurses’ clinical adaptation processes. Furthermore, the findings are expected to be used as basic data to develop multifaceted strategies to help ICU nurses’ adaptation to critical care.

근거이론을 기반으로 한 ADHD 성향 유아의 자연체험 효과에 대한 유아교사 인식연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to present a theoretical framework by examining and analyzing the natural experience effects of attention deficit and hyperactivity in children with at-risk ADHD. This is based on the perceptions of early childhood teachers using the grounded theory.
 Methods To this end, in-depth interviews were conducted with a total of five directors and teachers of early childhood education institutions who had experience in conducting nature experiences such as outdoor play, plant growing, and ecological education including forest experience, to children with at-risk ADHD. The collected data was analyzed by applying grounded theory methods such as open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.
 Results First, the analysis of the natural experience effect process of children with at-risk ADHD resulted in 103 concepts, 27 subcategories, and 10 categories. Second, nature experience activities children with at-risk ADHD showed that causal situations such as “natural colorfulness and variability of nature play” had a positive effect on their negative traits of “lowering attention deficit and hyperactivity tendencies,” and this phenomenon was influenced by the contextual conditions of the “vast natural environment” and the “strengths-based educational environment.” In addition, according to the interventional conditions of “activities preferred by all human resources (parents, teachers, infants, etc.),” the strategy of “positive family change” was used, resulting in “growth in developmental areas (language, play, emotion and physical)” and “overall relationship change in educational institutions.” Third, the core category of this course was ‘natural experiences of children with at-risk ADHD are positive’.
 Conclusions The results of this study are expected to be used as a basis for early childhood education institutions to educate, develop, and support nature experiences for children with at-risk ADHD.

IB 프로그램 적용에 대한 중학교 교사의 실천적 지식과 협업에 대한 인식 탐색

Objectives In the course of applying the IB MYP introduced to public education, the contents of the interview survey on the teacher's classroom experience were analyzed. The purpose of this study was to examine the process of enhancing professionalism through the practical knowledge and cooperation of teachers in the IB MYP school.
 Methods The results of a focus group interview conducted and analyzed through a school visit in November 2021 for teachers of three MYP schools in the 2021 certification and candidate stages in regions that are introducing the IB program in public education are summarized. A schematic was theoretically constructed to explain the teachers' adaptation process to the IB MYP through a grounded theory approach. In addition, two themes were presented, focusing on the teacher-practical knowledge formation process and the teacher collaboration process.
 Results According to the paradigm model of grounded theory proposed by Strass and Corbin(1998), causal conditions, contextual conditions, central phenomena, interventional conditions, action/interaction, and outcome categories were derived. In addition, two analysis results were presented, focusing on teacher collaboration and professional development as central phenomena of the paradigm model. First, it was the formation of practical knowledge of IB MYP school teachers, ‘things you have to do to know’, and ‘learning through trial and error’. Second, it is the rediscovery of collaboration as an experience of teacher collaboration and professional development in the IB MYP school, and the search for confidence through daily and continuous exchange of ideas.
 Conclusions In November 2021, we examined what kind of perception and experience teachers of IB MYP schools introduced to public education had in the process of class design, application, and evaluation. By examining the importance of teacher collaboration and the meaning of the process of forming practical knowledge, we tried to obtain implications for the application of the IB program.

조현병을 지닌 사람의 입원경험과 아비투스

The purpose of this study is to understand in depth the hospitalization experience of people with schizophrenia from the perspective of the person concerned, and to examine the unique life temperament that is embodied and expressed in the process in the context of habitus. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 people with schizophrenia who were hospitalized in psychiatric institutions. For data collection and analysis, the grounded theory methodology of Strauss & Corbin (1998) was applied. As a result of the analysis, 119 concepts, 31 subcategories, and 13 categories were derived. The paradigm model of causal conditions, contextual conditions, interventional conditions, action/interaction strategies, and results were confirmed based on the central phenomenon of <Deprived autonomy and life as a forced patient>. Through process analysis, process models such as ‘the stage of collapse of the right to life’, ‘the stage of environmental exploration’, ‘the stage of self-preservation’, ‘the stage of return to bondage’ or ‘the stage of maintaining hope’ were found. Finally, a core category was found: ‘the process of facing the crossroads of being patient and having hope in life as a forced patient’. Based on these research results, limitations and alternatives to the medical model-centered approach to people with schizophrenia were suggested.

Safety and efficacy of the expressman extension system for complex coronary lesions during percutaneous coronary intervention.

Safety and efficacy of the expressman extension system for complex coronary lesions during percutaneous coronary intervention.

근거이론 관점에서 살펴본, 청년층과 중·장년층의 유튜브 콘텐츠의 선택 결정요인 분석

This study looked at the reasons why viewers choose specific content based on YouTube among media platforms from the perspective of grounded theory. Through this, practical implications were presented from the marketing perspective of YouTube creators and companies by examining the determinants of YouTube selection by young people and middle-aged people. For the research procedure and data collection method, an in-depth interview was conducted with 15 study participants based on the grounded theory methods of open coding, axis coding, and selective coding proposed by Strauss and Corbin (1998). As a result of the main study, it was possible to understand that the determinant of the study participants' choice of YouTube content resulted in the 'craving for quasi-social interaction'. Causal conditions, contextual conditions, and interventional conditions are presented. Furthermore, based on the main results of this study, conclusions, limitations, and future research tasks are presented.

Preclinical modeling of low energy X-rays radiological burn: Dosimetry study by monte carlo simulations and EPR spectroscopy.

Interventional radiology has grown considerably over the last decades and become an essential tool for treatment or diagnosis. This technique is mostly beneficial and mastered but accidental overexposure can occur and lead to the appearance of deterministic effects. The lack of knowledge about the radiobiological consequences for the low-energy X-rays used for these practices makes the prognosis very uncertain for the different tissues. In order to improve the radiation protection of patients and better predict the risk of complications, we implemented a new preclinical mouse model to mimic radiological burn in interventional radiology and performed a complete characterization of the dose deposition. A new setup and collimator were designed to irradiate the hind legs of 15 mice at 30Gy in air kerma at 80kV. After irradiation, mice tibias were collected to evaluate bone dose by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy measurements. Monte Carlo simulations with Geant4 were performed in simplified and voxelized phantoms to characterize the dose deposition in different tissues and evaluate the characteristics of secondary electrons (energy, path, momentum). 30 mice tibias were collected for EPR analysis. An average absorbed dose of 194.0 ± 27.0Gy was measured in bone initially irradiated at 30Gy in air kerma. A bone to air conversion factor of 6.5 ± 0.9 was determined. Inter sample and inter mice variability has been estimated to 13.9%. Monte Carlo simulations shown the heterogeneity of the dose deposition for these low X-rays energies and the dose enhancement in dense tissue. The specificities of the secondary electrons were studied and showed the influence of the tissue density on energies and paths. A good agreement between the experimental and calculated bone to air conversion factor was obtained. A new preclinical model allowing to perform radiological burn in interventional radiology-like conditions was implemented. For the development of new preclinical radiobiological model where the exact knowledge of the dose deposited in the different tissues is essential, the complementarity of Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements for the dosimetric characterization has proven to be a considerable asset.

Trying to Control the Situation: A Theory of Iranian Midwives' Experiences of the Coping Process with their Professional Roles Following COVID-19.

Background:Midwives are at the frontlines of the fight against the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Working under these circumstances threatens their lives and that of their family members; midwives’ adjustment to work increases their efficiency in providing care services to pregnant mothers, but midwives’ coping process is ambiguous and complex. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the coping process of midwives with their professional roles following COVID-19.Materials and Methods:This study was conducted using grounded theory during 2020 to 2021. For this purpose, 30 midwives were purposively and theoretically selected from two educational hospitals and health centers in Mashhad and Torbat Heydarieh cities, Iran. The data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method (2008) in MAXQDA software.Results:The main concern of the participants was “perception of the threats to their health” and the core category revealed from the data was “trying to control the situation.” Midwives coped with the COVID-19 pandemic in four steps, namely early initial confrontation, reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic, management of challenges, and reconstructing. Support from family and the health system and religious belief were the interventional conditions in this theory.Conclusions:Results of this study can be used to provide health managers with a better understanding of the conditions affecting the coping strategies of midwives with their professional roles during COVID-19. Therefore, this study provides the required data for developing an effective intervention to help nurse midwives to cope with this issue.

근거이론을 활용한 한국어 교사의 어휘 유창성 인식 조사

Objectives The purpose of this study is to clarify the concept of lexical fluency and construct of lexical fluency and to explore the perception of lexical fluency of Korean language teachers. Methods The perception of lexical fluency and construct of lexical fluency was investigated targeting 10 Korean language teachers. Grounded theory was used for objective analysis, and Strauss & Corbin’s paradigm model was applied among various models of grounded theory. Results The constructs for the evaluation of lexical fluency that Korean language teachers thought were varied, and it was confirmed that they had difficulties in the process of evaluating lexical fluency. Causal conditions, contextual conditions, interventional conditions, and action/interaction were identified, and it was confirmed that Korean language teachers recognized the importance of clear evaluation of lexical fluency. Conclusions Based on the results of the study, it was identified that a study on lexical fluency is necessary to accurately evaluate learners’ vocabulary competence. It was also suggested that the constructs of lexical fluency and the hierarchy between constructs should be discussed

Electoral Behavior of Iranians and the Factors of the Reduction of Electoral Participation During the Corona Pandemic (2020–2021)

COVID-19 pandemic has had different effects on election participation. Participation in the parliamentary (2020) and presidential (2021) elections under the pandemic has declined significantly compared to the last four decades. Contrary to popular belief, the findings show that this declined has been caused by causal conditions (economic downturn and government’s inefficiency), contextual conditions (economic war and sanctions), and interventional conditions, and COVID-19 pandemic has played an only contextual role. Prior to the COVID19 pandemic, Iranians were dissatisfied with the current situation, mainly internal rather than external, due to the disruption of the economy and living conditions. Therefore, election participation during the pandemic was a good opportunity to show the magnitude of the dissatisfaction. It can be said that the role of economic factors and the government’s inefficiency in discouraging election participation in Iran has been more than political, social, and health factors.

Calibration of Gafchromic XR-RV3 film under interventional radiology conditions

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of the study was the calibration of Gafchromic films in clinical interventional radiology conditions and the assessment of the influence of dose range, the shape of the fitting curve, and its practical application. The aim of the work was to show how practically perform calibration in a wide range of doses. Material and methods: Gafchromic XR–RV3 films were included in the study. The calibration was performed for A and B film series separately. Doses from the range of 0 – 8 Gy were used. Film dosimeters were read out in reflective mode with a commercial flatbed scanner. Results: Among various degrees of a polynomial function, the best fit, which fulfilled the chosen criterion of 95% agreement between measured and reconstructed doses and simple equation criterion, was observed for third-degree polynomial. The fitting curve where the dose is the function of optical density (logMPV) was demonstrated to be more precise than the fitting curve based on MPV only. To minimize the difference between dose absorbed by the film and dose reconstructed from the fitting curve below 5% it is necessary to divide the calibration range of 0 – 8 Gy into two subranges for use in interventional radiology. This difference was set at a maximum level of 3.8% and 1.9% for the lowand high-dose range, respectively. Each series of films may have a slightly different calibration curve, especially for the low dose range. A deviation of up to 36% between two batches of Gafchromic film was observed. Conclusions: For the third-degree polynomial fitting function (one of the recommended in the literature) calibration should be done into low and high dose ranges and for each batch separately. A systematic error higher than 20% could be introduced when the fitting curve from one film batch is applied to the other film batch.

"Mīzān Al-Ḥikmah" a Measure of Faith Life Presenting a Pattern based on the Grounded Theory Method (G.T.M)

Lifestyle is a reflection of the culture and civilization of a society and adherence to moral and social values. The product of this adherence is a system based on those values which, if derived from religious faith, results in a faithful life. The aim of this study is to provide a model for this type of life, which has been done by using narrative data taken from "Muntakhab Mīzān al-Ḥikmah " and by "grounded theory" method. The research findings show that the central category of this model is the faithful lifestyle that ontology, theism believing in resurrection are its causal conditions that are formed in the context of religiosity, faith, piety and good governance. Interventional conditions include: moral, social, economic evils and family injuries. In order to achieve the dignity of this world and the hereafter, which is the output of this model, one must use belief, worship, moral, social, economic and health strategies.

The Psychosocial Consequences of Natural Disasters: A Case Study

Background: Earthquake is one of the most important and destructive natural hazards in Iranian cities, and the psychological and social consequences of catastrophe vary according to age, gender, economic and social class. Materials and Methods: The present study is qualitative research that we conducted with the method of grounded theory research and to understand the social consequences of earthquakes in the social group of women living in Bam in 2017. We collected data, interpreted the extracted concepts, and analyzed the discovered social consequences using in-depth interview techniques and purposeful and theoretical sampling in Bam women's community. Results: After interviewing five experts and 27 women, we reached the data saturation in 2 groups of the middle and lower economic class of Bam city and performed three coding steps for each narrative. According to the research findings, one of the direct and indirect consequences of the Bam earthquake disaster in women has been psycho-social trauma. Conclusion: Earthquake, death of parents and close family members with Interventional conditions such as economic and cultural status, level of education of the individual and family have affected the experience of psycho-social trauma in women. Also, women who based on pre-crisis and pre-disaster chose irrational and passive strategies experienced more negative consequences than women who chose rational and active coping strategies. Finally, the theoretical inference is that there is a direct relationship between the intervening social context and the psychological and social harms caused by the disaster in women, which in addition to the functional relationship is also effective in aggravating the consequences of this impact.

4차 산업혁명 시대에서 홈 트레이닝 경험에 대한 이론적 패러다임 적용 : 기술수용모델(TAM)을 중심으로

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand in depth about participants’ home training experience and technology acceptance in the 4th Industrial Revolution era based on the technology acceptance model (TAM).<BR> Method: This research was conducted through grounded theory. Conclusions were drawn through open coding, axis coding, and selective coding of the grounded theory. In the open coding process, conceptual words are derived, and categorized based on commonalities and differences. In axis coding, a paradigm model is created based on the categorization results. The core code was derived from the codes identified through selective coding and the story outline was constructed. A paradigm model was presented thorough grounded theory and the data was analyzed in depth based on the TAM.<BR> Results: As a result of coding through grounded theory, 124 conceptual words, 23 sub-categories, and 12 upper-categories were derived in the first open coding stage. In the second axis coding stage, a paradigm model was derived. The paradigm model consisted of causal conditions, contextual context, central phenomena, interventional conditions, action-interaction strategies, and outcomes. The key category was the emergence of new technology expectations. In-depth analysis based on TAM showed that many of the techniques combined with home training can be explained by the perceived ease of use of TAM in that they have spent a lot of time planning their own exercise routines and reducing the effort to study or search. In addition, the study participants believed that the usefulness of the innovative technologies combined with home training would improve their performance and quality of life, and these results can be explained through the perceived usefulness of TAM. It was found that this perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness influenced the positive attitude and intention to use new technologies.<BR> Conclusion: Home training participants have positive attitude about their home training experience and acceptance of innovative technologies. As a result, it has been shown that they are actively utilizing innovative home training technologies. In addition, the convergence of home training and technology can be a corner-stone for many people to enjoy sports equally and conveniently.

Transcranial direct-current stimulation combined with attention increases cortical excitability and improves motor learning in healthy volunteers

BackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has the potential to induce motor cortical plasticity in humans. It is well known that motor cortical plasticity plays an essential role in motor learning and recovery in patients with stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it remains unclear how cognitive function influences motor cortical plasticity induced by tDCS. The present study aimed to investigate whether anodal tDCS combined with attention to a target muscle could enhance motor cortical plasticity and improve motor learning in healthy individuals.MethodsThirty-three healthy volunteers were assigned to two experiments. In experiment 1, there were three interventional conditions: 1) anodal tDCS was applied while participants paid attention to the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle, 2) anodal tDCS was applied while participants paid attention to the sound, and 3) anodal tDCS was applied without the participants paying attention to the FDI muscle or the sound. Anodal tDCS (2 mA, 10 min) was applied over the primary motor cortex (M1). Changes in motor evoked potentials (MEPs), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were assessed before and immediately after (0 min), and then 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min after each intervention. In experiment 2, we investigated whether the combination of anodal tDCS and attention to the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle could facilitate the learning of a ballistic thumb movement.ResultsAnodal tDCS increased cortical excitability in all conditions immediately after the stimulation. Significant increases in MEPs and significant decreases in SICI were observed for at least 60 min after anodal tDCS, but only when participants paid attention to the FDI muscle. In contrast, no significant changes in ICF were observed in any condition. In experiment 2, the combination of tDCS and attention to the APB muscle significantly enhanced the acquisition of a ballistic thumb movement. The higher performance was still observed 7 days after the stimulation.ConclusionsThis study shows that anodal tDCS over M1 in conjunction with attention to the target muscle enhances motor cortex plasticity and improves motor learning in healthy adults. These findings suggest that a combination of attention and tDCS may be an effective strategy to promote rehabilitation training in patients with stroke and neurodegenerative disorders.Trial registrationRetrospectively registered (UMIN000036848).

Designing an Organizational CynicismModel Based on the Grounded Approach (Case Study: Kashan Universities)

This research was conducted to design an organisational cynicism model based on grounded data approach in the universities of Kashan. These data were examined by grounded theory method. Accordingly, the concepts were identified in six sections including the factors affecting organisational cynicism (causal conditions), organisational cynicism structure (central phenomenon), contextual factors affecting organisational cynicism (contextual conditions), interventional factors affecting organisational cynicism (interventional conditions), strategies to cope with organisational cynicism (strategies), and the outcomes of organisational cynicism (outcomes). After confirming the validity and reliability of the questionnaires, it was distributed in a sample of 206 professors and experts of the Kashan universities. After the data collection, six measurement models were examined and the results showed that their desirability. Finally, structural equation modelling was used to examine the relationships between the variables. The results showed significant relationships between the variables, which were confirmed by the organisational cynicism model in the Kashan universities.

Developing a Brand Avoidance Model in Pygmalion Cycle

In this research, a model has been identified and presented for multiple dimensions of brand avoidance in Iranian home appliance industry. For designing the model, the causative conditions of factors, which lead to brand avoidance in the home appliance industry, were considered along with the dominant platform underlying brand avoidance and weakening or reinforcing interventional conditions. The research methodology is grounded. 256 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The sampling method is purposeful and judgmental along with the snowball method. To identify the consequences of brand avoidance, three perspectives of society, customer and companies have been investigated. The results of the research indicate the experiential, identity, moral, deficit-value, marketing, attitude and cognitive dimensions of brand avoidance. The Pygmalion effect was used to avoid the brand. In this study, gender behaviours were identified as intervening conditions and the role of government as the dominant platform.

Different preprocessing strategies lead to different conclusions: A [11C]DASB-PET reproducibility study

Positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging provides unique possibilities to study biological processes in vivo under basal and interventional conditions. For quantification of PET data, researchers commonly apply different arrays of sequential data analytic methods (“preprocessing pipeline”), but it is often unknown how the choice of preprocessing affects the final outcome. Here, we use an available data set from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled [11C]DASB-PET study as a case to evaluate how the choice of preprocessing affects the outcome of the study. We tested the impact of 384 commonly used preprocessing strategies on a previously reported positive association between the change from baseline in neocortical serotonin transporter binding determined with [11C]DASB-PET, and change in depressive symptoms, following a pharmacological sex hormone manipulation intervention in 30 women. The two preprocessing steps that were most critical for the outcome were motion correction and kinetic modeling of the dynamic PET data. We found that 36% of the applied preprocessing strategies replicated the originally reported finding (p < 0.05). For preprocessing strategies with motion correction, the replication percentage was 72%, whereas it was 0% for strategies without motion correction. In conclusion, the choice of preprocessing strategy can have a major impact on a study outcome.

Canine-Assisted Therapy Improves Well-Being in Nurses.

As nursing is one of the most stressful occupations worldwide, its management warrants more attention to identify possible ways to cope with its pressures. This study aims to evaluate whether animal-assisted therapy (AAT) with the presence of a dog affects the stress level of nurses. As a stress biomarker, we used salivary cortisol level testing. Twenty female nurses (mean age: 30) in physical medicine (PMR) (n = 11) and the department of internal medicine and long-term care (IM < C) (n = 9). On each of the three observed days, saliva was collected at 10 a.m. and then again after 50 min. The first sampling was performed during a normal working process without a break (Condition A), the second was carried out during a normal working process with a break of choice (Condition B), and the third sampling was performed during a normal working process with a break with AAT (Condition C). All participants were enrolled in all three interventional conditions in a randomized order. The results demonstrated the effect of a reduction of cortisol levels in Condition C, where AAT was included (p = 0.02) only in nurses recruited from the IM < C department. By way of explanation, nurses from the PMR department already showed low cortisol levels at baseline. We propose including AAT with a dog in healthcare facilities where nurses are at a high risk of stress.