Interspecies Relationships Research Articles

Composition and inter-species relationships within ant communities across differentially anthropized urban environments: a case study

Composition and inter-species relationships within ant communities across differentially anthropized urban environments: a case study

Comparison of chloroplast genomes and phylogenetic analysis of four species in Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis

The identification in Quercus L. species was considered to be difficult all the time. The fundamental phylogenies of Quercus have already been discussed by morphological and molecular means. However, the morphological characteristics of some Quercus groups may not be consistent with the molecular results (such as the group Helferiana), which may lead to blurring of species relationships and prevent further evolutionary researches. To understand the interspecific relationships and phylogenetic positions, we sequenced and assembled the CPGs (160,715 bp-160842 bp) of four Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis species by Illumina pair-end sequencing. The genomic structure, GC content, and IR/SC boundaries exhibited significant conservatism. Six highly variable hotspots were detected in comparison analysis, among which rpoC1, clpP and ycf1 could be used as molecular markers. Besides, two genes (petA, ycf2) were detected to be under positive selection pressure. The phylogenetic analysis showed: Trigonobalanus genus and Fagus genus located at the base of the phylogeny tree; The Quercus genus species were distincted to two clades, including five sections. All Compound Trichome Base species clustered into a single branch, which was in accordance with the results of the morphological studies. But neither of group Gilva nor group Helferiana had formed a monophyly. Six Compound Trichome Base species gathered together in pairs to form three branch respectively (Quercus kerrii and Quercus chungii; Quercus austrocochinchinensis with Quercus gilva; Quercus helferiana and Quercus rex). Due to a low support rate (0.338) in the phylogeny tree, the interspecies relationship between the two branches differentiated by this node remained unclear. We believe that Q. helferiana and Q. kerrii can exist as independent species due to their distance in the phylogeny tree. Our study provided genetic information in Quercus genus, which could be applied to further studies in taxonomy and phylogenetics.

Madras Kraals, animal labour and Veterinary Corps: colonising wild elephants in British South India

ABSTRACT Animals, animal labour and animal capital, were vital in developing colonial capitalism. For labour theories, working animals constituted only as tools or resources and affirmed the property rights of humans over animals by capturing, confining, breeding and training. The capitalist interactions with animals developed from the early warfare and hunting practices to the later discourses of conservation, juridical control and the commoditization of animals in the capital-intensive colonial industries. This article examines the entangled histories of wild elephants in colonial settings who were captured, tamed, and trained as working animals and sold as commodities to the capitalist timber industries. By using Jonathan Saha's conceptualization of 'undead capital', this article addresses how the wild elephants were transformed from being hunted to being protected, fed, provided for and kept healthy by veterinarians through the Kraal system only to be commoditized as working animals. However, such commoditization resulted in the subjugation of animals, the transformation of ecologies, and the fostering of new interspecies relationships between the elephants and their caretakers. The knowledge and experience of caretakers of elephants became central in colonial animal management and was perceived as a route through which colonialism created new knowledge about wild animals and the forests.

Vernacular animalities: reading multispecies ethics in Hasan Azizul Haque’s short stories

This essay foregrounds new vernacular aesthetics of multispecies ethics through close readings of two short stories – “Shokun” (“Vulture”) and “Amrityu Ajibon” (“Till Death, Through Life”) – by Bengali writer Hasan Azizul Haque (1939–2021). Postcolonial literary criticism has predominantly focused on Haque’s incisive portrayal of the consequences of the Partition of India and Bangladesh Liberation War on affected minorities, but his depictions of other-than-human subjects and interspecies relationalities implicated in postcolonial power dynamics have not received the critical attention that they merit. This essay draws on the analytical frameworks offered by interdisciplinary animal studies to demonstrate the agential roles of animals in Haque’s stories. Through literary speculations on animal alterities and entangled human–animal vulnerabilities, the short stories studied in this essay articulate the impact of feudal economic structures and inter-class hierarchies on landless peasants and debt-bonded labourers in post-Partition Bengal. They elaborate the mechanisms through which vernacular knowledges about human–animal coexistence, communication, and co-constitution provide textual corollaries for subaltern consciousness, resistance, and moral upliftment. I argue that the material and semiotic dimensions of literary animal figures in the stories produce unique narrative instances of recuperative animal agencies through sustained attention to the corporeal dynamics and affective logics of interspecies interactions. I also argue that while the material aspects of interspecies relationships are manifested through embodied affect, their symbolic aspects become conspicuous through the textual preeminence of metonymic animals over their metaphoric configurations. I show that through different textual iterations of transspecies relatedness stemming from (but not limited to) two kinds of physical contiguity – a vulture’s peck and a snake’s bite – Haque’s short stories critique both uncritical consolidation and outright disavowal of interspecies difference.

Corrosion behavior of 7B04 aluminum alloy under the synergistic effect of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Acinetobacter lwoffi

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is a multifaceted phenomenon that is influenced by the synergistic activity of various bacterial species that thrive within biofilms. The present study aims to investigate the impact of interspecies relationships on the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy (Al alloy). To achieve this, cultures of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (L. paracasei) and Acinetobacter lwoffi (A. lwoffi) were mixed and analyzed. The electrochemical experimental findings indicated that the 7B04 Al alloy exhibited the lowest Rct value and the highest corrosion current density when immersed in the mixed system. The utilization of surface analysis techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy and stereomicroscope, had led to the discovery of a significant number of corrosion pits in the mixed system. This finding suggested that the corrosion phenomenon was more severe than previously anticipated. The growth curve analysis revealed a synergistic interaction among the mixed bacterial species. The co-cultivation of A. lwoffi and L. paracasei resulted in increased growth activity of L. paracasei in comparison to its growth in a single system. The occurrence of dominant colonies and the development of biofilms were identified as the primary factors contributing to localized corrosion. Furthermore, the combined action of the two bacterial strains exhibited a synergistic effect that exacerbated the corrosion process.

Analysis of soil water use by exotic and native vegetation in a semi-arid area and their associated interspecific competition

The exotic vegetation used in dryland vegetation restoration projects is characterized by its fast-growing and deep-rooted system, which enables it to expedite the restoration of ecosystem functions and enhance biodiversity. However, the interspecific relationship between exotic and native vegetation and soil water uptake in these restored ecosystems remains unclear, limiting our ability to evaluate the succession process and sustainability of restored ecosystems. In this study, stable isotope techniques and a proportional similarity index were used to investigate soil water use strategies and interspecific relationships between exotic and native vegetation. The results showed significant differences between the soil water use strategies of both exotic and native vegetation between seasons and species, where the proportions of deep soil water (30–100 cm) used by exotic shrubs (Caragana korshinskii) and exotic grass (Medicago sativa) were significantly higher than those used by the co-occurring native grass (Stipa bungeana) (p < 0.05). As soil water storage declined, exotic vegetation increased its utilization of deep soil water, whereas native grasses relied more on surface water (0–10 cm). This suggests that deep-rooted exotic vegetation has greater adaptability and access to water resources than shallow-rooted native vegetation. However, a prolonged decline in soil water storage led to increased competition for surface soil water (0–30 cm) between the exotic and native vegetation. This may increase the risk of degradation of exotic vegetation, particularly in situations with lower soil water content in the deep layers. Overall, this study highlights the variation in water-use strategies and interspecies relationships between exotic and native vegetation and their implications for ecosystem succession, which provides valuable insights for developing future vegetation restoration strategies and managing restored ecosystems.

Insight into biofilm formation of wastewater treatment processes: Nitrogen removal performance and biological mechanisms

Biofilm formation affects biological nitrogen (N) removal, and a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) was set up to evaluate the changes in N removal and microbial characteristics during biofilm formation. The results indicated that the average effluent concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and total nitrogen (TN) in the SBBR were 27.48, 1.41, and 13.52 mg L−1, respectively after biofilm formation. Furthermore, this process increased microbial richness, but reduced microbial diversity. Patescibacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroides were the dominant phyla that did not change after biofilm formation. After biofilm formation, Firmicutes was eliminated while Spirochaetes involved in the interspecies relationship. Biofilm increased the nitrification and denitrification relating coding genes abundance (hao, narG, narZ, nxrA, narH, narY, nxrB, napA, napB, norB, norC and nosZ), and enhanced the processes of N respiration and denitrification, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism and membrane transport. Meanwhile, correlation analysis between genera and transcriptome reflected that Zooglea, Micropruina, Aeromonas and Tessaracoccus played essential roles in biofilm formation and N removal. The key enzyme abundance of EC:1.7.99.1, EC:1.7.2.4, and EC:1.1.1.42 of N and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle increased after biofilm formation. This study can reveal the effect of biofilm formation on biological N removal and provide a theoretical foundation for the application of biofilm process.

Expanding non-invasive approaches for fish-health monitoring: A survey of the epidermal mucous metabolomes of phylogenetically diverse freshwater fish species.

There is a pressing need for more-holistic approaches to fisheries assessments along with growing demand to reduce the health impacts of sample collections. Metabolomic tools enable the use of sample matrices that can be collected with minimal impact on the organism (e.g., blood, urine, and mucus) and provide high-throughput, untargeted biochemical information without the requirement of a sequenced genome. These qualities make metabolomics ideal for monitoring a wide range of fish species, particularly those under protected status. In the current study, we surveyed the relative abundances of 120 endogenous metabolites in epidermal mucus across eight freshwater fish species belonging to seven phylogenetic orders. Principal component analysis was used to provide an overview of the data set, revealing strong interspecies relationships in the epidermal mucous metabolome. Normalized relative abundances of individual endogenous metabolites were then used to identify commonalities across multiple species, as well as those metabolites that showed notable species specificity. For example, taurine was measured in high relative abundance in the epidermal mucus of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), northern pike (Esox lucius), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), whereas γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) exhibited a uniquely high relative abundance in flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris). Finally, hierarchical cluster analysis was used to evaluate species relatedness as characterized by both the epidermal mucous metabolome (phenotype) and genetic phylogeny (genotype). This comparison revealed species for which relatedness in the epidermal mucous metabolome composition closely aligns with phylogenetic relatedness (e.g., N. crysoleucas and C. carpio), as well as species for which these two measures are not well aligned (e.g., P. olivaris and Polyodon spathula). These, and other findings reported here, highlight novel areas for future research with fish, including development of epidermal mucous-based markers for non-invasive health monitoring, sex determination, and hypoxia tolerance.

Energy manifesto: Principles for regenerative architecture, arts, and design

This viewpoint outlines the environmentally toxic view of energy that frames industrial modernism, which is fundamentally anti-life. An alternative, regenerative worldview is proposed, offering new ideals that are supposed to redesign the world by working in concert with the energies of the living world in ways that are fundamentally life-promoting. Centered on microbial metabolisms that form the living base of the biosphere, referred to as the microbial commons, the manifesto takes a decentralized approach to our engagement with energy so that diversity, resilience, and interdependence are valued through the commons of energies, which is powered by microbial metabolisms forming a substrate for regenerative design to enable the establishment of a vitalizing interspecies relationship with the earth, nature, and each other.

Formabiap’s Indigenous educative community, Peru: a biosocial pedagogy

ABSTRACT This article provides a descriptive account of the workings of an Indigenous-led teacher training initiative in the Peruvian Amazon (Formabiap) and considers the extent of its transdisciplinary pedagogic approach, with a special focus on the ontological and epistemological stakes of intercultural knowledge exchanges in the context of contemporary global challenges. The article evaluates the extent to which Indigenous pedagogical projects can sustain inter-species relationships that promote a good life in which diverse species, including both humans and plants, can flourish. To extol the potential of Formabiap’s 35 year plus Indigenous rights initiative, the authors forward the notion of biosocial pedagogy, a heuristic device that helps value the consubstantial, and relationally entangled epistemologies of Indigenous Life-worlds.

Identification and characterization of known and new miRNAs from Nicotiana tabacum and nta-miR156's predictive role in Wnt Signalling Pathway

Computational methods have driven the rapid identification of tobacco microRNAs (miRNAs) from tissue-specific sequence data and witnessed success in associating miRNAs in response to stress, pollutants, viral infection and resistance, and cigarette smoking. Although tobacco exerted medicinal properties through phytochemicals, the role of its miRNAs in regulating tobacco and human genes and related functional implications is not elucidated thoroughly. In this present study, we have identified new and homologous miRNAs using a rigorous workflow of miRNA derivation and target prediction upon a comprehensive collection of tobacco expressed sequence tags and charted its putative roles in gene regulation via inter and intraspecies relationships. Current, computational approach have identified a total of 38 mature miRNAs comprising 31 tobacco-specific miRNAs from plant homologous families, and 7 new miRNA candidates. These seven new miRNAs were studied for tobacco target gene prediction in which most of them encode innate immunity, defense mechanism, plant development, F-box/Leucine rich-repeat protein and other protein kinases. Two out of these seven miRNAs have passed the updated emphasized criteria namely nta-miR403 and nta-miR8036. Interestingly, the workflow succeeded in establishing an intraspecies relationship by distinguishing the molecular targets already known in tobacco and homologous plants. Interspecies relationship between 38 tobacco miRNAs upon human transcriptome data revealed the most significant target CCDC88c (DAPLE) with perfect seed pairing of miR-156, regulating non-canonical WNT signaling pathways in cancer progression and metastasis. These findings may add to existing knowledge of impacting canonical WNT/β-catenin pathways. These decisive findings hold a strong clue for promoting tobacco miRNAs research and outlined the prediction of conserved miRNAs and their functions in inter and intraspecies relationships.

행성에게 사랑을

This paper begins by exploring some historical literature, including fairy tales, on “love” and debunks its most popular idea as a purely natural and spontaneous relationship between humans. It then shifts focus to human relationships with animals, particularly companion animals like dogs and cats. The paper argues that the human-animal bond diminishes one's individuality or identity, enabling the experience of affection in its truest sense, which is a deep, interconnected love between beings. It concludes that interspecies relationships exemplify love in its purest form, transcending biological characteristics and encompassing all species on Earth, including the planet itself. The paper suggests the necessity of reimagining ecology as “planetary erotics” to gain a fresh perspective on our understanding and experience of love.

Humans and Animals’ Relationship in Karen Joy Fowler’s We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves

This article has explored on the relationships between humans and nonhuman creatures which has long been a predominant dichotomous conceptualization. Especially it has analyzed Karen Joy Fowler’s book We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves which focuses on the relationship between humans and animals. The book also makes readers think about the interspecies relationship’s ethics and epistemologies as a part of ecopoetics. The present debate over animal rights and the condemnation of speciesism, which accords human creatures’ epistemic and ontological privilege, are central issues in critical and cultural animal studies.&#x0D; The dichotomous view of human-animal relationships holds that there is a categorical border between humans - who are perceived as moral subjects with personal rights and whose internal life is psychologically accessible - and animals, some of which can be considered as companions but always have a lower (or no) status in terms of legal and cultural status and whose minds are inaccessible. To investigate human and animal relations, I have formulated three steps throughout the paper. I have started by discussing recent theories that examine the bond between us and monkeys. Then I have discussed how Kellogg's experiment serves as a significant backdrop to Fowler's book.&#x0D; Finally, I have addressed the novel’s contribution to current critical discussions about human-animal interactions and animal rights, as well as the major plot of the book, which develops when the protagonist learns her own role in the ecopoetics of her chimpanzee sister Fern. The paper has investigated ecopoetics that emphasizes the move from interspecies companionship and togetherness to human superiority and instrumental asymmetry, focusing on the intricate human-animal relationships which recount an environment that causes (non-)human trauma and loss.

Does life form affect tree species assembly? A demographic study across the life history of a temperate forest in Japan

AbstractIn this study, the dominant mechanism that defines the species assembly in an old‐growth temperate forest was investigated by analyzing the species specificity of demographic parameters in relation to the life history stage, testing the hypotheses that early life stages should be more critical for sub‐canopy species than canopy species. Data for 17 major tree species in the Ogawa Forest Reserve (OFR) in Japan were analyzed, together with data from early stages (seed production, seed dispersal, and seedling emergence) to dbh‐based transition probability and survival stages (5–80 cm). Both datasets were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA): one included tree of dbh &lt; 35 cm for all species (small‐sized trees of all species [SSAS]) and the other included tree species with dbh ≥ 55 cm (large‐sized species [LSS]). The most influential was the growth–survival trade‐off for trees at small‐to‐middle‐sized stages (dbh: 10–40 cm), which captured a moderate proportion of the demographic variation (24.3%–26.4%). At these stages, some Quercus species were characterized by higher growth, and some Fagus and Acer species by shade tolerance. Behavior during early‐to‐late life stages was the second most important dimension, for SSAS, sub‐canopy tree species showed high survival at early life stages than canopy species as the second important dimension, which differed between the SSAS‐ and LSS‐based PCAs. The relationship between functional traits and PCA axis dimensions varied with PCA type and dimension. The growth–survival trade‐off in the OFR was closely associated with maximum tree height, a proxy for life form, and specific leaf area a proxy for shade tolerance. This finding implies a significant role for the growth–survival trade‐off in stable species coexistence by maintaining mutual claims to vertical light resources and allowing the more efficient use of the forest canopy space. However, there was no significant association between wood density and demographic variables. Our study shows that interspecies relationships vary with the life history stage and that early life stages are more critical for sub‐canopy species than canopy species in temperate forests, where the entire life history of the trees must be considered focusing on the difference in life forms.

Horses (Equus caballus) facial micro-expressions: insight into discreet social information

Facial micro-expressions are facial expressions expressed briefly (less than 500 ms) and involuntarily. Described only in humans, we investigated whether micro-expressions could also be expressed by non-human animal species. Using the Equine Facial action coding system (EquiFACS), an objective tool based on facial muscles actions, we demonstrated that a non-human species, Equus caballus, is expressing facial micro-expressions in a social context. The AU17, AD38 and AD1 were selectively modulated as micro-expression—but not as standard facial expression (all durations included)—in presence of a human experimenter. As standard facial expressions, they have been associated with pain or stress but our results didn’t support this association for micro-expressions which may convey other information. Like in humans, neural mechanisms underlying the exhibit of micro-expressions may differ from those of standard facial expressions. We found that some micro-expressions could be related to attention and involved in the multisensory processing of the ‘fixed attention’ observed in horses’ high attentional state. The micro-expressions could be used by horses as social information in an interspecies relationship. We hypothesize that facial micro-expressions could be a window on transient internal states of the animal and may provide subtle and discreet social signals.

Interrogating “Feeling Politics”: Animal and Vegetal Empathy in Han Kang’s The Vegetarian

ABSTRACT Drawing on Han Kang’s novel The Vegetarian, this article responds to the polarization in current critical responses to empathy, which is framed either as key to intersubjective understanding and social cohesion, or as distracting and narcissistic. Examining the vegetal metamorphosis of the novel’s protagonist Yeong-hye, the article argues two things: first, that the text’s exploration of animality facilitates an evaluation of intra- and inter-species relationships which leads to a more nuanced account of empathy within a broader context of “feeling politics” (Berlant 111); and secondly, that an irresolvable tension between animality and vegetality persists throughout the novel, which tempers the claim (both within and beyond the text) that we can redeem our humanimality through an escape into vegetal subjectivity.

Comprehensive analysis of codon bias in 13 Ganoderma mitochondrial genomes.

Codon usage bias is a prevalent phenomenon observed across various species and genes. However, the specific attributes of codon usage in the mitochondrial genome of Ganoderma species remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the codon bias of 12 mitochondrial core protein-coding genes (PCGs) in 9 Ganoderma species, including 13 Ganoderma strains. The codons of all Ganoderma strains showed a preference for ending in A/T. Additionally, correlations between codon base composition and the codon adaptation index (CAI), codon bias index (CBI) and frequency of optimal codons (FOP) were identified, demonstrating the impact of base composition on codon bias. Various base bias indicators were found to vary between or within Ganoderma strains, including GC3s, the CAI, the CBI, and the FOP. The results also revealed that the mitochondrial core PCGs of Ganoderma have an average effective number of codons (ENC) lower than 35, indicating strong bias toward certain codons. Evidence from neutrality plot and PR2-bias plot analysis indicates that natural selection is a major factor affecting codon bias in Ganoderma. Additionally, 11 to 22 optimal codons (ΔRSCU>0.08 and RSCU>1) were identified in 13 Ganoderma strains, with GCA, AUC, and UUC being the most widely used optimal codons in Ganoderma. By analyzing the combined mitochondrial sequences and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values, the genetic relationships between or within Ganoderma strains were determined, indicating variations between them. Nevertheless, RSCU-based analysis illustrated the intra- and interspecies relationships of certain Ganoderma species. This study deepens our insight into the synonymous codon usage characteristics, genetics, and evolution of this important fungal group.

Thiamine-Mediated Microbial Interaction between Auxotrophic Rhodococcus ruber ZM07 and Prototrophic Cooperators in the Tetrahydrofuran-Degrading Microbial Community H-1.

As a crucial growth factor, thiamine can regulate functional microbial communities; however, our current understanding of its effect on bioremediation is lacking. Using metatranscriptome and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we explored the mechanism of response of an efficient tetrahydrofuran (THF)-degrading microbial culture, designated H-1, to exogenous thiamine. Rhodococcus ruber ZM07, a strain performing the THF degradation function in H-1, is a thiamine-auxotrophic bacterium. Furthermore, thiamine affected the microbial community structure of H-1 by altering resource and niche distributions. A microbial co-occurrence network was constructed to help us identify and isolate the cooperators of strain ZM07 in the microbial community. Based on the prediction of the network, two non-THF-degrading bacteria, Hydrogenophaga intermedia ZM11 and Pigmentiphaga daeguensis ZM12, were isolated. Our results suggest that strain ZM11 is a good cooperator of ZM07, and it might be more competitive than other cooperators (e.g., ZM12) in cocultured systems. Additionally, two dominant strains in our microbial culture displayed a "seesaw" pattern, and they showed completely different responses to exogenous thiamine. The growth of the THF degrader ZM07 was spurred by additional thiamine (with an increased relative abundance and significant upregulation of most metabolic pathways), while the growth of the cooperator ZM11 was obviously suppressed under the same circumstances. This relationship was the opposite without thiamine addition. Our study reveals that exogenous thiamine can affect the interaction patterns between THF- and non-THF-degrading microorganisms and provides new insight into the effects of micronutrients on the environmental microbial community. IMPORTANCE Auxotrophic microorganisms play important roles in the biodegradation of pollutants in nature. Exploring the interspecies relationship between auxotrophic THF-degrading bacteria and other microbes is helpful for the efficient utilization of auxotrophic functional microorganisms. Herein, the thiamine-auxotrophic THF-degrading bacterium ZM07 was isolated from the microbial culture H-1, and the effect of thiamine on the structure of H-1 during THF bioremediation was studied. Thiamine may help ZM07 occupy more niches and utilize more resources, thus improving THF degradation efficiency. This research provides a new strategy to improve the THF or other xenobiotic compound biodegradation performance of auxotrophic functional microorganisms/microbial communities by artificially adding special micronutrients. Additionally, the "seesaw" relationship between the thiamine-auxotrophic strain ZM07 and its prototrophic cooperator ZM11 during THF bioremediation could be changed by exogenous thiamine. This study reveals the effect of micronutrients on microbial interactions and provides an effective way to regulate the pollutant biodegradation efficiency of microbial communities.

Temporal Activity Patterns of Sympatric Species in the Temperate Coniferous Forests of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Temporal niche partitioning is an important strategy for sympatric species or populations when utilizing limited resources while minimizing competition. Different resource availability across seasons may also influence the intensity of competition, resulting in a varied temporal niche partitioning pattern between species. These competitive interactions are important drivers for the formation of biodiversity patterns and species coexistence on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. To clarify these interspecies relationships among sympatric species, we carried out a camera trap survey from 2017 to 2020. We deployed 60 camera traps in the temperate coniferous forests of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We analyzed the daily activity patterns of birds and mammals to reveal the temporal niches and seasonal relationships among the species-specific activity rhythms. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Eight major species, including mammals and birds, have different temporal peak activity rhythms to reduce intense competition for resources. (2) The activity rhythm of a species varies seasonally, and the competition among species is more intense in the warm season than in the cold season. (3) Among 15 pairs of competitor species, seven pairs had significantly different coefficients, with higher winter values than summer values, perhaps due to the abundance of resources in summer and the scarcity of resources in winter causing intensified competition. Among the predators and prey, the summertime coefficients were higher than those in winter, perhaps due to the need to replenish energy during the summer breeding season. The main purpose of animals in winter is to survive the harsh environment. Our results provide important information on temporal and interspecies relationships and contribute to a better understanding of species-coexistence mechanisms.

Developing Magical Consciousness: A Theoretical and Practical Guide for the Expansion of Perception

Developing Magical Consciousness: A Theoretical and Practical Guide for the Expansion of Perception