Inter-simple Sequence Repeat Loci Research Articles

Evaluation of the Genetic Diversity of Greek Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Accessions Using DNA Markers and Association with Phenotypic and Chemical Variation

The genetic diversity of 27 garlic accessions (local varieties/landraces) was investigated using five simple sequence repeat (SSR) and six inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The SSR genotyping revealed 26 different alleles, while 84 polymorphic bands were produced using the ISSR markers. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.471 and 0.465 for the SSR and the ISSR markers, respectively. Compared to ISSRs, SSR markers revealed a higher level of redundancy, indicating potential duplicates among the accessions. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on both marker systems showed that most of the molecular diversity was attributable to differences within accessions, rather than among them. UPGMA, STRUCTURE, and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) based on the SSRs produced similar clustering results, although not in agreement with those produced by the ISSR markers. Fisher’s exact tests and multinomial logistic regression analyses identified significant associations between the chemical compounds, the morphological traits of the bulb, and specific SSR and ISSR loci. Our results provide a molecular basis for understanding the genetic diversity of Greek garlic landraces, which could be useful for the conservation and sustainable management of this crop. Potential markers fostering the selection of genotypes in garlic breeding have also been revealed.

Genetic structure of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum populations from sunflower and cabbage in West Azarbaijan province of Iran

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens infecting a wide array of plant species worldwide. Management of this pathogen relies on the coordinated use of fungicides and resistant host cultivars with other control measures, but the effectiveness of these methods requires knowledge of the genetic variability and structure of the fungal populations. To provide insight into the genetic diversity and structure of this pathogen in West Azarbaijan province of Iran, a total of 136 isolates were collected from symptomatic sunflower and cabbage plants within fields in three regions and analysed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the rRNA gene sequences. A total of 83 ISSR multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, some of which were shared among at least two regional or host populations but in a low frequency. High genotypic diversity, low levels of clonal fraction, and random association of ISSR loci in a region indicated a low level of clonal reproduction, and possibly a high level of sexually recombining life cycle for the pathogen in the province. Marker analyses revealed that the pathogen was spatially homogeneous among fields, and thus similar control measures, such as the choice of resistant cultivars and fungicides, may effectively manage S. sclerotiorum within the region. Four IGS haplotypes (IGS1–IGS4) were detected within populations with IGS3 being the most prevalent haplotype. The low IGS haplotype diversity, the absence of spatial structure, and shared MLGs among populations may suggest a single introduction and subsequent dispersal of S. sclerotiorum within West Azarbaijan province.

Genetic diversity of Central Javanese duck (Indonesia) based on Inter Simple Sequence Repeat markers

Abstract. Susanti R, Kartikasari AD, Sasi FA, Arlinda DD. 2022. Genetic diversity of Central Javanese duck (Indonesia) based on Inter Simple Sequence Repeat markers. Biodiversitas 23: 1807-1813. Genetic resources of local livestock need to be documented and conserved to prevent genetic erosion of the germplasm. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Central Java, Indonesia, based on Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. There were seven types of Central Javanese ducks used in this research. DNA was extracted from feathers samples. To give rise to ISSR profile of duck DNA, 5 different ISSR markers were used. Annealing temperature used in PCR was the result of the optimization. The ISSR-PCR results showed that all primers (100%) were polymorphic. From a total of five ISSR primers, resulted in 44 obvious bands in all duck samples, with 41 (91.78%) bands being polymorphic. The quantity of alleles was numerous from 7-14 polymorphic loci, the mean quantity of alleles according to locus was 8.8, and the average PIC score for the Central Javanese duck was 0.777. The relationship investigation showed that the Central Javanese local duck was clustered into two primary offshoots, one heading to Pengging duck breeds and another one consisting of all other Central Javanese local duck. The genetic diversity among Central Javanese local duck based on ISSR primer was high. The ISSR loci were polymorphic for Central Javanese duck and may be useful for study of genetic diversity and genome evolution of Central Javanese ducks in the future.

Relating Invasibility and Invasiveness: Case Study of Impatiens parviflora

Data on alien species show that plant invasions are caused by a complex combination of characteristics of invasive species (invasiveness) and characteristics of invaded environment (invasibility).Impatiens parviflorais one of Europe’s top invasive species. The present study aimed to evaluate molecular diversity of populations of highly invasive in LithuaniaI. parvifloraby applying several DNA markers and relating genetic parameters to abiotic and biotic environment. For sampling, urban forests, riparian forests, and agrarian shrublands were selected. Three different DNA-based techniques, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers, and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), were used for detecting genetic variation between 21 populations. All population individuals were monomorphic and homozygotic for four loci and heterozygotic for one locus by SSR analysis. Hierarchical analyses of molecular variance at ISSR and RAPD loci revealed significant differentiation of populations depending on geographic zones of the country. Bayesian Structure analyses of molecular data demonstrated existence of many genetic clusters and this finding is in support to multiple introduction of the species. The polymorphism extent at ISSR loci was positively correlated with the total coverage of herbaceous plant species. The coverage byI. parviflorawas negatively correlated with the total number of herbaceous species and light in the sites. Our results indicate that Lithuanian sites withI. parvifloramight be distinguished by high soil nutrient levels. According to the principal component analysis, the coverage byI. parviflorawas a more important variable of populations compared to molecular data or parameters of abiotic environment. In conclusion, complexity of invasibility and invasiveness factors determine the variability ofI. parviflorasites, including genetic traits, coverage of invasive species and conditions of environment that were significant and interrelated.

ISSRseq: An extensible method for reduced representation sequencing

Abstract The capability to generate densely sampled single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data is essential in diverse subdisciplines of biology, including crop breeding, pathology, forensics, forestry, ecology, evolution and conservation. However, the wet‐laboratory expertise and bioinformatics training required to conduct genome‐scale variant discovery remain limiting factors for investigators with limited resources. Here we present ISSRseq, a PCR‐based method for reduced representation of genomic variation using simple sequence repeats as priming sites to sequence inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) regions. Briefly, ISSR regions are amplified with single primers, pooled, used to construct sequencing libraries with a commercially available kit, and sequenced on the Illumina platform. We also present a flexible bioinformatic pipeline that assembles ISSR loci, calls and hard filters variants, outputs data matrices in common formats, and conducts population analyses using R. Using three angiosperm species as case studies, we demonstrate that ISSRseq is highly repeatable, necessitates only simple wet‐laboratory skills and commonplace instrumentation, is flexible in terms of the number of single primers used, and can generate genomic‐scale variant discovery on par with existing RRS methods which require more complex wet‐laboratory procedures. ISSRseq represents a straightforward approach to SNP genotyping in any organism, and we predict that this method will be particularly useful for those studying population genomics and phylogeography of non‐model organisms. Furthermore, the ease of ISSRseq relative to other RRS methods should prove useful to those lacking advanced expertise in wet‐laboratory methods or bioinformatics.

Genetic diversity of exotic and local eggplants (Solanum spp.) cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire based on ISSR markers

Abstract. Konan NO, Akaffou MA, Kouadio L, Akaffou DS, Mergeai G. 2020. Genetic diversity of exotic and local eggplants (Solanum spp.) cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire based on ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 21: 3651-3658. Eggplants are important vegetables in Côte d'Ivoire. Despite an increase in the cultivation of exotic genotypes and their progressive dominance over local cultivars, which could represent a threat of genetic erosion, there are not enough molecular data available on the genetic diversity of the eggplants currently cultivated in this country. This study is a contribution to the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the current eggplant cultivars grown in Côte d’Ivoire. It aimed to assess the genetic variation of nine exotic and local eggplants commonly cultivated in Côte d'Ivoire, using five inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. The results revealed for the exotic cultivars 42 ISSR loci of which 31 were polymorphic (73.81 %), and for local cultivars 51 loci of which 49 (96.08%) were polymorphic. The Nei’s genetic diversity and Shannon’s information index of local cultivars (He = 0.3333 and I = 0.4863) were higher than those of exotic cultivars (He = 0.2000 and I = 0.2971). The Gst value and the AMOVA analysis found more than 70% of the total genetic diversity within the groups. The Jaccard’s dissimilarity coefficients between the cultivars, ranged from 0.324 to 0.966 with an average of 0.741. The clustering of genotypes with the neighbor-joining unrooted tree and PCoA analysis differentiated three main clusters with exotic cultivars grouped in cluster I and local cultivars in cluster II and III. In view of these results, the local eggplants had higher genetic diversity and constitute an interesting germplasm which needs to be conserved for potential breeding programs.

Studying the polymorphism of cereal varieties using RAPD and ISSR markers

The sustainable development of the crop industry critically depends on increasing the stability of cultivated species through accelerated selection, selection of crops and varieties that complement each other, their adaptive zoning and increasing the varietal diversity of agroecosystems. Therefore, the analysis of the genetic structure of the gene pool and the assessment of the degree of genetic kinship using molecular genetic methods is necessary for achieving the most effective use of genetic resources. This study identified 28 polymorphic RAPD (random amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid) and ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats) loci in spring triticale, wheat and oat varieties. The genetic distances of the studied varieties and breeding lines were calculated and found to vary from 0 to 1 for different markers. The data presented in this study should be utilised in future breeding research as it presents important insights into the hybridization and crossing of the source material located at a large genetic distance from each other.

Genetic diversity assessment among Corema album (L.) D. Don (Ericaceae) genotypes based on ISSR markers and agro-morphological traits

Corema album (L.) D. Don is the only species of the genus Corema growing naturally on sand dunes throughout the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, noted for the white coloured berries and nutritional value. The lack of information on genetic studies of the species is one of the most limitations for the establishment of this species as a new culture. Thus, this study focuses on the assessment of the genetic diversity based on inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) molecular markers and morphological traits. Seventy-one female plants, from four different sampled sites, were evaluated using six ISSR loci and eight morphological traits. Fifty polymorphic loci were detected. The dendrogram based on the UPGMA method and the principal coordinate analysis classified the 71 C. album genotypes into distinct clusters. The analyses revealed that accessions from the same geographical area were generally, but not entirely, clustered into the same group. Analysis of molecular variance was higher among populations, than within populations. The analysis of morphological traits revealed that there is no distinct separation among the C. album genotypes grown in different geographic areas. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the assessment of the genetic diversity in this species.

Cytogenetic and molecular genotyping in the allotetraploid Festuca pratensis \xd7 Lolium perenne hybrids

BackgroundSpecies of the Festuca and Lolium genera, as well as intergeneric Festuca × Lolium (Festulolium) hybrids, are valuable fodder and turf grasses for agricultural and amenity purposes worldwide. Festulolium hybrids can merge in their genomes agronomically important characteristics. However, in polyploid plants, especially in allopolyploids, the hybridization of divergent genomes could contribute to various abnormalities, such as variability in chromosome number, structural rearrangements, and/or disorders in inheritance patterns. Here we studied these issues in allotetraploid Festuca pratensis × Lolium perenne hybrids.ResultsCytogenetic procedures, including fluorescent in situ hybridization, genomic in situ hybridization, and molecular markers – inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) were exploited. This cytogenetic approach indicated the dynamics in the number and distribution of ribosomal RNA genes and structural rearrangements for both parental genomes (Festuca and Lolium) in hybrid karyotypes. The separate analysis of F. pratensis and L. perenne chromosomes in hybrid plants (F2-F3 generations of F. pratensis × L. perenne) revealed the asymmetrical level of rearrangements. Recognized structural changes were mainly located in the distal part of chromosome arms, and in chromosomes bearing ribosomal DNA, they were more frequently mapped in arms without this sequence. Based on the ISSR markers distribution, we found that the tetrasomic type of inheritance was characteristic for the majority of ISSR loci, but the disomic type was also observed. Nonetheless, no preference in the transmission of either Festuca or Lolium alleles to the following generations of allotetraploid F. pratensis × L. perenne hybrid was observed.ConclusionOur study reports cytogenetic and molecular genotyping of the F. pratensis × L. perenne hybrid and its following F2-F3 progenies. The analysis of 137 allotetraploid F. pratensis × L. perenne hybrids revealed the higher level of recombination in chromosomes derived from F. pratensis genome. The results of ISSR markers indicated a mixed model of inheritance, which may be characteristic for these hybrids.

Surviving background extinction: Inferences from historic and current dynamics in the contrasting population structures of two endemic Mexican cycads

AbstractEcological and microevolutionary perspectives were used to investigate signs of background extinction in two endemic species. We studied relict populations of the cycad Dioon caputoi, contrasting its population structure and neighborhood size with those of Dioon planifolium as a demographically healthier reference population. Population dynamics analysis was performed on two populations of D. caputoi through Integral Projection Models and genetic neighborhoods compared between species through 172 Inter Simple Sequence Repeat loci performed in one population of each of the two study species. The D. caputoi populations mostly comprised adult plants, while D. planifolium presented mainly juvenile individuals. Dioon caputoi showed equilibrium in population growth (i.e., λ ≈ 1), with low recruitment, and its genetic neighborhood revealed highly related individuals in a unique distance class (rij = 0.407, 33 m). A contrasting pattern was found in D. planifolium, which showed higher relatedness in the first distance class (rij = 0.543, 5 m), gradually decreasing to 20 m. The discrepancies between the two species reflect different strategies of persistence. Dioon caputoi conserves a relict dynamics with signs of a multigenerational, attritional loss of reproductive fitness, while D. planifolium does not. This study furthers our understanding of the background extinction process and the information will thus contribute to the management and conservation of this endangered species.

Genetic diversity and association analyses of fruit traits with microsatellite ISSRs in Sapindus

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and S. delavayi Franchet are among the most valuable species in the genus Sapindus for their commercially exploitable plant oils and chemicals. However, few studies have addressed genetic variation and improvement for either species. We evaluated the genetic diversity of germplasm from selected plus trees within a wide region and established the relationship between fruit traits and molecular markers. An association analysis based on inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) provided a genetic basis for studies of fruit traits. A total of 247 loci were detected by scanning 61 trees of S. mukorossi and S. delavayi using 16 ISSR markers. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated for selected superior trees (or germplasm) and S. mukorossi and S. delavayi were categorized into two main groups, as well as into four groups within S. mukorossi. An association analysis between the ISSR markers and 14 fruit traits used the TASSEL MLM model. A genetic structure analysis differentiated S. mukorossi and S. delavayi. Eighteen ISSR loci associated with 13 fruit traits (P < 0.005) were identified, with 13, 1, and 4 loci associated with seed oil production, fruit saponin production, and fruit quality, respectively. Using this information, a core collection was selected with adequate genetic diversity and good seed oil characters. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of effectively estimating fruit trait associations in Sapindus using ISSR markers, and the method is applicable and valuable for select germplasm conservation. The markers obtained in this study are potentially useful for molecular-assisted breeding of Sapindus spp.

Research Article Genetic and phenotypic association of the carnauba palm tree evaluated by inter-simple sequence repeat and biometric traits

The carnauba palm Copernicia prunifera is the third most important non-timber forest species in Brazil; it is mainly known for the production of carnauba wax. We examined intrapopulation genetic diversity and correlated genotypic and phenotypic traits of 28 trees from a coastal location in Rio Grande do Norte state. Phenotypic variables tree height, diameter at breast height, curvature of the stem, fresh mass of fruits and seeds, and length and diameter of fruits and seeds were evaluated. Genotypic parameters were examined based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphisms. The eight ISSR primers detected 79 loci, of which 76% were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content ranged between 0.408 and 0.500, the Nei's diversity index h was 0.327, and Shannon index was 0.470. Although there was no significant association between the matrices of genotypic and phenotypic traits, stepwise multiple regression analysis identified ISSR markers that can be used in a marker-assisted breeding program. The ISSR loci 881(2), 880(1), and M1(4) were significantly and positively associated with plant height. The sMRA also identified a positive association between DBH and 842(5) and a negative association between the curvature of the stem and 857(1). The fresh mass of fruits had a significant negative correlation with ISSR locus 840(1). The other traits showed positive and negative associations when the marker(s) of the previous step(s) were included in the succeeding step in sMRA analyses. These results are relevant for breeding programs, with the perspective of obtaining intra specific hybrids that are superior for desirable characters.

Using a Population Genetics Approach for a Preliminary Investigation concerning Species Boundaries inHerbertia(Iridaceae)

Premise of research. The population genetics approach is an important tool for determining boundaries in closely related plant species. Here, we adopt this approach to investigate the relationship between three species of Herbertia endemic to the Pampa biome, a complex grassland environment in southern South America.Methodology. A multianalytic approach based on population genetics was used to analyze 102 intersimple sequence repeat loci sampled in 11 populations (333 individuals) unequivocally attributed to Herbertia, aiming to test the boundaries between species. Controlled pollination experiments were performed to estimate the index of self-incompatibility (ISI), and the viability of pollen grains was estimated using the Alexander dye method, aiming to determine the breeding system in studied populations.Pivotal results. Bayesian analysis revealed three unambiguous genetic pools that corresponded to the species Herbertia darwinii (94 individuals), Herbertia pulchella (111 individuals), and Herbertia qu...

Natural population structure and genetic differentiation for heterodicogamous plant: Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja (Juglandaceae)

Cyclocarya paliurus, a Chinese monotypic genus belonging to the Juglandaceae, exhibits a widespread distribution in southern China. To provide resource support for its future breeding and medicinal utilization, much information involving natural population succession and genetic diversity of C. paliurus should be obtained. In this study, the structures of 30 natural populations throughout its distribution were analyzed based on the investigation, showing the ratio of individuals with DBH < 40 cm accounting for 71.7%. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) were used for evaluation of 244 individuals from 29 natural populations. High-level polymorphism (100%) indicates high efficiency of two markers. Analysis demonstrated that genetic diversity (value of 0.18 for ISSR and 0.09 for SSR) was low among populations. While gene flow among populations reached 1.182 and 1.335 for ISSR and SSR, respectively, indicating genetic variations mainly existing within population. Twenty-six populations (size ≥5 individuals) were grouped into five clusters based on the combined ISSR and SSR loci. The value of Nei’s coefficient varying from 0.87 to 0.96 indicates small differentiation among groups. Furthermore, we speculate that C. paliurus is an expanding species in subtropical China (most of populations are increasing type (IP)) and discuss the strategy of germplasm conservation.

Hybridization and introgression among three Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) species of different ploidy levels in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians)

Hybridization among species of A conitum effects their morphology and ecology. In this study the hybridization between the diploid 2n(2x) = 16 ( A . lasiocarpum and A . variegatum) and tetraploid 2n(4x) = 32 ( A . firmum) species was documented in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians) in a small, local population in a semi‐natural site. The hybrid species were: homoploid A . × pawlowskii ( A . lasiocarpum × A . variegatum), and triploid A . × berdaui ( A . firmum × A . variegatum, 2n(3x) = 24). Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) alleles formed two distinct haplotypes, one typical for the tetraploid and another for diploid lines, shared between the tetraploid, triploid and diploid groups, indicating introgressive hybridization. The presumed gene flow was from the tetraploid to diploid species via the triploid bridge. The only two specimens of A . × pawlowskii that harbored tetraploid ( A . firmum) type cpDNA possessed bracteoles of A . firmum‐type. The remaining introgressed (cpDNA and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR)) specimens ( A . variegatum) were morphologically pure, implying cryptic introgression. ISSR loci shared between the tetraploid A . firmum and diploid A . variegatum support the hypothesis of an ancient allopolyploid origin of A . firmum and the diploid species of A . variegatum‐type as one of its parent.

European Impatiens species differences at RAPD and ISSR loci

Information concerning comparison of three widely spread European species of Impatiens along wider geographical areas is still missing. The present study is aimed at comparing genetic variability at RAPD and ISSR loci of Impatiens noli-tangere, I. parviflora, and I. glandulifera, covering a marked geographic area. Twenty four populations of these Impatiens (eight populations of each species) from two countries (Lithuania and Czech Republic) were examined. Eight randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 5 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were chosen considering the lack of data on the general molecular characteristics of Impatiens. The highest genetic differentiation at RAPD loci (GST = 0.81) was characteristic of I. parviflora, and the highest genetic differentiation at ISSR loci (GST = 0.73) was documented for I. glandulifera. According to Nei’s genetic distances between two species populations, significant correlations were determined for I. noli-tangere and I. parviflora (r = 0.79; p

Associations of Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat loci with predicted breeding values of body weight in sheep

Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) is a genome region between microsatellite loci. The present study was conducted to study the associations of two ISSR markers with predicted breeding values (PBV) of body weights in sheep. Blood samples were collected from 210 male and female Mehraban sheep, located in 6 flocks in Hamedan province in west of Iran. PCR reactions using (AG)9C and (GA)9C primers produced 28 and 36 fragments (A1 to A28 and G1 to G36), respectively. Moreover, breeding values for birth, 3 month and 9 month body weights of all Mehraban sheep population were predicted by univariate analysis of animal mixed models. Associations of the polymorphic ISSR markers with PBV of the sampled animals were evaluated by general linear model analyses. Four ISSR loci including G14 (790–840bp), G25 (1610–1700bp), A8 (610–650bp) and A26 (2110–2200bp) had significant associations with PBVs of body weight whereas the animals with G14, G25, A8 or A26 bands had a lower PBV of body weight. It seems that the G14, G25, A8 and A26 ISSR loci are likely to contain or linked to some QTLs or major and minor genes affecting body weight and could be used in marker assisted selection programmes.

Analysis of genetic diversity of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) from Mexican populations

The current distribution of the bighorn sheep in Mexico represents a reduced proportion of its original area. Previous population genetics studies conducted in Mexico have only included data from Tiburon Island in the Gulf of California and few individuals from the continent. The aim of this article was to describe aspects of the population genetics of Mexican bighorn sheep in order to aid in the management and conservation of the species. We analyzed 117 samples from the states of Sonora and Baja California Sur using 91 intersimple sequence repeat loci. Our results indicated that the Mexican samples of bighorn sheep have relatively low levels of genetic diversity (H ≈ 0.26) and low genetic differentiation (ϴ ≈ 0.07) that may be the result of the recent colonization and origin of the populations in Mexico. The individuals from Southern Baja California are genetically different from the Sonoran sample, but this genetic differentiation is low, perhaps due to the low levels of genetic variation of the Mexica...

Comparison of genetic diversity of three Impatiens species from Central Europe and Baltic region

The present study is aimed at evaluation of genetic diversity of populations of three Impatiens species from two countries by employing multilocus markers of two different types. The total number of individuals was 355, the number of populations for each species – native Impatiens noli-tangere and invasive – I. parviflora, I. glandulifera, was 8 (4 from Lithuania and 4 from the Czech Republic). Impatiens species were evaluated according to 8 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci and 5 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) loci. Independently of the site, at the species level polymorphism was the highest for I. glandulifera at RAPD loci (35.2%, as a mean per population) and for I. noli-tangere at ISSR loci (48%). RAPD and ISSR based dendrograms for individuals and populations also principal coordinate analyses clearly clustered populations of each species according to their countries, except for ISSR based dendrogram for the populations of I. noli-tangere. Estimated at ISSR loci, molecular variance among the populations of the two countries was much smaller for native I. noli-tangere (7.3%), when compared to invasive I. parviflora (49.7%) or I. glandulifera (45.6%). Genetic differentiation among the populations was the smallest for I. noli-tangere (G ST = 0.36). The populations of both invasive species from the Czech Republic were more polymorphic at ISSR loci, when compared to those from Lithuania. Mantel test showed significant correlations between geographic and genetic distances in the case of both DNA markers. The Czech Republic’s populations were bigger in size, grew in higher altitudes, mean annual temperatures of the site were higher by several degrees and mean annual rainfall was lower compared to Lithuania’s. Polymorphisms at RAPD and ISSR loci might play different role for viability of populations of Impatiens species. ISSR markers were more useful for the assessment of genetic differences between native and invasive Impatiens species.

Genetic diversity of Shiraia bambusicola from East China assessed using ISSR markers

To understand the genetic differentiation of the medicinal fungus Shiraia bambusicola, the genetic diversity of 107 individuals from eight populations collected from Jiangsu, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces were studied using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. The results revealed that the 11 employed primers produced a total of 241 ISSR loci, of which 240 loci (PPB = 99.6%) were polymorphic. Both Nei's gene diversity indexes and Shannon's gene diversity indexes showed that the genetic differentiation of S. bambusicola primarily occurred within the populations. AMOVA revealed that the variation among populations was 40.0%, and the variation within populations was 60.0%. The results of an unweighted pair group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis and a principal coordinate analysis (PCA) revealed that the populations with minimal geographic separations frequently exhibited regional characteristics. These findings revealed that the relationship between sibship and geographical distribution was intensive.