Intersection Of Masculinity Research Articles

Manning the State: European Early-Nineteenth-Century Masculinities in the New Norway of 1814

Gender historians have identified the period around 1800 as a crucial time for transforming elite masculinities in Europe: there were shifts away from ideals of polite gentlemen towards more martial forms of manhood; and this was a transition period away from more fluid notions of masculinity and an emphasis on the mixing of male and female towards a period of upholding stricter binaries between male and female. This article contributes to scholarship on the intersection of masculinities and states by centring on the formation of a new, partially independent Norway around 1814, when the Norwegian constitution was crafted. I use the analysis of Norway as an entry to exploring broader European trends at that time. As this article will show, Norwegian ideals of masculinity suitable for state office are a good illustration of more general interpretations of elite manhood in northern Europe. Norwegian constructions did offer a twist, however, as they idealized the Norwegian elite male as rough, unsophisticated, and natural. In contrast with other forms of elite state-bearing European masculinity, which emphasized advancement and cultivation, Norwegian masculinity was celebrated for its lack of refinement.

When African teenagers become fathers: culture, materiality and masculinity

Between 1996 and 2010, the percentage of African children living with their fathers in South Africa dropped from 44% to 31%, with only a third of preschool children living with their parents. Concern about the spate of father absence and its effects on children's well-being has led to a growing focus on fathers in family interventions, although there is relative silence on teenage fathers. In this paper, we draw on an interview-based study with teenage fathers living under conditions of poverty to show how their understandings of fatherhood and constructions of provider masculinity intersect with cultural demands that express both weakness and power. In expressing the desire to care and be involved with their children, and aligning with patterns of masculinity that sought enhanced options for contraceptive use based on gender-equitable relationships, we show a new direction in the making of teenage fatherhood, diverging from hierarchical gender relations where men make the decisions. These changes, however, are limited by constructions of masculinity that contradictorily reinforce provider status, gender inequalities and male patterns of sexual entitlements within a context where teenage fathers are unable to achieve the cultural status of provider masculinity. Implications are discussed in the conclusion.

Masculinity, Poverty and Work: The Multiple Constructions of Work among Working Poor Men

AbstractThis article explores the impact of poverty on working men in light of the great diversity of the working poor population. Grounded upon a social constructivist theoretical framework and a comparative qualitative study of the working poor in Israel, this article examines the construction of ‘waged work’ among low income, Israeli working men. To illuminate the complex intersection of masculinity, poverty and waged work with ethnic and cultural categories, this unique study examines four different groups of Israeli citizens, corresponding to the main sub-groups of the Israeli population: secular, ultra-Orthodox, and immigrant Jews and Arab Israeli citizens.The article has five sections. The literature review briefly introduces the intersection of masculinity, poverty and waged work, presents some background about the social construction of masculinity in the local context and concludes with a short review of the definition of ‘working poor’. The context section explains concisely the background of this study, including the uniqueness of the Israeli labour market and some short references to the different sub-groups in the study. The methodology section specifies the theoretical framework, and the data gathering and analysis methods. The findings section presents an analysis of emerging themes. Finally, the discussion elaborates on the interrelation between masculinity, poverty and waged work in light of the great diversity among the working poor and the uniqueness of the Israeli labour market.

‘If you miss the ball, you look like a total muppet!’ Boys investing in their bodies in physical education and sport

Connections have been drawn between masculinity, muscularity and physical or social status in sport. Not only are sporting bodies often related to masculinity but also to whiteness, leading to the devaluing of Asian boys' bodies and sporting experiences. This paper draws on three British Asian teenage boys' visual and verbal narratives to enquire how they negotiate these connections in their physical education and recreational sport experiences. Bourdieu's notion of capital is used to make sense of boys' ways of investing in their bodies to manage their status in school. Drawing from focus-group interviews which used participant-driven photography and photo elicitation techniques, the research indicates how three boys invested in their bodies by doing particular types of physical activity that would enable them to develop muscularity, fitness and/or motor competence, to attain or retain physical and social capital in school. Along the way, they add pertinent comments on the intersections of masculinity and ethnicity in constructing and performing a sporting body.

Boys as Sexy Bodies

How might we understand young men’s sexual embodiment at school? This article is concerned with the body as a site for the intersection of masculinities and sexualities at school. In a bid to contribute to existing narrative analyses of young men’s sexualities in educational contexts, this research employs visual methods in order to “picture” these intersections. Findings are drawn from an exploratory study in two secondary schools, where photo diaries and photo elicitation were undertaken with twenty-two students aged sixteen to eighteen years. It is argued that, the idea of boys as “sexy bodies,” that is, bodies that are experienced and viewed as sexual, is missing. This omission occurs in two ways; as a focus for school-based research and as an understanding of young men’s schooled experience. Through an analysis of enfleshed bodies captured by photo methods, the ways in which male sexuality is corporeally manifested as active, desiring, heteronormative and “sexy” are explored.

Playing by the rules: researching, teaching and learning sexual ethics with young men in the Australian National Rugby League

In 2004, the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) commissioned the Playing By The Rules research project in response to allegations of sexual assault by members of a professional rugby league team. This article offers an overview of the theoretical and methodological approaches adopted by the team, and the subsequent workplace education programmes designed to promote ethical sexual behaviour and attitudes within NRL culture. The researchers reflect on contemporary thinking in the relatively new field of violence prevention education aimed at young men, and consider new critical approaches to the intersection of masculinities and sexual learning.

PE Is Not for Me

This study used hegemonic masculinity theory to examine the intersection of masculinities and school physical education from the perspectives of boys who embodied masculinities that were marginalized. Over a 13-week period using present-focused, student-centered, qualitative methodological approaches, we observed, interviewed, and worked in small groups with 5 middle school boys from two schools. We identified three significant themes that merge the stories and experiences of masculinity hierarchies in sport-based physical education. First, we found that four social practices (content, pedagogies, teacher-student relationships, and peer cultures) in these physical education settings privileged some masculinities over others. Second, we examined the role that embodiment played, both in how the boys wore their oppression and in how their bodies resisted marginalizing situations. Third, we describe the contrasts these boys drew between physical activities experienced in sport-based physical education and physical activity experiences in other areas of their lives. We used Connell and Messerschmidt's (2005) reconceptualization of the theory of hegemonic masculinity for understanding how competitive sport-based physical education functioned to oppress boys with masculinities that were deemed abnormal. Additionally, we introduce feminist poststructuralism as a possible theoretical lens for interpreting boys' bodies as also being active agents in social practices rather than being only passive objects who are oppressed and dominated.

The intersections of masculinities and work among older men who experience depression

Journal of Men's HealthVol. 7, No. 3 ISMH Congress 2010 AbstractsThe intersections of masculinities and work among older men who experience depressionISMH World Congress 2010 Abstract 036John L. Oliffe, Joan L. Bottorff, John S. Ogrodniczuk, Brian Rasmussen, Mary T. Kelly, and Alison PhinneyJohn L. OliffeUniversity of British Columbia, School of Nursing, Vancouver, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author, Joan L. BottorffUniversity of British Columbia Okanagan, School of Nursing, Kelowna, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author, John S. OgrodniczukUniversity of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry, Vancouver, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author, Brian RasmussenUniversity of British Columbia Okanagan, School of Social Work, Kelowna, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author, Mary T. KellyUniversity of British Columbia, School of Nursing, Vancouver, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author, and Alison PhinneyUniversity of British Columbia, School of Nursing, Vancouver, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:18 Nov 2013https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jomh.2010.09.037AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View article"The intersections of masculinities and work among older men who experience depression." Journal of Men's Health, 7(3), p. 292FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 7Issue 3Oct 2010 InformationWPMH GmbHTo cite this article:John L. Oliffe, Joan L. Bottorff, John S. Ogrodniczuk, Brian Rasmussen, Mary T. Kelly, and Alison Phinney.The intersections of masculinities and work among older men who experience depression.Journal of Men's Health.Oct 2010.292-292.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jomh.2010.09.037Published in Volume: 7 Issue 3: November 18, 2013PDF download

Masculinity and the Home: a critical review and conceptual framework

There is growing interest in home and domesticity across geography and related disciplines. A key consideration of this work is the relationship between home, domesticity, and various identity categories, including gender, race, class, age, disability and sexuality. What is little developed, however, is knowledge of the shifting relationship(s) between masculinity and the home. In this paper, I critically review a small body of multi-disciplinary research on the intersections of masculinity and domesticity, offering some conceptual pointers for understanding and making further inquiries into the complex relationships between masculinity and the home. I argue that masculinity and domesticity are interrelational and co-constitutive. On this foundation I review literature on masculinity and the home across three interrelationships: hetero-masculine, bachelor and gay domesticities. This theoretically informed critical review thus provides conceptual insights both into the spatiality of masculine identity work and shifting meanings of home.

Resisting and committing to schooling: intersections of masculinity and academic position

In Western countries, discourses concerning ‘boys failing school’ are circulated in media as well as in schools. Research is conducted that offers sweeping sociological, societal or biological explanations, or context‐sensitive ethnographic or social psychological and variable explanations on the relation between boys and school life. In this article the author outlines her research into boys in school, based on her empirical studies of subjectification processes in the institutionalized context of school life. The case study is ‘Ryan’, who switched schools and left a school life in which he was ‘resisting schooling’. At the new school, new possibilities were available. The analysis shows how complexly the dynamics of resisting and committing to school are intertwined with local, shifting and intersecting categories of masculinity, academic learning, race and the struggles of power within and between these categories, and also with struggles of what is pedagogically relevant.

Young Farmers, Masculinities And The Embodiment Of Farming Practices In An Australian Setting

In the past decade a growing body of work situated at the intersection of masculinity and agriculture has emerged in the literature of rural sociology and human geography. A number of these studies have examined masculinity through discursive analytical frameworks which focus on the symbolic, cultural and embodied representations of what it is to be masculine in agriculture. It is with the latter that this paper is concerned. Here gender is located in a social constructionist framework and understood as something that is produced as a set of cultural practices which constitute men’s and women’s bodies in different ways. Two focus group discussions were conducted with ten young male dairy farmers in northern Victoria. A comparative analysis of the data suggests that perceptions from the masculine perspective of the non-farm work of women could be changing away from a traditional emphasis of a supportive and administrative role toward one where women’s roles are acknowledged more as managerial in terms of the financial management of dairy farms. What also emerges from the young farmers’ discourses is a degree of doubt and uncertainty about themselves and their own identities as managers. It would appear that they are far more confident in their roles as hands on farmers doing the outdoor physical work.

Scouting for Boys: The Original 1908 Edition, and: Zane Grey: His Life, His Adventures, His Women (review)

Reviewed by: Scouting for Boys: The Original 1908 Edition, and: Zane Grey: His Life, His Adventures, His Women Christopher Breu Scouting for Boys: The Original 1908 Edition. Robert Baden-Powell . Elleke Boehmer , ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xi + 382. $14.95 (paper). Zane Grey: His Life, His Adventures, His Women. Thomas H. Pauly . Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2005. Pp. ix + 386. $35.00 (cloth). The intersection of masculinity, imperialism, and popular culture is a terrain rich for cultural analysis. The last twenty years has seen an explosion of work in the fields of masculinity studies, postcolonial theory, and popular culture studies, yet it is still relatively rare to encounter scholarship that convincingly integrates the three. And while the writings of Ann McClintock, Amy Kaplan, and Shelley Streeby, to reference the three names that come most immediately to mind, certainly represent a high-water mark for scholarship that works at this intersection, scholars are only now beginning to follow in their sizable footsteps. Yet the signs of the intimate relationship between these three domains abound in this moment of particularly acute neoimperialism: from the use of sports broadcasts to affirm imperialist nationalisms; to the glut of Hollywood war films that have appeared since 9/11; to the rhetoric around "heroism" and "good guys and bad guys" in media discourse and the speeches of George Bush and Tony Blair (rhetoric that comes not so much from the western—even Zane Grey's most Manichean fictions were more tempered than this—than from popular discourses about westerns). In such a climate, politically-engaged scholarly work into the intersection of the imperial, the popular, and the masculine seems both necessary and urgent. Equally necessary given the transnational dimensions of contemporary neoimperialism is the formation of a cross-cultural understanding of the historical dynamics of imperialism, particularly of the interrelationship of the differing forms of imperialism manifested by the two main architects of the current neoimperial endeavor, Britain and the United States. While not addressing this intersection, Oxford University Press's critical edition of the original 1908 edition of Scouting for Boys and Thomas H. Pauly's unfortunately-subtitled Zane Grey: His Life, His Adventures, His Women suggest the many links between the popular cultures of U.S. and British imperialism. Indeed, when comparing these two newly-published texts, a number of common themes and practices emerge, from the functioning of the male body as a synecdoche for the empire, to the paradoxical formulation of a modernized version of masculinity in terms of a popular culture organized around a nostalgic fantasy of the premodern, to the ways in which [End Page 375] a certain dominant construction of modern masculinity is modeled on the imagined virtues of the virility demonstrated by the colonized other. The awareness of issues of imperialism is strikingly different in the texts themselves, suggesting the way in which the history of intracontinental United States imperialism, as compared to its largely intercontinental British counterpart, is still far from universally recognized, despite the important work done by a range of scholars on this issue in the last ten to fifteen years. Issues of imperialism and their relationship to masculinity are front and center in the introduction and editorial commentary that Elleke Boehmer provides for this scholarly edition of Scouting for Boys. Boehmer's introduction and notes serve as an excellent primer for readers unacquainted with the ways in which the scout handbook and the formation of the Boy Scout organization itself worked to mediate and provide imaginary solutions to a range of anxieties attaching to manhood and empire in the early twentieth century: The appearance of Scouting for Boys coincided with a period of wavering self-confidence in Britain following the pyrrhic victory of the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), a war marked by setbacks, stalemates, and stasis. The book did therefore, it is true, respond powerfully to British national anxieties: in this must lie at least one substantial reason for its success. Where the failing strength of the nation was mirrored in the alleged deterioration of the male physique at the time, a practical handbook that proposed physical training as well as lessons in strategy derived from the...

Joining the War: Masculinity, Nationalism and War Participation in the Balkans War of Secession, 1991–1995*

Why do people go to war? My own interest in this question emerged from the context of my dissolving country and Serbia's increased engagement in a very strident form of ethnonationalism. Although social scientists have sought to understand the roles of ethnonationalism in fostering state-organized violence, few scholars have sought to understand the gendered nature of men's motivations for participating in war. The case of the inter-ethnic wars in Croatia and Bosnia, following the break-up of Yugoslavia, presents an unparalleled opportunity to understand more about how the processes of ethnonationalization and masculinization operate in everyday life, and about how men from Serbia made sense of their decisions about participation in the wars. In the present paper I explore the ways nationalism and masculinity intersect and overlap, influence and are influenced by war participation, by looking closer into the war volunteers from Serbia who joined the Yugoslav wars of secession, 1991–1995.

"Am I no better than a eunuch?" Narrating Masculinity and Empire in Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier

Am I no better than a eunuch?":Narrating Masculinity and Empire in Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier Karen A. Hoffman "Am I no better than a eunuch or is the proper man—the man with the right to existence—a raging stallion forever neighing after his neighbour's womenkind?"1 With these words John Dowell, the narrator of Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier (1915), articulates the anxieties that prompt his incessant revisions of his identity.2 The disjunction between his own self-conception and his new understanding of masculinity creates his central crisis. Throughout the novel, Ford presents the operative definition of patriarchal masculinity in late Victorian/Edwardian England as inextricably linked to the assumptions and practices of imperialism, likening the expectation that men transgress boundaries in order to possess ever more women to the scramble for colonies among colonial powers. While this imperialistic definition of masculinity grants a certain degree of power to those male characters that enact it, the definition not only limits the female characters but disables the male characters as well. Ford depicts late Victorian/Edwardian culture offering no alternatives to this definition of masculinity: the male characters either follow the definition compulsively, even at times against their explicitly stated wishes, or they do not compete and consequently are emasculated or destroyed. For decades critics have discussed The Good Soldier in terms of its narrative technique, but the novel's treatment of imperialism, its reflection upon the mutually reinforcing relationship between imperialism and patriarchy, and its exploration of narrative in relation to these topics remain virtually [End Page 30] unexplored.3 I see Ford emphasizing narrative as a means of negotiating anxiety and ambivalence about identity, in particular the crisis of imperialistic masculinity. Paralyzed by the intersection of masculinity and imperialism and shaken by threats to the gentry system, patriarchy, and, by extension, British imperialism, Dowell turns to narrative to manage his anxieties, yet even his narrative at times becomes a medium for enacting imperialistic crossings of identity borders. By bringing Dowell's narrative act to the foreground, Ford positions Dowell as a fictive autobiographer who shapes his self-presentation to meet his specific desires and anxieties at the time of "writing."4 While much modernist literature is known for self-consciously drawing attention to itself as text, The Good Soldier particularly stands out for its explicit commentary on the narrative process and its enactment of Dowell's repeated revisions. As Richard A. Hood articulates, Ford turns "away from the conventions of narrative and toward a direct confrontation with the action of narrating."5 Ford shows Dowell raising the question of how to tell his story: "I don't know how it is best to put this thing down—whether it would be better to try and tell the story from the beginning, as if it were a story; or whether to tell it from this distance of time [. . .]" (p. 15). In fact, Dowell tells the story both ways simultaneously, not only representing himself and others according to his past understanding but also bursting into his own narrative with abrupt revisions of events and identities. ("No, by God, it is false! It wasn't a minuet that we stepped; it was a prison—a prison full of screaming hysterics [. . .]. And yet I swear by the sacred name of my creator that it was true. It was true sunshine; the true music; the true plash of the fountains from the mouth of stone dolphins" (p. 12)).6 Most obviously, Dowell's shifts between his previously and presently-held views can be read as vacillations between denial and acknowledgement that Florence and Edward have both had extramarital affairs, including with each other. But these shifts also allow Ford to draw attention [End Page 31] to the ideological contradictions that destabilize Dowell's sense of his own identity and send into motion his narrative as a performance of his identity in the present. When Dowell states, "I don't know that analysis of my own psychology matters at all to the story," he could not be further from the truth (p. 73). In depicting Dowell's anxieties through fictional events from 1892-1913, Ford reflects...

Narratives of the intersections of masculinities and ethnicities in a Danish high school class

Narratives of the intersections of masculinities and ethnicities in a Danish high school class

“Us Boys like to Read Football and Boy Stuff”: Reading Masculinities, Performing Boyhood

In this qualitative study, I explore how one group of fifth grade African American boys performed masculinity through classroom reading practices. I focus on two aspects of boys' experiences with masculinity: first, how reading practices made visible some of the ways that masculinities were performed in the classroom, particularly how boys defined themselves in relation to each other and to girls; and, second, how boys' performances of masculinity were disrupted through a particular reading experience in which they were required to read texts that they had previously rejected on the basis of gender. Interest in masculinity has recently increased, both in literacy and other humanities and social science fields. Yet, few studies have examined the intersection of masculinity and literacy in classrooms, particularly for boys of color. This study grounds boys' practices of masculinity and reading in recent discussions of masculinity in the popular press and theories of performance, critical and poststructuralist theories and scholarship on the intersections of race and gender. Drawing on interviews, fieldnotes, and transcripts of small group discussions, I show how the boys' performances of masculinity, particularly the relationship between dominant and subordinated masculinities and dichotomous notions of masculine/feminine, both shaped and were shaped by boys' choices of what to read and their conversations about books. These boys' experiences point to the complexities and possibilities of engaging masculinities in literacy classrooms and encouraging boys to adopt a different discourse of masculinity that is less reliant on defining itself in opposition to femininity and other masculinities.

The Social Constitution of Gender Identity among Peruvian Men

Through analysis of 120 in-depth interviews carried out among men from the middle-class and popular sectors, this article reconstructs the representations of masculinity of a sample of men living in three cities in Peru. The central question posed is how men reaffirm and constitute their gender identities in a context in which, despite the fact that men continue to maintain a monopoly over the political and economic life of the country as well as authority within the family, some qualities and roles traditionally assigned to them have lost their legitimacy as a result of the democratization of values, changes in family structure and the status of women, and the emergence of new discourses of masculinity and gender relations. Two additional issues are also analyzed: the way that discourses regarding masculinity intersect with regional, class, and generational identities, and how gender identity is linked to macrosocial processes.

Masculinities and ethnicities at play: a discourse analysis of conflict in a Norwegian classroom

Empirical research into the complex field of teachers' work is an important basis for teacher education. Although there exists a large literature of school-based ethnographic research, relatively little empirical research has been dedicated to research on the intersection of masculinities and ethnicities at play in school. Even fewer provide insights into how teachers act as agents of such processes as seen from their own perspective. Teachers' accounts of students can provide an insight into complex institutional and discursive practices of school. In this article, I demonstrate how everyday discourses of discipline and control, as well as professional discourses of problem behaviour intersect with ethnicity and masculinities. This involves a detailed examination of the way a male teacher describes a boy in his class

Rethinking School Ethnographies of Colonial Settings: A Performance Perspective of Reproduction and Resistance

Previous articleNext article No AccessFocus on Comparative PerspectivesRethinking School Ethnographies of Colonial Settings: A Performance Perspective of Reproduction and ResistanceDouglas E. FoleyDouglas E. Foley Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 35, Number 3Aug., 1991 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447051 Views: 11Total views on this site Citations: 15Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1991 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Min Zhang “No! I Can’t!”: Noise and silence as everyday resistance at a Chinese suburban middle school, Ethnography 23, no.11 (Mar 2020): 104–129.https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138120910169Erwin H. Epstein Education as a Fault Line in Assessing Democratization: Ignoring the Globalizing Influence of Schools, (Sep 2021): 737–755.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66003-1_42Jana Obrovská Rituály s „těmi druhými“: Perspektiva interakčních rituálů ve školní etnografii etnicky různorodých třídních kolektivů, Sociální studia / Social Studies 11, no.22 (Aug 2016): 51.https://doi.org/10.5817/SOC2014-2-51Amy Stambach Ethnography and the Localization of Global Education Policy, (Mar 2016): 490–503.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118468005.ch27Ken McGrew A Review of Class-Based Theories of Student Resistance in Education, Review of Educational Research 81, no.22 (Jun 2011): 234–266.https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311402358David Poveda Performance and interaction during ‘reading hour’ in a Spanish secondary school, Linguistics and Education 22, no.11 (Mar 2011): 79–92.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2010.11.004Jeong-Hee Kim Understanding student resistance as a communicative act, Ethnography and Education 5, no.33 (Sep 2010): 261–276.https://doi.org/10.1080/17457823.2010.511349Monisha Bajaj ‘I have big things planned for my future’: the limits and possibilities of transformative agency in Zambian schools, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 39, no.44 (Jul 2009): 551–568.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920701844503Ajay Sharma Making (electrical) connections: Exploring student agency in a school in India, Science Education 92, no.22 (Jan 2008): 297–319.https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20246Malou Juelskjær Resisting and committing to schooling: intersections of masculinity and academic position, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 21, no.11 (Jan 2008): 49–63.https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390701768799Ben Rampton Language and Ethnicity at School : some implications from theoretical developments in Sociolinguistics, Langage et société n° 116, no.22 (Jun 2006): 51–71.https://doi.org/10.3917/ls.116.0051Norrel A. London School inspection, the inspectorate and educational practice in Trinidad and Tobago, Journal of Educational Administration 42, no.44 (Aug 2004): 479–502.https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230410544080Daniel A. Yon Highlights and Overview of the History of Educational Ethnography, Annual Review of Anthropology 32, no.11 (Oct 2003): 411–429.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093449Mark G. McFadden Resistance to Schooling and Educational Outcomes: questions of structure and agency, British Journal of Sociology of Education 16, no.33 (Sep 1995): 293–308.https://doi.org/10.1080/0142569950160302Erwin H. Epstein Education as a Fault Line in Assessing Democratisation: Ignoring the Globalising Influence of Schools, (): 613–630.https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2960-8_38

Adolescent male sexuality and heterosexual masculinity: a conceptual model and review.

The theoretical and empirical literature on adolescent sexuality has focused disproportionately on females. Given this bias, and the current public concern over the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among the adoles cent population, a systematic interpretation of adolescent male sexuality is warranted. Adolescent male sexuality is discussed here within the context of an integrated conceptual framework that incorporates major themes from the scripting perspective, subjective expected utility theory, and the notion that initial sexual encounters are negotiated episodes in an interpersonal scripting context. The relevant themes and concepts are synthesized by demonstrating how the imperatives associated with the traditional image of masculinity intersect with features of adolescence to affect the various levels of the scripting process and adolescent males' perception of and orientation toward their sexual expression. Because the scripting process for adolescent male sexuality is a function of the larger sociohistorical context, the potential impact of several current and future developments, including the growing emphasis on condom use, is dis cussed also.