Intersection Of Ethnicity Research Articles

Race Attribution Modifies the Association Between Daily Discrimination and Major Depressive Disorder Among Blacks: the Role of Gender and Ethnicity.

Although the association between discrimination and depression among Blacks is well-known, we do not know if this effect is influenced by race attribution. In this current study, we investigated the effect modification of race attribution on the association between everyday discrimination and major depressive disorder (MDD) among Blacks in the United States, and whether this effect modification is influenced by the intersection of ethnicity and gender. With a cross-sectional design, this study used data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 2001-2003. The study included a nationally representative sample of Blacks (n = 5,008), composed of 3,570 African Americans and 1,438 Caribbean Blacks. Everyday discrimination, two single-item measures of race attribution (race as the major barrier against upward social mobility, and race as the main cause for being discriminated against) and 12-month MDD were measured. In the first step, we fit logistic regressions to the pooled sample. In the next step, we ran regressions specific to the intersections of ethnicity and gender. Interaction between race attribution and discrimination were also entered into the models. Among Caribbean Black men, the belief that race is a major barrier against one's own upward social mobility modified the association between exposure to daily discrimination and MDD. In this group, the association between discrimination and MDD was weaker among those who believed that race is a major barrier against one's own upward social mobility. Race attribution did not modify the association between discrimination and MDD among African American men, African American women, and Caribbean Black women. The other measure of race attribution (race as the main cause of being discriminated against) did not modify the association between discrimination and MDD in any ethnicity by gender subgroups. Among Caribbean Black men, the link between everyday discrimination and depression may depend on seeing race as the main barrier against upward social mobility. Among African American men and women, however, the link between discrimination and MDD does not depend on race attribution. Our results suggest that ethnicity, gender, and race attribution may alter the association between discrimination and risk of MDD among Blacks.

Adapting health promotion interventions for ethnic minority groups: a qualitative study.

Adaptation of health interventions has garnered international support across academic disciplines and among various health organizations. Through semi-structured interviews, we sought to explore and understand the perspectives of 26 health researchers and promoters located in the USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Norway, working with ethnic minority populations, specifically African-, South Asian- and Chinese-origin populations in the areas of smoking cessation, increasing physical activity and healthy eating, to better understand how adaptation works in practice. We drew on the concepts of intersectionality, representation and context from feminist, sociology and human geography literature, respectively, to help us understand how adaptations for ethnic groups approach the variable of ethnicity. Findings include (i) the intersections of ethnicity and demographic variables such as age and gender highlight the different ways in which people interact, interpret and participate in adapted interventions; (ii) the representational elements of ethnicity such as ancestry or religion are more complexly lived than they are defined in adapted interventions and (iii) the contextual experiences surrounding ethnicity considerations shape the receptivity, durability and continuity of adapted interventions. In conclusion, leveraging the experience and expertise of health researchers and promoters in light of three social science concepts has deepened our understanding of how adaptation works in principle and in practice for ethnic minority populations.

Ethnic and Gender Differences in Additive Effects of Socio-economics, Psychiatric Disorders, and Subjective Religiosity on Suicidal Ideation among Blacks.

Background:This study aimed to investigate the additive effects of socio-economic factors, number of psychiatric disorders, and religiosity on suicidal ideation among Blacks, based on the intersection of ethnicity and gender.Methods:With a cross-sectional design, data came from the National Survey of American Life, 2001–2003, which included 3570 African-American and 1621 Caribbean Black adults. Socio-demographics, perceived religiosity, number of lifetime psychiatric disorders and lifetime suicidal ideation were measured. Logistic regressions were fitted specific to groups based on the intersection of gender and ethnicity, while socioeconomics, number of life time psychiatric disorders, and subjective religiosity were independent variables, and lifetime serious suicidal ideation was the dependent variable.Results:Irrespective of ethnicity and gender, number of lifetime psychiatric disorders was a risk factor for lifetime suicidal ideation (odds ratio [OR] ranging from 2.4 for Caribbean Black women to 6.0 for Caribbean Black men). Only among African-American men (OR = 0.8, 95% confidence interval = 0.7–0.9), perceived religiosity had a residual protective effect against suicidal ideation above and beyond number of lifetime psychiatric disorders. The direction of the effect of education on suicidal ideating also varied based on the group.Conclusions:Residual protective effect of subjective religiosity in the presence of psychiatric disorders on suicidal ideation among Blacks depends on ethnicity and gender. African-American men with multiple psychiatric disorders and low religiosity are at very high risk for suicidal ideation.

'No More than Two with Caesarean': The C-section at the Intersection of Pronatalism and Ethnicity in Turkey

'No More than Two with Caesarean': The C-section at the Intersection of Pronatalism and Ethnicity in Turkey

Bodies in Contact: New Directions for Research on Embodiment and Intersectionality in Organizations

Although organizational scholars began to study the body in the 1980s, there have been recent calls for scholars to take the body more seriously as an important organizational artifact/concept (e.g., Dale, 2001; Flores-Pereira et al., 2008; Kerfoot & Knights, 1996). We contest that bodies are in a dynamic relationship with the contexts of their contact. How does this dynamic relationship shape the production of subjectivities in workplace? How do various bodies (historical, therapeutic, stigmatized) come to contact in the workplace? Our symposium extends embodiment research by foregrounding a dynamic conception of bodies in contact and their consequences for the production of workplace subjectivities at the intersections of caste, gender, ethnicity and social class. Bridging work on embodiment, identity, and organizational studies allows us to show how external forces – including interactions with other employees, stigma or stereotypes about various occupations, institutional practices, and socio-historical factors – affect the formation and expression (or repression) of identity. The papers in this symposium use survey, experimental, discursive, and phenomenological methodologies to examine such a conceptualization of embodied identity, or the selves that are brought to work. This symposium will introduce fresh perspectives on identity and embodiment via four paper presentations and a concluding critical discussion. The research papers take up questions of identity and diversity in the context of physically taxing work, embodied labor, and dirty work in four different countries (United States, England, India, Canada). Embodied (In)visibilities: An Intersectional Examination of Janitors Presenter: Verónica Caridad Rabelo; U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor Presenter: Ramaswami Mahalingam; U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor Evidence of Intersectionality and Complexity Within the

Discrimination of the Second Generation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Norway

A major question in labour market research is the extent to which discrimination in employments causes the disadvantages experienced by children of immigrants. This article contributes to the debate by utilising a correspondence test study in which pairs of equivalent resumes and cover letters—one with a Pakistani name and one with a Norwegian name—were sent in response to 900 job openings in the greater Oslo area. The results show that applicants with Norwegian names on average are 25 % more likely to receive a call back for a job interview than equally qualified applicants with Pakistani names. More refined analyses demonstrate that the effect of ethnic background on employment probabilities is larger among men than women and larger in the private sector than in the public sector, and important variations among the occupations included in the study are revealed. In an effort to separate the potentially conflating effects of gender and sector, all applications to gender-segregated occupations were removed from the analyses. Interestingly, the gender differences disappear when exclusively analysing discrimination in gender-integrated occupations by sector. In gender-integrated occupations in the private sector, the gender difference in fact is reversed, indicating that women with minority background are treated less favourably than are minority men in the private sector. These results suggest that the intersection of gender, ethnicity, and sector should be scrutinised more carefully in future field experiments.

Serving the army as secretaries: intersectionality, multi-level contract and subjective experience of citizenship.

With the growing elusiveness of the state apparatus in late modernity, military service is one of the last institutions to be clearly identified with the state, its ideologies and its policies. Therefore, negotiations between the military and its recruits produce acting subjects of citizenship with long-lasting consequences. Arguing that these negotiations are regulated by multi-level (civic, group, and individual) contracts, we explore the various meanings that these contracts obtain at the intersectionality of gender, class, and ethnicity; and examine how they shape the subjective experience of soldierhood and citizenship. More particularly, we analyse the meaning of military service in the retrospective life stories of Israeli Jewish women from various ethno-class backgrounds who served as army secretaries - a low-status, feminine gender-typed occupation within a hyper-masculine organization. Findings reveal that for women of the lower class, the organizing cultural schema of the multi-level contract is that of achieving respectability through military service, which means being included in the national collective. Conversely, for middle-class women, it is the sense of entitlement that shapes their contract with the military, which they expect to signify and maintain their privileged status. Thus, while for the lower class, the multi-level contract is about inclusion within the boundaries of the national collective, for the dominant groups, this contract is about reproducing social class hierarchies within national boundaries.

‘Smart students get perfect scores in tests without studying much’: why is an effortless achiever identity attractive, and for whom is it possible?

Discourses about the value of effort and hard work are prevalent and powerful in many western societies and educational contexts. Yet, paradoxically, in these same contexts effortless achievement is often lauded, and in certain discourses is heralded as the pinnacle of success and a sign of genius. In this paper we interrogate discourses about effort and especially ‘effortlessness’ in Swedish and English educational contexts. Informed, in particular, by interview data generated in upper secondary schools in Sweden and secondary schools in England, we address the questions: why is effortless achievement attractive, and for whom is it possible to be discursively positioned as an effortless achiever? We argue that the subject position of ‘effortless achiever’ is not available to all categories of students equally, and for some it would be almost impossible to attain; the intersections of gender, social class, ethnicity and institutional setting are influential. We end by considering the problematic implications of effortless achievement discourses.

Parallel tracks: reflections on the need for collaborative health disparities research on race/ethnicity and disability.

Public policy driving health disparities research has overwhelmingly focused on racial and ethnic populations other than non-Hispanic whites; these groups have historically been and continue to be disproportionately impacted by health disparities. Only recently has public policy focused on the inclusion of people with disabilities as a distinct health disparities population. These 2 areas of research have traveled parallel paths with little recognition of the health disparities that affect people at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and disability. This commentary reflects on the history, foci, and current status of these 2 separate tracks of health disparities research. We conclude the commentary with suggestions for merging the 2 tracks to develop research that addresses both disability as well as race and ethnicity.

“To be taken seriously” : women's reflections on how migration and resettlement experiences influence their healthcare needs during childbearing in Sweden

ObjectiveTo use an intersectional approach to analyze women's reflections on how their migration and resettlement experiences to Sweden influenced their health and healthcare needs during childbearing. MethodsFocus-group discussions, pair interviews and individual interviews were conducted in southern Sweden between 2006 and 2009, with 25 women originating from 17 different countries with heterogeneous backgrounds that had experienced childbirth in Sweden. Qualitative content analysis was used with an intersectional approach, taking into consideration intersections of ethnicity, socio-economic status (SES) and gender. FindingsThe hardships of migration, resettlement, and constraints in the daily life made the women feel overstrained, tense, and disembodied. Being treated as a stranger and ignored or rejected in healthcare encounters was devaluing and discriminating. The women stressed that they felt stronger and had fewer complications during pregnancy and labor when they were “taken seriously” and felt that they had a confident, caring relationship with caregivers/midwives. This, therefore, enabled the women to boost their sense of self, and to recognize their capabilities, as well as their “embodied knowledge”. ConclusionCaregivers/midwives should be aware of the hardships the women face. Hardships stem from experiences of migration and resettlement as well as from structural constraints such as the “triple jeopardy” of ethnicity, SES and gender, which increase women's needs of support in childbearing. Such awareness is necessary when promoting health and reducing the unnecessary suffering and victimization of women, their children, and their families. It is a matter of patient safety and equity.

Legislative Leadership and Intersections of Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in the American States

To what extent have marginalized groups attained leadership posts in governmental bodies? Despite a growing body of research on the causes and consequences of women and racial/ethnic minorities’ numerical representation, little attention has been paid to their institutional incorporation and power. We propose that a wide variety of individual and institutional level factors influence the ability of marginalized groups to attain prominent positions. Discrimination and inequality in political institutions are not simple matters and so we develop a set of theoretical expectations about how these complex forces operate in determining which groups will rise to powerful positions, particularly committee chair and party leadership posts. We approach these topics from an intersectional perspective that fully appreciates the multifaceted and interacting nature of identity group affiliations. Our empirical analysis takes advantage of the fertile comparative context of American state legislatures to examine these issues. In it, we apply multilevel modeling techniques to an original dataset that covers a representative sample of 25 lower chambers from 1997 to 2007. The initial results suggest that the institutional mobility of women of color, men of color, and white women is a highly complex process that depends, to varying degrees, on interacting effects of gender, race/ethnicity, partisanship, and seniority – as well as the leadership position.

Ethnic Minority Status and Body Image Dissatisfaction: A Scoping Review of the Child and Adolescent Literature.

To systematically summarize the literature examining ethnic minority status and body image dissatisfaction (BID) among children and adolescents living in Canada and the United States. Literature was identified by entering search terms into six electronic databases and through an electronic hand search of key research journals. Eligible sources were those published between 1946 and November 2012, conducted within Canada or the United States, included ethnic minority children or adolescents (<19 years), and measured BID through self-report. Synthesis of the sources followed the principles of thematic and content analysis (Vaismoradi et al. in Nurs Health Sci 15:398-405, 2013). A total of 33 sources were included in our scoping synthesis; spanning from 1991 to 2011. No results emerged from Canada. Evidence from the United States is equivocal. The literature is plagued by inconsistent nomenclature and inadequate attention to issues of measurement, sex and gender. A more robust evidence-base requires advanced methods to examine the intersection of ethnicity, sex and gender on BID among children and adolescents.

Gender, Ethnicity, and Cumulative Disadvantage in Education Outcomes

Summary This paper studies the impact of gender and ethnicity on educational outcomes in Bolivia, Mexico, Peru, Senegal, and Sierra Leone, using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series-International (IPUMS-I) database. Using an estimation method analogous to difference-in-differences, the paper finds that gender-based differences in literacy, primary school completion, and secondary school completion are larger for minority ethnic groups compared to others, or ethnicity-based differences are larger for women compared to men. The findings suggest that the intersection of gender and ethnicity confers cumulative disadvantage for minority groups, especially in Latin American countries, with implications on the design of development programs.

The mutual constitution of risk and inequalities: intersectional risk theory

In this article, we examine the conceptual importance of integrating risk and intersectionality theory for the study of how risk and various forms of inequality intersect and are mutually constitutive. We argue that an intersectional perspective can advance risk research by incorporating more effectively the role of such social categories as gender and race into the analysis of ‘risk’ as an empirical phenomenon. In doing so, the intersectional perspective articulates more clearly the connection between the social construction of risk and, on the one hand, the reproduction of new and complex social inequalities and, on the other, intersections of social class, gender, ethnicity and other social categorisations. We trace the intellectual division between risk and feminist-inspired intersectionality research, showing how these approaches can be aligned to study, for example, risk-based welfare and social policy. We use a discussion of general directions within welfare policy to illustrate how an intersectional perspective can be used to show the ways in which new governance strategies create new divisions and reproduce existing forms of social inequality. We conclude the article with a call for a new research agenda to integrate intersectional frameworks with risk theory in order to provide a more nuanced analysis of the relationship between social inequality and risk.

Contesting and complying: gender and ethnicity among Thai-Sikh diaspora youth in Bangkok

The Thai-Sikh diaspora community is prominent in Bangkok. The youth of this community struggle to maintain their ethnicity while simultaneously trying to fit into the multi-cultural society in Thailand. Literature at the intersection of diaspora, ethnicity and migration notes that ethnic boundaries take on a very important role among migrants. Uncut hair and religious practices are seen as markers of Sikh ethnicity, while control over young girls’ movement and sexuality, teaching Sikh traditions to the young and eating traditional food are used to ensure ethnic purity. This study looks at Thai-Sikh youth in international schools in Bangkok, a world far removed from that of their parents. The study found that young girls and boys rebel against some markers, while complying with others. Specifically, boys rebel against physical markers such as uncut hair, while girls rebel against social markers such as control over their sexuality achieved through control over movement, clothing, marriage and freedom to work away from the family. Both boys and girls seek to strike a balance between tradition and modernity by contesting and complying with ethnic boundaries in different ways even if the implications of these ethnic markers are drastically different for each group.

Who cares?

The Czech Republic is in the process of transforming its social system which is not capable of managing adequate care of its old citizens. In the last years we have witnessed an increase in the number of mediating agencies that import mainly Ukranian migrants for the purpose of engaging them in care work focusing on elderly people. The paper presents results of pilot ethnograpic research and focuses on commodification of care work for elderly people and the vulnerable character of domestic care work provided by Ukrainian female migrants in the Czech Republic. I argue that this specific “product” – the Ukrainian female caregiver – is based on the intersections of gender, ethnicity and migration.

Navigating adolescence and young adulthood in Rwanda during and after genocide: intersections of ethnicity, gender and age

This paper explores intersections of ethnicity, gender and age in Rwanda during and following the 1994 genocide. It firstly considers how these intersections affected the specific dynamics and nature of the violence during the genocide. It then examines how these intersections have shifted following the genocide in the context of a nation-building project, which has rejected ethnicity, yet embraced the pursuit of gender equality. Drawing on ethnographic research with young Rwandans in Kigali from 2004 to 2011, it identifies three disquieting continuities in the intersections of ethnicity, gender and age in contemporary Rwanda: (i) the ongoing ethnicisation of sexual politics among young Rwandans; (ii) the reproduction of ‘ethno-gendered’ stereotypes of Tutsi women that were central to the genocide propaganda; and (iii) the continued marginalisation of large numbers of Hutu young men, a factor which contributed to the participation of some young men in the 1994 genocide.

Afghanistan, cricket and fairy tales: a critical analysis of Out of the Ashes

In 2010, Tim Albone, Leslie Knott and Lucy Martens directed the excellent Out of the Ashes, a documentary tracing the journey of an inexperienced group of Afghani cricketers from the obscurity of rubble pitches to the green grass of international cricketdom and sporting success. A year later, Albone wrote a book with the same title, adding significant details to this ‘compelling story of triumph over adversity’.1 Following introductory remarks about cricket in Afghanistan, the main focus of this article will be on analysing the documentary since it preceded the book and enjoyed a wider circulation. The study employs both thematic and discursive forms of analysis.2 I discuss the emergent overarching themes of ‘culture clash’ and ‘socio-economic imperatives’ as well as interpretive repertoires revolving around ‘cricket as civilizing mission’ and ‘triumph of plucky underdogs’. The analysis of the book brings forth themes missing from the film such as class antagonism and also a number of ‘ideological dilemmas’.3 I conclude by suggesting that a critical analysis reveals far more about the complicated intersections of class, ethnicity, nationality and gender than intended by the film-makers.

The Subaltern Writes Back

The study was grounded in the lived experiences of 13 female and 20 male children of Bangladeshi descent in New York City. It explored how the intersection of ethnicity, gender, generation, and migration shaped the distinctive experiences of the girls as they came of age, straddling the native culture and the host culture. By walking a tightrope between intergenerational continuity of normative gender practice, and change, prompted by egalitarian socialization, they foregrounded educational/career trajectories. Unlike the boys, who acquiesced with the status quo despite its equal opportunity disadvantages, they started rewriting the rules of engagement with patriarchy from this new threshold.

Influencing Policy Decisions: Impact of Legislator Attitudes and Demographics on Public Relations Practice

This study sought to identify strategies to improve public relations efforts to influence policy by discovering U.S. legislators‘ attitudes toward healthcare policy and the impact of legislator characteristics on such attitudes. Analysis of results from an Internet/mail survey indicated statistically significant differences among respondents‘ attitudes based on gender, ethnicity, and political party affiliation (ANOVA). Such differences, however, did not skew in expected directions based on popular wisdom and previous studies. While Hispanic, Native American and mixed-ethnicity legislators were more likely than nonHispanic white legislators to agree that healthcare issues such as access and affordability should be state priorities, not left to the private sector, female legislators were more likely than their male counterparts to downplay the importance of such issues and to indicate they should not be the state‘s responsibility. Democratic Party legislators were more likely than Republican legislators both to see healthcare as an important priority and to relegate it to the the private sector. These attitudes and differences may be used to inform public relations practice with regard to influencing legislators‘ policymaking decisions, although future research should focus on the impact of intersectionality of gender, ethnicity, and party affiliation in mitigating effects of legislator characteristics on issue attitudes.