Interregional Interactions Research Articles

Modeling the Interaction of the Regions of Russia and the Republic of Belarus in the Sphere of the Processing Industry

In connection with the processes of the formation of the Union State of Russia and Belarus, the relevance of conducting a study of economic, infrastructural and institutional factors affecting the change in the level of economic interaction between the regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus is increasing. The aim of the work is to carry out spatial modeling of the possible interaction of the regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in the manufacturing industry and to assess the factors affecting this interaction. The main hypothesis of the study is the assumption that the elements of the matrix of interregional interactions are proxy variables that characterize the degree of this interaction. At the first stage, the spatial distribution of the volume of output in the manufacturing sector of the regions of the two countries is investigated in order to assess possibilities of interaction between the regions in this sector. In modeling, the Republic of Belarus is considered as a separate region within the Union State. Calculations of the global and local Moran's indices have been carried out and possible spatial autocorrelations have been determined, both between the regions of the Russian Federation and between the regions of these two countries. In this study, economic indicators calculated on the basis of inverse values of the difference in interregional gross regional products were selected as elements of the weight matrix. At the second stage, the influence of economic, infrastructural and institutional factors on the indicator characterizing the degree of possible interaction of the regions of the two countries in the manufacturing industry was studied. Using quantile regression, the influence of economic, infrastructural and institutional factors on this investigated indicator was studied. The use of this approach makes it possible to substantiate the priority directions of economic development of the territories within the framework of the Union State and, in particular, to search for centers of attraction of resources and spheres of their influence on the territory. The results of the work can be used in preparation of strategies, programs and schemes for the placement and development of industries, taking into account the potential of a new level of integration of the economies of Russia and Belarus.

Система пространственных рынков в национальной экономике: проблемы измерений

When we consider the national economic space as a system of regional markets, there arises a question about the strength of the bonds between the elements of this system, and the magnitude of the system effects. The article is dedicated to studying this issue in the context of measurement capabilities. It is shown that the tools designed to study the connectivity of the national economic space should, firstly, be sensitive to the ‘shift’ of the geographical borders of the markets from the borders that have been formally established (i.e., be focused on studying the phenomena of economic activity delocalization) and, secondly, contain algorithms for matching connectivity estimates at different levels of the hierarchy of the markets system. The author describes three approaches to modeling the bonds between regional markets. These approaches differ by the criterion of integration of economic space. According to the first approach the criterion of integration is the implementation of the law of one price, the second approach uses the presence of spatial externalities, and the third one uses the presence of system effects as such criterion. It is found that the third approach has the greatest potential, both in terms of studying the channels of spatial diffusion of economic impulses from one market to another, and in terms of taking into account the hierarchy of space. The author examines the possibilities of assessing the connectivity of the national economic space as a whole on the basis of aggregated measures of system effects. There are three types of effects that are built on the basis of interregional input-output tables in order to study the emergent properties of the system of regional markets: spillover effects, feedback effects and coalition effects. The author defines the relationship between these effects. It is shown that the coalition effects are a universal measure, because, firstly, they take into account both the spillover effects and the feedback effects, and secondly, they can be estimated without changing the basic assumptions of calculations at different levels of the hierarchy of the regional markets system. Within the framework of the third approach, the author proposes a scheme for analyzing the structure of the national economic space, which integrates assessments of interregional interactions and intraregional connectivity

Распределенная модель мировой динамики

A dynamic macro model of world dynamics has been developed. In the model, the world is divided into 19 regions. The internal development of the regions is described by differential type equations for demographic and economic indicators. Interregional interactions represent the trade flows from region to region and are described by the trade submodel. Calculations show that the model satisfactorily approximates the dynamics of monotonic indicators. The forecast of regional development and global dynamics up to 2040 is constructed.

A Newly Discovered Administrative Center of the Late Sasanian Empire

The two first seasons of excavation at the large settlement of Tappe Bardnakoon unearthed remarkable archaeological material, including huge architectural structures, a large corpus of 559 clay bullae and sealings, and collections of ceramics, gems, and metal and stone objects from the Sasanian period. The acquired data indicate that Bardnakoon is a hitherto unidentified administrative center of the late Sasanian Empire. The space excavated in Trench B possibly locates a repository at this center where the used sealings were kept. Given the location of the site in a region between different Sasanian provinces, its discovery offers new insights into the structural organization of the state. Further examination of the findings may cast light on the onomastica, either personal or place names, beliefs, and interregional interactions in a strategic yet largely overlooked region in the late-antique Central Zagros.

Cross-participant prediction of vigilance stages through the combined use of wPLI and wSMI EEG functional connectivity metrics.

Functional connectivity (FC) metrics describe brain inter-regional interactions and may complement information provided by common power-based analyses. Here, we investigated whether the FC-metrics weighted Phase Lag Index (wPLI) and weighted Symbolic Mutual Information (wSMI) may unveil functional differences across four stages of vigilance-wakefulness (W), NREM-N2, NREM-N3, and REM sleep-with respect to each other and to power-based features. Moreover, we explored their possible contribution in identifying differences between stages characterized by distinct levels of consciousness (REM+W vs. N2+N3) or sensory disconnection (REM vs. W). Overnight sleep and resting-state wakefulness recordings from 24 healthy participants (27 ± 6 years, 13F) were analyzed to extract power and FC-based features in six classical frequency bands. Cross-validated linear discriminant analyses (LDA) were applied to investigate the ability of extracted features to discriminate (1) the four vigilance stages, (2) W+REM vs. N2+N3, and (3) W vs. REM. For the four-way vigilance stages classification, combining features based on power and both connectivity metrics significantly increased accuracy relative to considering only power, wPLI, or wSMI features. Delta-power and connectivity (0.5-4 Hz) represented the most relevant features for all the tested classifications, in line with a possible involvement of slow waves in consciousness and sensory disconnection. Sigma-FC, but not sigma-power (12-16 Hz), was found to strongly contribute to the differentiation between states characterized by higher (W+REM) and lower (N2+N3) probabilities of conscious experiences. Finally, alpha-FC resulted as the most relevant FC-feature for distinguishing among wakefulness and REM sleep and may thus reflect the level of disconnection from the external environment.

АЛГОРИТМ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ В ТОПОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ЭЭГ ПОКОЯ МАРКЕРОВ ЗАДАТКОВ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ К УСПЕШНОМУ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЮ КОГНИТИВНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

Предлагаемый алгоритм выявления в топологических особенностях пространственной организации межкортикальных взаимодействий потенциалов мозга у испытуемых в состоянии спокойного бодрствования маркеров задатков способностей к успешному выполнению различных видов когнитивной деятельности отличается существенной новизной. В его основе лежат известные, хотя и не столь широко распространенные, представления о существовании в биоэлектрической активности мозга человека биологических маркеров, характерных для данного индивидуума задатков общих и специальных способностей, маркеров возможности эффективного выполнения им разных видов когнитивной деятельности. Эти представления в отечественной психофизиологии, начиная с работ А.Н.Лебедева с соавторами, неоднократно получали экспериментальные подтверждения. В последние годы доказательная база таких подтверждений прогрессивно возрастает. Отличительной особенностью предложенного алгоритма является то, что в настоящем исследовании для анализа фоновой ЭЭГ применялись оценки не локальных характеристик биоэлектрической активности мозга, как в большинстве опубликованных работ по данной тематике, а показатели пространственной структуры межрегиональных взаимодействий потенциалов многих отделов коры больших полушарий. Поскольку психика является результатом целостной деятельности мозга, локальные нейрофизиологические явления, включая и ЭЭГ процессы, заведомо обладают меньшей информативностью, особенно с точки зрения затрагиваемых в настоящей работе вопросов.
 В настоящей работе было обследовано 120 испытуемых разного возраста: из них 41 человек взрослых испытуемых, 27 подростков 12 лет, 52 ребенка 5–6 лет. В каждой возрастной группе оценивали степень кросскорреляции пространственной структуры межрегиональных связей ЭЭГ, отводимых от различных отделов коры в состоянии спокойного бодрствования у испытуемых мужского и женского пола с качеством выполнения ими отдельных субтестов теста Векслера (WAIS и WISC). Для выявления индивидуумов, отличающихся повышенными способностями к наиболее успешному выполнению конкретных субтестов теста Векслера в анализируемых группах, был разработан специальный алгоритм. С этой целью выделяли тех индивидуумов в группе, которые отличались пространственной организацией паттернов межрегиональных взаимодействий фоновой активности мозга наиболее сходной с дистантной организацией паттернов межкортикальных взаимодействий, характерных для испытуемых, успешно выполняющих субтест. В результате проведённых исследований были получены данные, указывающие, что с высокой надежностью у испытуемых разных возрастных групп – у взрослых, подростков 12 лет и детей 5-6 лет, можно выявить в фоновой ЭЭГ наличие в топологических особенностях пространственной организации межкортикальных взаимодействий феномена отражения в ЭЭГ покоя задатков способностей к успешному выполнению различных видов когнитивной деятельности.

Prefrontal Synaptic Activation During Hippocampal Memory Reactivation

Cooperative reactivation of hippocampal and prefrontal neurons is considered crucial for mnemonic processes. To directly record synaptic substances supporting the interregional interactions, we developed concurrent spike recordings of hippocampal neuronal ensembles and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of medial prefrontal neurons in awake rats. We found that medial prefrontal neurons depolarized when hippocampal neurons synchronized. The depolarization was larger when hippocampal place cells that encoded overlapping place fields and place cells and a novel environment were synchronously reactivated. Our results suggest a functional circuit-synapse association that enables prefrontal neurons to readout specific memory traces from the hippocampus.

Natural disasters and interregional interactions: La Longue Durée in Northern Plains historical developments

Some 6730 radiocarbon years ago, the Plinian eruption of Mount Mazama prompted dispersed bison hunting groups to temporarily abandon their traditional homelands and seek refuge among their distant relatives in the east. During their stay, they established new social ties and learned new technologies such as stone boiling. Returning to their homeland, they adapted this technology to extract bone grease and produce pemmican. This reliable, storable, portable, and nutritious foodstuff provided security for the Northern Plains groups and gave them a valuable trade good to exchange with their eastern neighbors. This natural disaster thus initiated a series of practices to maintain and expand their social safety net through interregional interactions with groups over a very long time. From the exchange of goods and information to the development of extensive trade centers, the bison hunters and their neighbors established an ever-expanding trade network where regional economic, social, ritual and historical practices evolved in tandem with local developments.

Estimation of the Spatial Connectivity of the Economic Activity of Russian Regions

The article examines change in the effects of spatial connectivity of Russian regions’ economic activity for 1997–2016. Quantitative estimates are obtained using spatial econometrics methods. Two specifications of the model are used: the spatial lag model and spatial error model. Relations between regions are modeled through spatial external effects, which are described in two ways: using a nearest neighbor matrix and an inverse distance matrix. The following hypotheses are tested: (1) a single macroeconomic policy and market integration stimulate growth in the spatial connectivity of economic activity; (2) Russia’s western territories have closer spatial ties compared to the eastern; (3) imposition of sanctions against Russia stimulated the formation of new and strengthened existing internal ties, as well as the country’s spatial connectivity. Estimates have shown that there are no distinct trends in the spatial connectivity of economic activity in Russia, nor were interregional interactions affected by international sanctions. Relations important for economic activity are supported mainly with neighboring regions. The cooperation that arises between regions is not deep spatially and fades rapidly with increasing distance. This is also confirmed by the fact that for European Russia, spatial relations are a more significant development factor than for eastern regions.

Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus

Here, we report genome-wide data analyses from 110 ancient Near Eastern individuals spanning the Late Neolithic to Late Bronze Age, a period characterized by intense interregional interactions for the Near East. We find that 6th millennium BCE populations of North/Central Anatolia and the Southern Caucasus shared mixed ancestry on a genetic cline that formed during the Neolithic between Western Anatolia and regions in today's Southern Caucasus/Zagros. During the Late Chalcolithic and/or the Early Bronze Age, more than half of the Northern Levantine gene pool was replaced, while in the rest of Anatolia and the Southern Caucasus, we document genetic continuity with only transient gene flow. Additionally, we reveal a genetically distinct individual within the Late Bronze Age Northern Levant. Overall, our study uncovers multiple scales of population dynamics through time, from extensive admixture during the Neolithic period to long-distance mobility within the globalized societies of the Late Bronze Age. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

Weighted spatial dynamic shift‐share model as a forecasting tool for a regional economy: The case of South Korea

AbstractThis study proposes a weighted spatial dynamic shift‐share model that considers two regional attributes, namely, interregional interactions and regional receptive capabilities for domestic and international economic change, to improve the forecasting capability of the traditional shift‐share model. In particular, the spatial dependence among regions is embodied by a spatial weight matrix based on contiguity. Additionally, regional receptive capabilities are represented by weights imposed on regional industries. Forecasts over the period of 2014–2016 are made for 14 regions in South Korea using the proposed model. The results are compared with actual data from the same period and evaluated in terms of the mean absolute percentage error. The results indicate that the proposed model is more reliable and accurate than the traditional model and other dynamic extensions.

Assessment of Interregional Economic Interactions Using Statistics of Freight Railway Transportation

This paper considers problems of analyzing and forecasting the system of interregional economic interactions. The possibilities of creating an interregional balance of manufacturing and consumption of products using data on freight traffic on the railway network are shown. The calculations of the economic connectivity of individual macroregions of the country are provided.

Diverse Feature Blend Based on Filter-Bank Common Spatial Pattern and Brain Functional Connectivity for Multiple Motor Imagery Detection

Motor imagery (MI) based brain-computer interface (BCI) is a research hotspot and has attracted lots of attention. Within this research topic, multiple MI classification is a challenge due to the difficulties caused by time-varying spatial features across different individuals. To deal with this challenge, we tried to fuse brain functional connectivity (BFC) and one-versus-the-rest filter-bank common spatial pattern (OVR-FBCSP) to improve the robustness of classification. The BFC features were extracted by phase locking value (PLV), representing the brain inter-regional interactions relevant to the MI, whilst the OVR-FBCSP is used to extract the spatial-frequency features related to the MI. These diverse features were then fed into a multi-kernel relevance vector machine (MK-RVM). The dataset with three motor imagery tasks (left hand MI, right hand MI, and feet MI) was used to assess the proposed method. Experimental results not only showed that the cascade structure of diverse feature fusion and MK-RVM achieved satisfactory classification performance (average accuracy: 83.81%, average kappa: 0.76), but also demonstrated that BFC plays a supplementary role in the MI classification. Moreover, the proposed method has a potential to be integrated into multiple MI online detection owing to the advantage of strong time-efficiency of RVM.

A Spatial Analysis of Inward FDI and Rural-Urban Wage Inequality: Evidence from China

When investigating the relationship between inward FDI and rural-urban inequality, previous studies overlook the inter-regional interactions. Building on the literature that highlights the significant role of rural-urban migration in inequality, this article investigates spatial spillover effect of inward FDI on the rural-urban wage inequality by utilizing the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) both in the short run and long run. In particular, we carefully consider the heterogeneity of inward FDI and categorize it with respect to entry modes and sectoral distribution. On the basis of a panel dataset covering 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2016, our results show that overall the inward FDI should not be blamed for the exacerbation of rural-urban wage inequality. We do not find significant relationship between inward FDI in secondary and tertiary sector while the FDI in primary sector has a slight negative effect. When we separate the FDI according to entry modes, we find that WFE is shown to have a negative effect on the rural-urban wage inequality and this effect is more pronounced in the long run when we conduct a period average estimation. This change also similarly applies to the equity joint ventures.

Cross-participant prediction of vigilance stages through the combined use of wPLI and wSMI EEG functional connectivity metrics

Functional connectivity (FC) metrics describe brain inter-regional interactions and may complement information provided by common power-based analyses. Here, we investigated whether the FC-metrics weighted Phase Lag Index (wPLI) and weighted Symbolic Mutual Information (wSMI) may unveil functional differences across four stages of vigilance-wakefulness (W), NREM-N2, NREM-N3, and REM sleep-with respect to each other and to power-based features. Moreover, we explored their possible contribution in identifying differences between stages characterized by distinct levels of consciousness (REM+W vs. N2+N3) or sensory disconnection (REM vs. W). Overnight sleep and resting-state wakefulness recordings from 24 healthy participants (27 ± 6 years, 13F) were analyzed to extract power and FC-based features in six classical frequency bands. Cross-validated linear discriminant analyses (LDA) were applied to investigate the ability of extracted features to discriminate (1) the four vigilance stages, (2) W+REM vs. N2+N3, and (3) W vs. REM. For the four-way vigilance stages classification, combining features based on power and both connectivity metrics significantly increased accuracy relative to considering only power, wPLI, or wSMI features. Delta-power and connectivity (0.5-4 Hz) represented the most relevant features for all the tested classifications, in line with a possible involvement of slow waves in consciousness and sensory disconnection. Sigma-FC, but not sigma-power (12-16 Hz), was found to strongly contribute to the differentiation between states characterized by higher (W+REM) and lower (N2+N3) probabilities of conscious experiences. Finally, alpha-FC resulted as the most relevant FC-feature for distinguishing among wakefulness and REM sleep and may thus reflect the level of disconnection from the external environment.

Conceptual framework for the development of hunting industry in the Kirov region

The article reviewed the main directions of the state policy in the field of use and protection of hunting resources. They were set forth in the Concept of development of hunting industry of the Kirov region until 2020. The history of creation, the principles, purpose, objectives, methodology and structure of the concept, as well as the main problems, goals and aims of game resources use in future are presented. Attention is drawn to the fact that the purpose of the concept is formulated not as an equilibrium position of various sectoral research institutes – public, industrial and state, but, mainly, by the institute of public administration with regard to its functions. Due to this, the concept is addressed, first of all, to state bodies, as their task is to create the necessary conditions for the positive development of public relations in the sphere under study. The mechanisms of solving the existing problems and the current results of the implementation of the basic provisions of the concept have been analyzed. The features of regional regulation of relations in the field of hunting and hunting industry have been examined. These features were influenced by changes in sectoral legislation, implementation of administrative reform, the deterioration of the economic situation in the region, increase in the amount of threats connected with the spread of diseases among game animals. The article informs on the factors affecting the execution of the decisions and achieving the concept goals and objectives. The expediency of the regional state policy implementation in the field of hunting and hunting industry on the basis of strategic documents of branch development has been confirmed. It is proposed to increase the level of interregional interactions in the preparation of sectoral development documents.

The Neural Dynamics of Novel Scene Imagery.

Retrieval of long-term episodic memories is characterized by synchronized neural activity between hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), with additional evidence that vmPFC activity leads that of the hippocampus. It has been proposed that the mental generation of scene imagery is a crucial component of episodic memory processing. If this is the case, then a comparable interaction between the two brain regions should exist during the construction of novel scene imagery. To address this question, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of MEG to investigate the construction of novel mental imagery. We tasked male and female humans with imagining scenes and single isolated objects in response to one-word cues. We performed source-level power, coherence, and causality analyses to characterize the underlying interregional interactions. Both scene and object imagination resulted in theta power changes in the anterior hippocampus. However, higher theta coherence was observed between the hippocampus and vmPFC in the scene compared with the object condition. This interregional theta coherence also predicted whether imagined scenes were subsequently remembered. Dynamic causal modeling of this interaction revealed that vmPFC drove activity in hippocampus during novel scene construction. Additionally, theta power changes in the vmPFC preceded those observed in the hippocampus. These results constitute the first evidence in humans that episodic memory retrieval and scene imagination rely on similar vmPFC–hippocampus neural dynamics. Furthermore, they provide support for theories emphasizing similarities between both cognitive processes and perspectives that propose the vmPFC guides the construction of context-relevant representations in the hippocampus.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Episodic memory retrieval is characterized by a dialog between hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). It has been proposed that the mental generation of scene imagery is a crucial component of episodic memory processing. An ensuing prediction would be of a comparable interaction between the two brain regions during the construction of novel scene imagery. Here, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of MEG and combined it with a scene imagination task. We found that a hippocampal–vmPFC dialog existed and that it took the form of vmPFC driving the hippocampus. We conclude that episodic memory and scene imagination share fundamental neural dynamics and the process of constructing vivid, spatially coherent, contextually appropriate scene imagery is strongly modulated by vmPFC.

Energy–Economy–Environment Interactions: A Comparative Analysis of Lisbon and Sao Paulo Metropolitan Areas

Metropolitan areas constitute a critical arena in which to protect the environment and handle climate change efforts, both because they are at the root of the problem and they form a suitable working ground to deal with their systemic nature. Using a multi-regional input-output modelling framework, with energy-environmental extensions, this paper proposes a comparative analysis of the Sao Paulo and Lisbon metropolitan areas, distinguishing territorial, production-based and consumption-based responsibilities. This research reveals that the consideration of interregional interactions and leakages to other regions/countries, as well as the appraisal of trade-offs between socio-economic and environmental targets, are critical for climate change policy’s definition and monitoring. The results also stress the importance of tailoring policy measures to the territories and, concurrently, the need for significant changes regarding the discussion of climate change policies on a subnational scale, namely concerning policy concertation and coordination at the global, national and subnational levels.

Article Revising the Concept of “Inter-Regional Interac-tions” in Spatial Economics

В статье исследуется проблема использования понятий «межрегиональные взаимодействия», «межрегиональное сотрудничество», «межрегиональные связи» и «межрегиональные отношения». С точки зрения автора разграничение вышеуказанных понятий, придание их соотношениям определенного схематического и структурного вида, определение их иерархичности, взаимосвязи и взаимовлияния позволит в дальнейшем облегчить описание в экономических дисциплинах определенных процессов, протекающих в жизнедеятельности регионов в рамках их сотрудничества с другими субъектами. The article analyzes the existing formulations of the concept “interregional interaction”. Currently, the relevance of inter-regional interactions studies has received a new impulse, but until today there is no definite and clear formulation of “inter-regional interactions” concept. Due to it, there is a problem of law enforcement of this definition in conducting researches with-in the frame of interregional relationships. As a result, in this article, the invested semantic loads in the phrase “interregional interaction”, the consistency and accuracy of this definition usage in the study of socio-economic characteristics in the frame of interregional interaction are explored. In fact, at this stage of the researches, different authors have different points of view and different approaches in the usage of such concepts as inter-regional cooperation, interregional relations and interregional contacts. In that context, appears the question: is it correct men-tioned above formulations regard as synonyms? Are they de-pendent or independent of each other, consistent or inconsistent with common features and properties? Do they refer to one cate-gory or each of these concepts has its own distinctive features and carries out a separate semantic load? What allows us to say that these concepts are different and should not be used in any way as interchangeable definitions? As a result of the studies, comparison and study of various interpretations and approaches to the con-cept of “interregional interaction”, the author’s view is introduced into the relationship and interrela-tion of interregional interaction with the concepts of “interregional cooperation”, “interregional con-tacts” and “interregional relations”. Their conditionality and validity of the application in the descrip-tion of certain socio-economic relations between regions are considered. From the point of view of the author, the distinction between the above concepts, giving them a certain schematic and structural rela-tionship, determining their hierarchy and interaction will further facilitate the understanding of certain processes occurring in the daily and future life of the regions as part of their cooperation. Based on the review and analysis, the author introduces the wording of the notion “interregional interaction”.

Abnormal Functional Connectivity Density in Post-Stroke Aphasia.

Post-stroke aphasia (PSA), which refers to the loss or impairment of language, is typically caused by left hemisphere lesions. Previous neuroimaging studies have indicated that the pathology of PSA may be related to abnormalities in functional integration. In this study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to examine functional connectivity density (FCD) in PSA. We compared short- and long-range FCD between individuals with PSA (n = 17) and healthy controls (HC, n = 20). We then performed Pearson's correlation analysis on the FCD values from the affected brain regions and the speech scores in the PSA group. Compared with HCs, individuals with PSA showed increased short-range FCD in the contralesional temporal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus, the thalamus, the insula, and the mesial temporal gyrus [hippocampus/parahippocampus (HIP/ParaHIP)]. PSA demonstrated an increased long-range FCD in the contralesional mesial temporal gyrus (HIP/ParaHIP). PSA also displayed decreased short-range FCD in the ipsilesional part of the frontal gyrus, the caudate, the thalamus, the fusiform gyrus, and the mesial temporal gyrus (HIP/ParaHIP), and decreased long-range FCD in the ipsilesional superior temporal gyrus, the fusiform gyrus, and the mesial temporal gyrus (HIP/ParaHIP). The decreased long-range FCD in the left superior temporal gyrus in PSA subjects was positively correlated with the spontaneous speech score. The altered FCD observed due to disrupted functional connectivity after stroke may lead to language production, semantic processing, and cognitive impairments. Our findings expand previous functional studies on stroke and provide new evidence of the intraregional and interregional interactions at the voxel level in the pathophysiology of PSA.