Interpretive Structural Modelling Approach Research Articles

An interpretive model to assess the barriers to ocean energy toward blue economic development in India

Energy from the ocean has been globally recognized as one of the most significant sources of renewable energy. In the Indian context, it has the potential to meet the country's long-term energy requirements as the Indian peninsula possesses a vast coastline. However, harnessing the energy from the ocean has several challenges and risks that serve as a major roadblock to India's attainment of this energy advantage. This study explores the challenges to ocean energy development by reviewing the literature and analyses the complex interactions between them using the Interpretive Structural Modelling approach. Data are collected from twenty-six experts and an interpretive model is developed. The analysis reveals that lack of policy push, technology, R&D, and trained workforce are some of the key barriers to the development of the ocean energy sector in India, requiring special focus to streamline the infrastructural development of ocean energy as a sustainable source. The findings provide valuable strategic insights to policymakers.

Evaluation of ISO 9001 Barriers in Manufacturing Organizations Using ISM-Fuzzy MICMAC Approach

The prime motive of this research study is to identify the barriers of ISO 9001 in manufacturing organizations in order to institute the appropriate associations and classify them into different categories based on their driving power ([Formula: see text]) and dependence power ([Formula: see text]). For this purpose, 20 barriers influencing the ISO 9001 implementation has been identified through existing literature works. Afterwards, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach has been applied to develop the relationship hierarchy and fuzzy cross-impact matrix multiplication applies to classification (MICMAC) analysis has been carried out to form the category groups. The frameworks developed in this paper will serve as an information bank in order to identify the significant barriers in ISO 9001 implementation path and develop suitable strategies or steps in order to eliminate them.

Critical Failure Factors of Flood Early Warning and Response Systems (FEWRS): A Structured Literature Review and Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) Analysis

Flood warning and response systems are essential components of risk reduction strategies with the potential to reduce loss of life and impact on personal assets. However, recent flood incidents have caused significant loss of human lives due to failures in current flood warning and response mechanisms. These failures are broadly related to policies concerning, and governance aspects within, warning generation, the behaviour of communities in responding to early warnings, and weaknesses in associated tools and technologies used in communicating early warnings and responding. Capturing critical failure factors affecting flood warning and response systems can provide opportunities for making corrective measures and for developing a more advanced and futuristic system for early flood warnings. This paper reports the findings of a structured review that was conducted to identify critical failure factors in flood early warning and response systems. This study found twenty-four critical failure factors (CFFs). The interpretive structural modelling (ISM) approach conducted in this study resulted in identifying four different types of failure factors (autonomous, dependent, linkage, and independent) with varying dependence and driving powers. Analysis shows that governance, leadership, finance, standard operating procedures (SoP), and community engagement are the most dominating factors with the highest driving factor, which can overcome other dependent factors. The outcome of this review could be helpful for policymakers and practitioners in overcoming failure factors and implementing effective early warning and response systems.

Conceptualizing disruptive innovation: an interpretive structural model approach

Christensen insightfully proposed disruptive innovation. The theory is growing stronger but is still haunted by vagueness and post hoc definition issues, which signifies the nature of disruptive innovation may remain unveiled. In order to eliminate the controversies and confusion, this study sorts out commonalities and key driving forces for market encroachment of disruptive innovation, and utilizes the interpretative structural model to reorganize the original theoretical framework based on the principle of “Occam’s razor”. The results show that (1) the value network is the theoretical outset of disruptive innovation and manifests as two different value dimensions at the product or technical level, which endows disruptive innovation with “duality”; (2) the duality makes disruptive innovation have asymmetric advantages and disadvantages compared to existing products or technologies in terms of price and performance; The asymmetry changes enterprises’ competition basis and consumers’ evaluation matrices, which essentially explains the key to market encroachment of disruptive innovation; (3) the duality is the essence that distinguishes disruptive innovation from other types of innovation.

The significance of warehouse management in supply chain: An ISM approach

Warehouse management is the key aspect for an uninterrupted flow of products within a supply chain. This paper deals with the critical factors that are responsible for creating an impactful influence on the working of warehouse management. The analysis involves the selection of critical factors then applying Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) methodology to them in order to get the level partition and final ISM model. This research also involves the MICMAC analysis on the factors which classifies all the selected factors into four groups namely, autonomous variables, dependent variables, linkage variables and driver variables. This research will help the supply chain architects to establish a better and reliable warehouse system. As this research involves analysis of multiple domains that is why a variety of users can refer to this work for their businesses, also the ISM approach gives a good accuracy of the hierarchy of the factors which helps in deciding the most effective chronology of the implementation of various warehousing operations. Researchers can also refer to this work to get insights of the significance of warehouse management in the supply chain and also the complete working of the ISM methodology.

Agility adaptability and alignment in start-ups

Purpose When coping with uncertainties, three characteristics distinguish firms: agility, adaptability and alignment (triple-A). Based on significant field research, the triple-A highlights the significance of coordinating agility, adaptability and alignment. Start-ups are facing a lot of challenges in this turbulent environment. However, this sector is undergoing a major transformation. Agility, adaptability and alignment concepts have had a major influence on the supply chain, but their implementation in start-ups has been less visible. This paper aims to identify, analyze and categorize the enablers for agility, adaptability and alignment in start-ups using the total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) approach. Design/methodology/approach In addition to the scheduled interview, a closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect data. To identify how the factors interact, the TISM technique is used, and the Matriced’Impacts Croises-Multipication Applique’ and Classment method is used to rank and categorize the agility, adaptability and alignment enablers. Findings This study identified ten agility, adaptability and alignment factors for start-ups. It has been found that the key importance should be given to management involvement, conflict management, collaboration and information integration. Research limitations/implications This study primarily focused on the agility, adaptability and alignment factors in start-ups. Practical implications This study will help academics and key stakeholders understand the aspects that lead to agility, adaptability and alignment in start-ups. Originality/value Agility, adaptability and alignment concepts have had a major influence on the supply chain, but their implementation in start-ups has been less visible. Therefore, this is a novel attempt in this industry’s agility, adaptability and alignment.

Zakatech: Readiness and Development of Zakat Fundraising in Indonesia

Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS) as a sharia social financial institution offers the latest technology in the process of socialization, service and zakat fundraising. The new model offered is ZakaTech, an online payment model that makes it easier for a muzaki (zakat payer) to fulfill his or her responsibility to pay zakat in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic. In addition, the distribution of zakat funds using ZakaTech method is considered very effective in helping mustahik, especially helping the poor who are economically affected by the covid-19 pandemic. This paper aims to analyze the strategy of developing zakat model with Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) approach and zakatech Readiness Index. The results show that the main strategy needed in terms of developing ZakaTech is the ability of human resources (amil zakat) in managing and analyzing data in the era of big data using digital services. The main elements involved in ZakaTech development in Indonesia include the government as a regulator, educational institutions, media digital, amil and muzaki (pentahelix).

HALAL PRODUCT TRACEABILITY SYSTEM MODELING USING INTERPRETIVE STRUCTURAL MODELING (ISM) IN BANGKALAN HALAL INDUSTRIAL AREA

Requirements for listing halal products are regulated in the Undang-undang Jaminan Produk Halal No. 33 of 2014. Fraud in the form of counterfeiting products labeled halal starts from not opening the entire halal production process from upstream to downstream of the supply chain. Therefore, to maintain product halalness, it is necessary to apply the traceability of halal products in the food supply chain as an effective tool to ensure product halalness and ensure food safety. The main objective of a traceability system is to record and document the product including all materials used in the production process. The method used to model the traceability system of Halal supply chain products is the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) approach. Elements of the Halal Supply Chain Traceability System include Halal Procurement, Halal Manufacturing, Halal Logistics, Halal Distribution, Supplier Traceability, Manufacturer Traceability, Logistics Traceability and Distribution Traceability. Halal Product Traceability System Modeling aims to accelerate the development of the Bangkalan Halal Industrial Estate. Modeling of the Supply Chain halal traceability system in maintaining the integrity of halal products in the Bangkalan halal industrial area is located in the Power Driver Quadrant, namely Logistic Traceability, Distribution Traceability, Producer traceability, and supplier traceability. Quadran Strong Driver-Strongly Dependent Variable (Linkage), consisting of halal distribution and halal manufacturing elements. Quadran II Driver Power, namely halal logistics and halal procurement. And there are no elements in Quadran I. It can be concluded, the Bangkalan halal industrial area requires all elements to be related. So as not to make tourists visiting Bangkalan worry about the halal guarantee system for Bangkalan regional products.

An Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) Approach to Evaluate Barriers to Resiliency in Indian Pharmaceutical Supply Chains

The COVID-19 global pandemic, over the last year and a half, has managed to create massive disruptions in global supply chains and exposed their vulnerabilities, thereby reemphasizing the importance of resiliency. The current study aims to identify and prioritize, through the quantitative decision-making technique of Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM), a set of barriers to resiliency for the pharmaceutical supply chain in India. The rationale behind choosing the Indian pharmaceutical supply chain was that the pharmaceutical sector in India supplies over half of the global demand for vaccines and generic drugs, and the trajectory of growth is indicated around US$100 billion by the year 2025, along with exporting pharmaceutical products to nearly 200 destination countries. The findings of the current study are expected to aid the decision-makers in evaluating the relative criticality and the interrelationship between the potential (and critical) barriers to supply chain resiliency, and in turn to develop strategic plans. This, in turn, can help to combat unforeseen supply chain disruptors such as COVID-19. This methodology and the findings of the study can be generalized for other supply chains.

Modelling of consumer challenges and marketing strategies during crisis

PurposeMarketing is all about understanding your consumers and giving them what they want. However, this process becomes more complicated in times of economic crisis and national slowdown. Consumers can become scattered and unpredictable in their behaviour, making it hard to understand what they want or need. At times like these, it is more important than ever to rely on qualitative market research to understand the views of consumers and managers. Thus, this study aims to look at the significant consumer challenges that arise during times of crisis and the marketing strategies that managers prefer to counter the crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe data collected for this study involves an extensive literature review followed by personal interviews with industry experts. This study presents two separate models, indicating hierarchical relationships among consumer challenges during crisis and marketing strategies using the total interpretive structural modelling approach. Further MICMAC analysis (popularly known as cross-impact matrix multiplication) was also performed to assess each variable's driving and dependence power.Findings“Price sensitiveness” and “adaptive buying” result as driving factors with the highest driving and lowest dependence power, which further gives rise to other consumer behaviour challenges. Likewise, the most critical strategies are “information systems” and the formation of “crisis management teams” during a crisis. At the same time, other strategies have resulted as linkage and dependent factors and none as the autonomous factor.Originality/valueThis paper provides a systematic understanding of how a manager can understand the challenges consumers face during a crisis and suggests a powerful summary of strategies companies can implement to sail through a crisis.

Identifying and ranking key technological capabilities in supply chain sustainability using ISM approach: case of food industry in Iran.

The food industry is one of the strategic industries in developing countries, such as Iran and plays a critical role in the economy, food security, and public health. The growing populations can only have food security when the food industry's supply chain is sustainable. Therefore, due to the sustainable food supply chain's great importance, having technological capabilities compared to others is considered a competitive advantage for the companies involved in the food industry, as it can distinguish them as pioneer actors. Although many technologies have been investigated and used in the sustainable supply chain recently, no study has focused on identifying and ranking key technological capabilities related to the food industry in sustainable supply chain management. Also, we have not found any study using the ISM-MICMAC method to identify, rank, and interdependence between key technology capabilities in supply chain sustainability. Accordingly, the present study sought to identify and rank key technological capabilities in the supply chain sustainability of food industry companies. In this study, after reviewing the relevant literature, eleven technological capabilities in supply chain sustainability were identified. Then using experts' opinions and Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM), interdependence among the technological capabilities ranked. Finally, dependent and independent drivers were presented using the MICMAC analysis. The ISM analysis results indicated that communication and information technology infrastructure was the most significant driver for other technological capabilities in companies' supply chain sustainability. Moreover, logistic optimization is imperative for improving supply chain sustainability performance. Therefore, if logistic optimization is appropriately implemented, it can improve supply chain sustainability. The present study results can increase supply chain productivity and effectiveness in Iranian food industry companies.

INTERPRETIVE STRUCTURAL MODELING APPROACH TO EFFECTIVE INTERNAL CONTROL PRACTICES FOR PREVENTION OF ACCOUNTING FRAUD IN SMALL BUSINESSES USING MICMAC ANALYSIS

Internal control is one of the vital tools for management which can be compared to the nervous system of the organization that ensures effective execution of the organization’s functions. In this study an attempt has been made to identify the important internal control practices in small businesses and study the relationship between them with the objective of prioritizing the practices for making the internal control system effective in the organization, primarily to detect and prevent fraudulent activities in financial matters. The study has been conducted employing interpretive structural modelling approach and MICMAC Analysis. The study shows the dependence and driving power of individual factors and interaction between them to point out relatively important factors the small business organisation must focus on to make the internal control system effective. KEY WORDS Internal control, Internal audit, fraud prevention, Micmac analysis, accounting control

An Expanded Interpretive Structural Modeling Analysis of the Barriers to Integrated Flood Risk Management Adaptation in Metro Manila

The implementation of integrated flood risk management (IFRM) is still in its infancy in both developed and developing countries, yet some countries have already encountered barriers to IFRM adaptation. The interrelationships between these barriers need to be determined and analyzed systematically, as such an analysis is the groundwork for decision-making when devising solutions to overcome the barriers. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) is a popular and systematic method for analyzing the interrelationship between variables in broad study areas. This study applies the proposed expanded ISM (Ex-ISM) approach to comprehensively analyze the interrelationships between the barriers to IFRM in Metro Manila. Ex-ISM enhances conventional ISM in that the symbolism is modified to explicitly show the contextual interrelationships, the step for hierarchy assignment is simplified, and the diagram shows all of the interrelationships that allow a comprehensive analysis. The results obtained using the Ex-ISM method do not deviate from those yielded by the conventional ISM method, but the Ex-ISM method allows an easy assignment of hierarchy, and it shows not only the direct but also the indirect interrelationships to provide a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between the barriers.

Analysis of internal factors of green supply chain management: An interpretive structural modeling approach

The industrial revolution in the world brings environmental concern in industrial and production sector which puts more focuses on the green or sustainable supply chain practice. Green supply chain management is focused on ensuring sustainable production and customer order fulfillment through a series of activities. In this study internal factors of green supply chain management practice are analyzed, and theoretical model is developed according to the driving power and dependence power of the factor. This study is performed in interpretive structural modelling (ISM) approach where industry experts were consulted to include their industry experience in the evaluation process. The study has identified eight factors which can be controlled internally within the organization. Among these eight factors, commitment from the top management is the most crucial factor for its’ highest driving power. The reverse logistic process stands on the next, and material storing and management on the upper level.

Barriers to, and Enablers for, Stakeholder Collaboration in Risk-Sensitive Urban Planning: A Systematised Literature Review

The lack of stakeholder collaboration has been recognised as a prominent hindrance in implementing risk-sensitive urban planning for creating resilient environments for communities against climate-induced risks. This study presents the outcome of a systematised literature review that was conducted to identify the barriers to stakeholder collaboration, as well as the enablers that assist stakeholder collaboration in risk-sensitive urban planning. The study identified thirty-three barriers which were classified under thirteen themes and four major categories (external barriers, inter-organisational barriers, intra-organisational barriers, and personal barriers). The review also identified forty-five enablers which can be used in surmounting the identified barriers. The dependency analysis of the barriers, conducted by adopting the interpretive structural modelling approach, shows that the barriers with a high driving power are external barriers, which are political barriers, policies and legislation-related barriers, and governance-related barriers that are beyond the organisational boundary and control. The research found that the enablers to overcome those high driving barriers are gaining political support for implementing inter-organisational collaboration or adapting the apolitical approach for the collaboration process, strengthening the laws and forming adaptive policies to support collaboration, and establishing transparent and accountable collaborative governance.

Sustainable Growth for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Interpretive Structural Modeling Approach

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are constantly under pressure to grow. This pressure forces everyone involved to think about how best to run their business. Although there is much research on SME growth, previous research is fragmented and only addresses internal or external enablers. This study aims to construct an interaction model for all enablers that promote sustainable SME growth. An interpretive structural modeling (ISM) analysis is conducted to formulate an interaction model of enablers for SME growth. The results show that both internal and external enablers are crucial for SME growth. This study shows that the following internal enablers that are interrelated and strongly influence SME growth are MS (managerial skills), EO (entrepreneurial orientation), and OwS (ownership structure). In addition, external enablers such as CIL (customer involvement and location) and GS (government support) also play an important role in improving the performance of other factors for SME growth. In addition, this study also provides a guide for formulating strategies for SME sustainability. Effective policy formulation must be based on a correct understanding of the interdependence between enablers as a unified model of interaction. The interaction between the enablers highlighted and the level of the model would be helpful to all shareholders in finding appropriate strategies for SME growth.

Modeling organizational resilience in maritime business: an ISM and MICMAC approach

PurposeBusiness environments and global transportation system have become more complex than ever due to complexity drivers of industries which create uncertainty and unpredictability to organizations. Like other industries, the maritime business faces different and difficult problems which threaten organizational survival. The ability to cope with those uncertainties, threats and problems shows the resilience ability of organizations that help to survive and prosper. The organizational resilience concept arises as a requirement to deal with problems and uncertainties of business environments which are swiftly changing. This study aims to suggest an organizational framework to show how maritime business organizations as the sea leg of global transportation system can develop resilient organizations via complex adaptive systems (CAS) approach if adequate design features of CAS could be defined and included in organizational properties.Design/methodology/approachA total of 15 CAS features were identified as the enablers of organizational resilience throughout the literature. An interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach has been conducted to determine the mutual relation between the CAS features which constitute an organizational framework. These CAS features have been categorized by conducting MICMAC analysis.FindingsThis study proposes a framework that identifies CAS features as the enabler of resilient maritime business organizations. The CAS approach offers new managerial toolkit to realize current organizational situations and allows managers to understand that it is difficult to control their system in this dynamic environment where special management practices are required especially in volatile times rather than ordinary times. Also, organizations could not compete as a sole organization but as a web/system of organizations. CAS is more resilient than other systems because resilience is the emergent occurrence of the system formed from nonlinear, dynamic interactions with self-organized agents.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has some limitations, like organizational resilience studies are in the infant stage and further research into this area should be extended. This study uses the CAS approach to develop organizational resilience. Further studies could use different lenses and contemporary subjects in management field which should also be useful while developing resilience in organizations. This study uses ISM and MICMAC analysis where further studies could use quantitative design and methods like formal concept analysis or the decision making trial and evaluation laboratory to determine the relational weighs of CAS features while developing resilient organizations. Future studies may also focus on different maritime stakeholders like IMO or ILO, maritime agencies, freight forwarders or insurance underwriters regarding developing and enhancing resilience of the maritime system.Practical implicationsWorld trade and transportation systems are getting more uncertain and lean on complex relations where maritime transportation is a “vital backbone” of such operations. But becoming more complex structures leads to vulnerable systems and organizations. Most risk management applications are based on predicting the known risks where many of them are not enough to fight with unknowns. Coping with today's problems are difficult for organizations in any industry. But for maritime business stakeholders who work in such a global web of relations, it is much more challenging. So, stakeholders of the system like forwarders, ports or ship chandlers may easily apply those features to develop resilient organizations too. Legal authorities of the system and rule-makers like local Chambers of Shipping, IMO or Classification societies can benefit from this framework and provide supportive settings to develop system-wide resilient organizations.Social implicationsBy understanding environmental uncertainty and complexity better than others, organizations become resilient and cope with significant difficulties which make them more competitive as a substantial strategic advantage. Resilient management offers to break down points at the system and shows them ways to restore quickly while transporting goods while traditional risk assessments are not enough.Originality/valueThe originality of the study lies in two folds; first of all the key and most used features of CAS is linked to developing resilient maritime organizations and by maritime expert opinions, this study tries to determine which of these CAS features are the most effective to trigger other features to develop organizational resilience in the maritime business. And secondly, the concept of organizational resilience and the CAS approach are not analyzed in depth in the context of maritime business.

Analysing the Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Bootstrapping and Bricolage: A Modified Total Interpretive Structural Modelling and MICMAC Approach

This article seeks to systematically identify and model antecedents of entrepreneurial bootstrapping and bricolage to determine and interpret the relationships and hierarchy between them. Entrepreneurial bootstrapping and bricolage are key dynamic capabilities that help entrepreneurs access, accumulate and enhance resources to adapt to scarce business environments. The article employs a modified total interpretive structural modelling analysis to determine hierarchical inter-relationships between the antecedents and a Matrice d’ Impacts Croises Multiplication Applique An Classment analysis to understand their driving and dependence powers. The results highlight that founder characteristics and human capital are placed at the lower levels, making them critical driving elements of the model along with environmental hostility and resource constraints. Entrepreneurial orientation, slack, external financial capital and entrepreneurial frugality are dependent variables, with social capital as a linkage variable. This study will guide entrepreneurs trying to implement resourcefulness behaviours to respond to the coronavirus disease-2019 crisis by prioritising driving antecedents to impact the dependent factors further.

Analyzing the barriers to sustainable procurement in an emerging economy: an interpretive structural modeling approach

PurposeThis paper aims to identify, using a literature review and expert panel input, what impedes organizations from implementing sustainable procurement, particularly in an emerging economy context.Design/methodology/approachThe extant literature review was carried out to explore and identify the barriers to sustainable procurement. Using interpretive structural modeling (ISM), the authors established a contextual relationship among the 22 identified barriers. These barriers are then classified into different categories, using the matrice d’impacts cross-multiplication appliqúe an classment (MICMAC) technique, based on their driving and dependence power.FindingsThe findings improve our understanding of the critical barriers and their direct and indirect effect on each other in obstructing sustainable procurement practices. The study is the first of its kind in identifying the barriers to sustainable procurement and developing a hierarchical relationship among barriers using an integrated ISM–MICMAC methodology based on data from an emerging economy (Pakistan). With a focus on sustainable practices, this study also responds to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.Practical implicationsThe results of the hierarchical model help understand which barriers are the most crucial to be fixed immediately (i.e. absence of environmental laws and lack of consumer pressure) and how different barriers could influence each other, specifically in emerging economies. The practitioners can use the findings to make more informed decisions to mitigate the crucial barriers that could impede their goals of sustainable procurement.Originality/valueThe study is the first of its kind to identify the barriers to sustainable procurement and develop a contextual relation and hierarchical framework in the Pakistani context.

Interpretive Structural Modeling: Research Trends, Linkages to Sustainable Development Goals, and Impact of COVID-19

Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) is widely used to understand the complex connections between different components. This study presents a bibliometric overview of ISM research, with a focus on its linkages to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the impact of COVID-19. The study analyzed 1988 publications on ISM published between 2012 and 2021, of which 1202 were directly mapped to the SDGs and 59 were related to COVID-19. The study identified key authors, institutions, countries, and journals involved in the research and their linkages to the SDGs. The results showed that ISM research is strongly linked to SDG 12 (on responsible consumption and production) and SDG 9 (on industry, innovation, and infrastructure). We also identified influential SDGs on the basis of centrality measures such as betweenness and eigenvector. The top four countries contributing to ISM publications were India, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The most frequently cited journals were Benchmarking: An International Journal, Sustainability, the Journal of Modelling in Management, and the Journal of Cleaner Production. Four main clusters were identified in the ISM research, including (1) integration with AHP and fuzzy logic for promoting sustainability alignment, (2) ISM-based strategy development for various stakeholders, (3) ISM-based decision-making in various fields, and (4) ISM-based risk evaluation. For the first time, studies that used the ISM approach to understand the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 were identified, and their key findings were discussed. The study also identified several emerging topics for future ISM research, such as blockchain and IoT, environmental management systems, climate change adaptation, smart cities, and humanitarian logistics and their potential linkages to the SDGs.