Interpretive Research Methods Research Articles

Non-Formal Islamic Education Sustainability Construction: Study on the Tahfiz House of Daarul Quran

This research aims to interpret sustainability concepts and practices in Islamic education management in the non-formal spectrum by using interpretive qualitative research methods with content analysis as a tool to describe sustainability in this house (rumah this). This research shows that sustainability is a concept defined as the organization's founder and management's efforts to ensure that the educational program for memorizing Al-Qur’an continues to run and meets the expectations of the various parties involved. By providing scholarships to realize the motto “semua bisa jadi santri (Everyone can be a Santri). This aligns with the SDG's principle of "Education for all". In practice, sustainability is an organizational transformation effort carried out by the founders and management of the organization in the form of establishing a subsidiary organization that specifically manages tahfiz houses as the education center in memorizing Al-Qur’an. The organization's transformation is establishing a partnership based on trust so that the educational goal of SDG's "no one left behind" can be achieved.

“Now there are fewer of me". A qualitative study of the impact of psychoeducative groups for complex dissociative disorder

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the experience and impact of participating in psychoeducative group therapy based on an explanatory model for dissociative symptoms. We further explored the potential significance this may have for the participants healing process. MethodsA total of 26 participants with Complex Dissociative Disorder (CDD) were interviewed 6 months after finishing a 20-week psychoeducative group therapy that included skills training. The research team analyzed the data with an interpretative interview-based qualitative research method. ResultsThe analysis resulted in two main categories with 12 subcategories. The first main category was “Developing a more coherent self”, describing an initial change in the participants' self-experience from confused and fragmented to increased coherency. The second main category “Increased sense of agency” represented a new way of relating to and helping oneself. The results are presented in a model which points towards some possible connections between the categories. ConclusionsOur results suggest that the psychoeducative group therapy contributed to a movement towards increased self-awareness which permits a sense of coherence among various parts of the self and an increased sense of agency. The model resulting from this work identifies crucial elements of change that can be applied to improving treatment.

English Language Teacher Professional Development: Teacher Educators’ Perceptions and Experiences

With rapid changes and advancements in teaching English language education and the needs of learners, it has become essential for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers to be updated periodically by enhancing their attitudes, skills, and knowledge through different teacher professional development activities and strategies. English language teachers are required to keep upgrading themselves to help EFL learners acquire English effectively. This research aims to explore EFL teacher educators’ perceptions of the importance of teacher professional development and identify their experienced activities for teacher professional development. This research is conducted at a university in Nepal with the participation of eight EFL teacher educators involved in individual interviews. The interpretive research paradigm and case study research method are used for the study. Semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis are used for data collection and analysis. The results show that most of them have positive perceptions towards the importance of EFL professional development and offer suggestions on activities for English proficiency, teaching pedagogy, digital skills, and research skills for teacher professional development that administrators of the university can consult to build skilled teaching professionals who can meet various needs of present learners.

Analysis of 'Beauty Bestie' Perceptions Built in Emina Beauty Bestie Day Campaign

Beauty has become a hot topic in public discussions, especially adolescent girls with various definitions of 'beautiful' that exist. However, the influence of technology has created specific beauty standards. In the transition process, adolescents begin to realize the importance of physical appearance to affect their self-confidence. This study analyzes the perception of 'Beauty Bestie' built in the Emina Beauty Bestie Day campaign by Emina Cosmetics as a support system for teenagers to overcome their skin problems, so that the object in this study is the perception of 'Beauty Bestie' and the subjects are campaign audiences as key informants and psychology experts as expert informants. This study used interpretive qualitative research methods with a phenomenological approach and research data obtained through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Social cognitive theory was used as a foundation for reviewing this research and Van Kaam's phenomenological data analysis techniques were used to analyze data findings with data analysis units oriented to the stage of perception formation by Julia T. Wood and DeVito. The results showed that the perception of 'Beauty Bestie' built in the Emina Beauty Bestie Day campaign has been formed in the campaign audience to the stage of recall. This research is only limited to the formation of the perception of 'Beauty Bestie' in the Emina Beauty Bestie Day campaign, so that future research can further analyze the perception of 'Beauty Bestie' in the campaign audience in terms of brand positioning, brand image, or sales. 
 Keywords: Beauty Standards; Formation of perception; Beauty Bestie; Campaign

Formation and development of female choral performance in Ukraine

Statement of the problem. Ukrainian women’s choral performance has long traditions. Today, there are women’s choirs in Ukraine that adequately represent the musical culture of our country. Nevertheless, in scientific research, the issues related to female choral performance do not attract enough attention: there are only isolated works on the activities of female choirs, therefore a systematic study of the genesis of female choral performance is relevant. Recent research and publications. Currently, there is only one textbook in Ukraine: Theory and Methods of Working with female Choirs (Kravtsova, Patskan, & Shkilnyuk, 2010). There are separate articles by K. Davydovskyi (2016), T. Martyniuk 92017), Yu. Olach (2017), and N. Kryzhanovska (2009), which study the activities of the female choirs and their conductors. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of the study is to trace the process of formation of female choral performance in Ukraine, to determine its ways of development at the present stag, which is carried out for the first time in national art history. The study is based on the principle of historicism, systematic and complex approaches to the subject under consideration, and uses cultural, source studies, biographical and local studies, executive and interpretive research methods. Research results. Female choral singing has a long tradition that is closely linked to pagan rituals. The origins of professional women’s choral singing are associated with the founding of nunneries in Ukraine. Institutes for noble girls, diocesan schools and private boarding houses appeared in the second half of the XIX century. 13 women’s diocesan schools existed in Ukraine between 1854 and 1917. Singing in the church choir used to bean important element of education in these institutions. First female gymnasiums that appeared in Ukraine were called Mariinsky. They functioned in Kyiv (from 1859), Kharkiv (from 1860), and Odesa (from 1868). Education in Ukraine underwent significant changes after the revolution of the 1917. Most monasteries were destroyed and institutions for noble girls ceased to exist. The choral art of the first decades of the Soviet period was represented by the activities of amateur groups at factories and plants. Professional female choral singing continued to exist thanks to the emergence of music departments in pedagogical colleges. Nowadays, such collectives as S. Fominykh Choir (Mykolaiv, conducted by T. Ostrovska), the Women’s Choir of the R. Glier Kyiv Municipal Academy of Music (conducted by H. Horbatenko), and the “Pavana” Women’s Choir of the Drahomanov National Pedagogical University (Kyiv, conducted by L. Baida) bring to us outstanding examples of the female choral performance. The activity of bright female choirs in the contemporary space encourages composers to create highly artistic choral music. The works of L. Dychko, V. Stepurko, H. Havrylets, V. Poliova, I. Shcherbakov, V. Zubytskyi and others adorn the concert programs of many female choirs in Ukraine. Conclusions. The state’s gender policy has led to a significant spread of the female choral performance. Contemporary female choral performance is divided into amateur, educational, and church. Today in Ukraine there is not a single female choir that has the status of a professional one, but the performance skills of some educational groups actually put them on the level of professional choirs.

음악인문학의 실천인문학적 가능성에 대한 연구

This study proposed Music Humanities as a methodological model for the social realization of practical humanities. Music humanities is text-based journalistic content based on a convergent approach between the fields of music and humanities.. In order to examine the possibility and usefulness of practical humanities implied in Music Humanities, based on interpretive research methods based on grounded theory of the text of Music Humanities and related research literature, first, text recognition according to discussion system restructuring We analyzed the text linguistics and social psychological standards and values reflected in the environment construction process, and derived practical humanities significance through them. Second, the musicological value of key text areas according to the structuring of music's media nature was illuminated and the practical humanities implications implied in the conceptualization process of music were derived. Lastly, the possibility of creating social messages in the humanities through music was specified by analyzing the discourse process of key text areas that surfaced the humanities value of music. This study can provide an opportunity to further solidify the social tone and line of practical humanities.

“Hey, Alexa” “Hey, Siri”, “OK Google” ….” exploring teenagers’ interaction with artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled voice assistants during the COVID-19 pandemic

AI-enabled virtual voice assistants have eased user interaction and user experience. The current study aims to understand how teenagers interact and engage with voice assistants. The rationale of usage, perceptions, patterns and expectations of teenagers from smart speakers has been explored within the framework of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) model. The study uses an interpretive qualitative research method to gain in-depth insights, empirical details, and narrative aspects of user experiences of smart speakers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 teenagers pursuing high school in the age group 13–15 years during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicated that all seven variables (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivations, habit, and privacy concerns) impact the usage of smart speakers. The study also ascertains that hedonic motivation is a significant driving factor in the UTAUT2 model.

Architectural historicism: the reflection of Western medieval architecture on contemporary churches. Jordan as a case study

PurposeThis research purpose was to explore the meaning of historicism, architectural historicism, the architectural attributes, design principles, elements and ornamentations of churches in medieval Western architecture, and how they were reflected in contemporary churches' design in Jordan.Design/methodology/approachThis research used the historical descriptive–interpretive qualitative research method. Around 24 Western medieval churches were selected, studied and analyzed to explore the common design attributes of each historical era. The design attributes of each era were segmented under three categories: Design principles (plans' typology, facades, shapes, details, composition and building form), design elements (openings, towers and entrances) and ornamentation (sculptures, paintings and interior decoration). Additionally, three modern Jordanian churches were analyzed using the same method to compare with the historical churches through personal observations, field trips, researchers' memories, site visits, archival records, plans, images, books, slides, details and note-making. Different types of evidence were used, such as determinate, contextual and inferential. In addition, different tactics for analysis were used in analyzing the historical churches: site familiarity, use of existing documents, virtual and visual inspection and comparison with conditions elsewhere. Credibility was achieved when the results were reviewed and compared with the original and similar information.FindingsEarly Christian design principles, elements and ornamentations were reflected in Jordanian churches more than in Byzantine, Renaissance, Romanesque and Gothic. The design principles of Western medieval architecture were reflected in the selected Jordanian churches more than in ornamentation and design elements. Moreover, this research found that the highest reflection of Western medieval architecture on Jordanian churches was in designing the plans, which is a basilica with a central nave and aisles followed by opening styles, façade, shapes, entrances design, composition, painting and the minimum reflection was in sculptures. Additionally, there was no reflection on tower design and interior decoration.Practical implicationsThis research encourages architects to enhance architectural historicism by focusing on historical styles in contemporary designs and using design elements, principles and decorations of historical styles in medieval architecture to enrich the variety and originality of architectural design and create new modern stylistic architecture. Architectural historicism increases historical self-awareness and helps a generation of architects to answer the question: In what style should be built.Originality/valueLearning the design principles, not copying the past, is becoming a trend for most architects. Architectural historicism introduces new temporal elements, gives a new meaning and primary function to architecture to become socio-temporal and contextual contrast and reflects the essential points of references of the past through design methodology to express the present. The advantage of this research is to put an end to architects' role in syncretism and subjectivism. Instead, historicism architects equipped with the necessary knowledge and supported by the published research and inventors of historical architecture, can choose, imitate, adapt, borrow and use the correct historical forms that originated in a given period.

Facilitating international students' learning during placements: the experiences of practice assessors and practice supervisors.

There are increasing numbers of international students applying for preregistration nursing courses in the UK. Encouraging overseas students to study nursing in the UK has potential benefits for the profession, but practice assessors and practice supervisors may face challenges when supporting international students during placements. To explore the experiences of practice assessors and practice supervisors in facilitating international preregistration nursing students' learning during placements. A qualitative interpretive research method was used. Data from ten semi-structured interviews undertaken in one hospital in an acute NHS trust were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and interpretive approaches. Three overarching themes emerged: communication, support and collaboration. Participants identified barriers related to language and culture and expressed a desire for additional information about students' background before the start of placements. Solutions included drawing from the expertise of colleagues with similar backgrounds to those of students, using buddying and creating peer support groups. Effective collaboration between universities and practice placement providers is needed to develop interventions that can support practice assessors and practice supervisors to enhance international students' learning experiences.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Integrated Product Trade on International Political Economy

We live in a world where it is difficult to keep up with the increasing speed of globalization and the diversity of technological developments. In this process, we are both developing and diversifying. The meanings and scopes of some concepts are different from the old ones. From this point of view, this study not only examines the relationship between artificial intelligence and trade, but also reveals the contribution of commercial goods and services in which artificial intelligence is integrated to trade. In addition, as a result of its contribution to trade, its relationship with political economy is also examined. The aim of the article is to reveal the relationship between artificial intelligence and trade, as well as to examine its political economy in global governance. In the study, it has been determined that various products have emerged in areas where artificial intelligence is integrated and this leads to an increase in productivity. In addition, it has been observed that productivity increases increase trade volumes. Giving various incentives and supports to countries for products in which artificial intelligence is integrated has increased global competition. It has been observed that this situation has a direct or indirect effect on the politics and economy of the countries. During the study, qualitative data were examined and interpretive research method was used.

Embracing paradox: middle managers’ compassion and the vulnerable customer

PurposeThis study explores the phenomenon of compassionate leadership, a promising concept in management literature. Despite significant contributions towards the understanding of its antecedents and consequences, the specific role of compassion concerning the leader behavior under extreme pressure remains unexplored.Design/methodology/approachDrawing empirically on the case of three banks under three different logics, the authors trace how heads of banking branches, namely, middle managers, deal with the paradoxical phenomenon of integrating their human nature with the coetaneous need to achieve aggressive objectives. The authors analyzed interviews using the interpretive research method (Hatch and Yanow, 2003).FindingsThe authors identified that the logic of savings banks and credit cooperatives, together with specific human elements, created a healthier environment to develop compassionate behaviors compared to commercial banks. The authors found coherence when linking the institutional message of putting the spotlight on a personalized treatment of customers, and the middle manager compassionate actions towards customers and subordinates.Research limitations/implicationsSuggestions for future theorizing and research are advanced, along with constructive practical implications to rehumanize the dark side of banking for both employees and customers.Originality/valueThe findings provided in this paper are original because they provide further evidence of linking business logics with compassionate leadership of middle managers and its impact on employees and customers.

From Closure to Gradual Release: Evidence from the Spatial Evolution and Causal Mechanism of EGS Industry in the Main Town Area of Wuhan, China

With the economic impact and increasing popularity of the electronic gaming industry, EGS (Electronic Gaming Sports) had become an important topic of debate in sports academia regarding its conceptual delineation and attribute characteristics. This paper jumped out of the hotpot academic perspective of the concept, characteristics, and impacts of EGS. In response to the gaps in the spatial development of the EGS industry and the lack of empirical research findings, an interpretive empirical research method was adopted, focusing on Wuhan as the study area to gain insight into the situation where the spatial development of the EGS industry was unclear. The spatial evolution of the EGS industry in the main town area of Wuhan was interpreted through a quantitative approach and based on the spatial data of EGS companies from 2006 to 2022 using Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN), Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), and Ordinary Kriging (OK) of geospatial analysis. The results indicated closure to the gradual release of the EGS industry, with specific findings as follows. (1) The EGS industry in the main town area of Wuhan from 2006 to 2022 developed rapidly, and the overall spatial distribution showed a process from discrete to cluster, accompanied by an apparent deepening of aggregation in recent years. The local aggregation of the EGS industry transformed from dual to multiple cores, and the multiple cores formed stronger groups of aggregation as the cluster spread and merged. (2) The spatial interpolation of the registered capital of companies predicted the hot spot of high- capital distribution of EGS companies in the Optics Valley vice town area of Hongshan to the southeast, indicating that more competitive EGS companies and larger EGS industry groups might emerge in Optics Valley in the future. (3) The spatial evolution of the EGS industry in the main town area of Wuhan could be divided into an early start phase from 2006-2010, a rapid development phase from 2010-2014, an aggregate explosion phase from 2014-2018, and a cluster integration phase from 2018-2022. (4) The spatial evolution of the EGS industry was influenced not only by the main factors of industrial economic agglomeration, industrial chain derivation, and industrial policy environment but also by the other factors of land and talent market, adjacent infrastructure support, city industrial promotion, and globalization dissemination. The future development of the EGS industry could be guided by the government's industrial policies, supported by high-quality talent teams, and driven by local promotion and international communication to provide an essential impetus for the optimal EGS industry.

Addressing Community Health Worker Wellness and Self-care: A Formative Evaluation

Objective: Community health workers (CHWs) experience higher than average risks for chronic diseases and poor health and are disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to being from historically marginalized populations. Despite limited literature, these factors indicate a need for CHW-specific support programming for wellness and self-care. Therefore, we conducted formative evaluation using virtual focus groups (N = 5) using descriptive and interpretive qualitative research methods to inform a program called “HANS KAI.” Methods: The focus groups included CHWs (N = 35) and CHW supervisors (N = 5) to explore CHW-support programming needs and understand their perceptions of HANS KAI. Two moderators followed a semi-structured focus group guide with questions and prompts focused on 5 primary domains: (1) Intervention Initiation, (2) Impact of Agency Culture, (3) HANS KAI Meeting Details, (4) HANS KAI Meeting Topics, and (5) Intervention Incentives. Audio-transcribed data were aggregated and analyzed for each domain with inductive codes involving iterative cycles of descriptive and in vivo coding. Salient themes and sub-themes were developed based on the domains. Results: We developed 8 salient themes within the domains. Conclusion: Our findings reveal that CHW HANS KAI components reflect CHWs’ needs, may benefit CHWs, and provide insights into CHW-specific programming.

Features of Life Meaning Orientations and Defensive-Coping Behaviour of Russian and Foreign Students

The relevance of the study is due to the need to comprehend the influence of cultural and value orientations on the behavior of Russian and foreign students in difficult situations. Relying on meaningful life guidelines helps to transform and improve one’s own line of response at difficult social crisis conditions and accumulate a baggage of culturally acceptable solutions. The need to understand this problem determined the purpose of the study – to identify features in the manifestation of meaningful life orientations and differences in the strategies of protective coping behavior among Russian and foreign students (from the Republic of Tajikistan). Based on the set goal, using empirical and interpretive research methods, results were obtained for a total sample of 100 people. The subjects were first-year students from Tajikistan and Russia. It was revealed that Russian students in crisis situations actively try to comprehend it and, nevertheless, satisfy their significant needs, while foreign young people, most often, smooth out, mitigate discomfort, their behavior is compensatory in nature. Nevertheless, differences in value-semantic orientations and, in accordance with this, building their own trajectory of protective and coping behavior allow students to adapt in society, coordinating their traditional values with the modern cultural transformation of society.

Motivations Of Farm Stay Hosts And Guests: A Phenomenological Study

Background: Studies pertaining farm tourism chiefly highlights positivistic methodologies and quantitative approaches. However, there is need to explore, describe and better understand the intricacies of tourism impacting the farm, the families and rural surroundings. Interpretative research methods are comprehensive and ease off compound understanding of human dynamics involved in farm tourism. This phenomenological study explores the farm tourism experiences in Shimla from the perspective of both hosts and guests. Objective:The aim of the study was to understand different motivations people have to run a farm tourism business, and what motivates visitors to seek holidays at these destinations. Methodology: The personal narratives of hosts interviewed clarified assumptions about the motives for embracing farm tourism, the most significant being meeting new people. Results: Findings suggest that tourists were motivated with the desire to unwind in the serene rural landscape and to learn about rural lifestyle infused with culture and Horti practices. Incidentally, the stimulus for both the classes were found to be highly coherent with each other indicating bright future of farm stay tourism in the region. Conclusion: Both guest and host motivations were found to be compatible indicating a prospective future for farm tourism.

Https://ojs.ahss.org.pk/journal/article/view/148

Judges hearing murder Trials are mostly exposed to negative and violent information continuously. And affected by the Trials psychologically. Purpose of this research is to explore and describe the psychological and mental health issues among Judges who hear murder Trials. Judges face emotional issues but they have to regulate their emotions and handle the professional glitches effectively for affective decision making. Purposive sampling strategy was employed. Qualitative interpretive phenomenology research method was used and semi structured interviews were conducted for data collection. Results explored on the basis of face to face interviews and codes, categories and themes were originated. Results revealed, Judges who hear murder Trials are affected psychologically and their mental health is affected. They have to focus on communication proficiency because it can help to express what they face or feel. With the strategies to cope up with emotional issues and its regulation Judges can be in position to handle professional glitches at workplace.

Analisis Penerapan Pengelolaan Dana Desa

The purpose of this study was to find out how the accountability of village fund management which includes planning, implementation, administration, reporting and accountability in Sari Mulya and Kuamang Villages, Jambi Province. The research method used is an interpretive qualitative research method. Data sources have primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. The survey results show that: (1) Although planning applies the principles of participation and transparency, the preparation of village fund plans and village budgets has not been in accordance with the time specified in the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 20 of 2018 Article 43 (2) The implementation of village funds has not implemented the principle of transparency and participation and accountability. the village government has implemented the principle of accountability related to income and expenditure in accordance with Permendagri Number 20 of 2018 concerning Village Finance Article 63 (3) The village government applies the principle of accountability in accordance with Permendagri Number 20 of 2018 concerning Village Finance. at the administrative stage (4) Reporting and accountability applies the principles of accountability and transparency, but reporting and accountability. The implementation of the APBD is not in accordance with the stipulated time limit and is not in line with Permendagri Number 20 of 2018.

“They Can’t See Me Smile”: Communication and Relationship Challenges of Providing Home Care During a Pandemic

ABSTRACT Providing home care to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities can be challenging in the best of times. Communication and relationships, which are both critical to the care provided by Direct Support Professionals (DSPs), were impacted significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using interpretive research methods with DSPs at a Midwestern agency, this study identifies communication and relationship challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic and strategies used to manage those challenges. COVID-19 protocols like masking, cleaning procedures, and cared-for individuals’ home confinement created significant relational challenges including misunderstandings, changing routines, and fluctuating roles. DSPs also discussed how those challenges were overcome, including communication adaptation, creativity, and empathy. By examining the strategies DSPs used to negotiate the challenges and their changing roles, insight can be gained into how organizations might best support direct care workers in times of significant stress and uncertainty. This study builds on the growing scholarship exploring the impact of COVID-19 on health care communication.

Pesan Moral pada Film Mencari Hilal: Analisis Semiotika Roland Barthes

Film is one of the mass communication media which is very effective in conveying moral messages to the public. As a visual communication medium, films use moving images and audio which contain information to the audience. Movies become entertainment shows and guidance. In this research, the writer chose the film "Searching for Hilal" as the object of research. This 1 hour 33 minute film tells the journey of a conservative father and a more modern son in search of the new moon, a sign of the beginning of the month of Shawwal and the end of the month of Ramadan. Hilal is used to determine the time of Eid al-Fitr in Islam. This study aims to interpret the moral message of the film “Seeking Hilal” using interpretive qualitative research methods. Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis, which divides meaning into denotation, connotation, and myth, is the data analysis method chosen by the writer to examine pieces of the scene seen as containing elements of moral messages. The results showed the meaning of denotation, connotation, and myths in the film "Searching for Hilal" which contains moral messages, namely: 1). Trade as Worship; 2). Da'wah Ethics; 3). Technology and Islamic Sharia; 4). Religion and Culture; and 5). Diversity in Religion.

Semiotic Analysis of the Malay Palang Pintu Tradition in Medan Traditional Malay Weddings

Research on Semiotic Analysis of the Malay Cross Door Tradition in Malay Traditional Weddings in Medan City aims to analyze, know and understand the meaning of the Malay Palang Pintu tradition which is commonly used in traditional Malay wedding processions in the city of Medan. The research was conducted using an Interpretative Qualitative research method and in more depth using the semiotic model method developed by Roland Barthes, which is a science and method used to analyze a sign that is carefully and based on facts in the field when researching the Malay Cross Pintu Tradition in Marriage. Medan City Malay Traditions. Data collection was carried out by direct observation of traditional Malay weddings using the Palang Pintu tradition, using books and previous research, and conducting interviews with traditional leaders or Telangkai from the Palang Pintu tradition. Based on the discussion and findings in the field, it is known that the Palang Pintu tradition itself has the aims and objectives of teaching and learning about obligations that must be carried out after marriage. In the Malay Palang Pintu tradition, it also means that the husband really holds the leadership of the household, starting from facing all kinds of obstacles, to putting patience to achieve good and healthy household goals.