Interpretation Of Judgment Research Articles

The challenging reality of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine in Syria: A qualitative study

Introduction In Syria, specialist dentists undergo five years of undergraduate education and four years of postgraduate education. In the latter, students engage in treating complex cases as part of their professional training. This study aimed to obtain in-depth qualitative understanding of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine, Syria. Methods Semi-structured interviews were held with eight postgraduate dental students at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine. The faculty has eight clinical departments; therefore, a single participant was purposively sampled from each department. The male-female ratio of the eight interviewed participants was 1:1. All interviews were conducted between 26th April 2020 and 8th January 2021. Data were analyzed inductively using reflective thematic analysis. Pragmatic saturation was discussed during the analysis and the authors made an interpretative judgement to stop data collection at the eighth interview. Results Major themes which emerged covered different aspects of the clinical learning environment such as clinical training, social interaction and assessment procedures. Faculty’s negligence of their teaching duties was one of the most recurrent themes. In clinical training and due to faculty inaccessibility, students had to rely on themselves or their senior peers in training. The social climate was perceived negatively and assessment was described as unfair and biased. Discussion The findings of this study were framed within Gruppen et al. (2019) theory of the learning environment wherein four dimensions emerge: the personal, the social, the organizational and the material. The findings of this study showcased the continuing deterioration of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University. It is hoped that these findings will encourage decision makers to introduce a comprehensive reform that addresses the curriculum, teaching practices and assessment procedures in clinical professional training.

Vulnerability and narrative inlater life.

Narrative gerontology considers how people age biographically as well as socially and biologically. Vulnerability as aprocess category and state of being remains undertheorized in the context of narratives of later life. It is argued that the narrative space for stories from old age privilege backward-looking stories that focus on positive milestones and support cultural narratives of a"life well lived." Sad, emotionally laden or uncertain/unfinished stories that reveal vulnerabilities are rejected and potentially viewed as problematic. Using an illustrative case example of astudy of resilience narratives and aging, this paper considers how the study authors position and identify resilience. Some interpretative judgements used in the research regarding who is resilient based on expressions of vulnerability are highlighted. Overall, the tensions between cultural and personal narratives that position older people as vulnerable subjects are considered and it is argued that vulnerability can be agreat source of strength and meaning in later life.

The challenging reality of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine in Syria: a qualitative study

Introduction: In Syria, specialist dentists undergo five years of undergraduate education and four years of postgraduate education. In the latter, students engage in treating complex cases as part of their professional training. This study aimed to obtain in-depth qualitative understanding of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine, Syria. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were held with eight postgraduate dental students at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine. The faculty has eight clinical departments; therefore, a single participant was purposively sampled from each department. The male-female ratio of the eight interviewed participants was 1:1. All interviews were conducted between 26th April 2020 and 8th January 2021. Data was analyzed inductively using reflective thematic analysis. Pragmatic saturation was discussed during the analysis and the authors made an interpretative judgement to stop data collection at the eighth interview. Results: Major themes which emerged covered different aspects of the clinical learning environment such as clinical training, social interaction and assessment procedures. Faculty’s negligence of their teaching duties was one of the most recurrent themes. In clinical training and due to faculty inaccessibility, students had to rely on themselves or their senior peers in training. The social climate was perceived negatively and assessment was described as unfair and biased. Discussion: The findings of this study showcased the continuing deterioration of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University. It is hoped that these findings will encourage decision makers to introduce a comprehensive reform that addresses the curriculum, teaching practices and assessment procedures in clinical professional training.

Theological Genealogies of Modernity: An Introduction

Theological Genealogies of Modernity: An Introduction

The challenging reality of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine in Syria: a qualitative study

Introduction: In Syria, specialist dentists undergo five years of undergraduate education and four years of postgraduate education. In the latter, students engage in treating complex cases as part of their professional training. This study aimed to obtain in-depth qualitative understanding of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine, Syria. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were held with eight postgraduate dental students at Damascus University Faculty of Dental Medicine. The faculty has eight clinical departments; therefore, a single participant was purposively sampled from each department. The male-female ratio of the eight interviewed participants was 1:1. Data was analyzed inductively using reflective thematic analysis. Pragmatic saturation was discussed during the analysis and the authors made an interpretative judgement to stop data collection at the eighth interview. Results: Major themes which emerged covered different aspects of the clinical learning environment such as clinical training, social interaction and assessment procedures. Faculty’s negligence of their teaching duties was one of the most recurrent themes. In clinical training and due to faculty inaccessibility, students had to rely on themselves or their senior peers in training. The social climate was perceived negatively and assessment was described as unfair and biased. Discussion: The findings of this study showcased the continuing deterioration of the clinical learning environment at Damascus University. It is hoped that these findings will encourage decision makers to introduce a comprehensive reform that addresses the curriculum, teaching practices and assessment procedures in clinical professional training.

Alzheimer's, Advance Directives, and Interpretive Authority.

Philosophers have debated whether the advance directives of Alzheimer's patients should be enforced, even if patients seem content in their demented state. The debate raises deep questions about the nature of human autonomy and personal identity. But it tends to proceed on the assumption that the advance directive's terms are clear, whereas in practice they are often vague or ambiguous, requiring the patient's healthcare proxy to make difficult judgment calls. This practical wrinkle raises its own, distinct but related, philosophical question: what criteria may the proxy bring to bear when making such interpretive judgments on which the patient's life may depend? After defending a general policy of enforcing advance directives on normative (rather than metaphysical) grounds, I argue that when advance directives are vague, a patient's proxy may permissibly make her own fresh evaluation of the patient's life as a whole and, in so doing, consider how the patient's character as a demented person contributes or fails to contribute to that life.

The End of Ambition: The United States and the Third World in the Vietnam Era

The End of Ambition: The United States and the Third World in the Vietnam Era

Elements of Biblical Exegesis: A Basic Guide for Students and Ministers

Elements of Biblical Exegesis: A Basic Guide for Students and Ministers

Metaphysics, Meaning, and Morality: A Theological Reflection on AI

Theologians often reflect on the ethical uses and impacts of artificial intelligence, but when it comes to artificial intelligence techniques themselves, some have questioned whether much exists to discuss in the first place. Ancient thinkers—namely Augustine of Hippo— enable us to draw forth the moral and metaphysical significance of current developments like the “deep neural networks” responsible for some of the most remarkable achievements of the past few years. First, Augustine’s theology of the natural world’s rationes seminales makes sense of neural networks’ success by explaining the world as a kaleidoscopic refraction of divine Wisdom rather than as a collection of discrete objects standing in crisp relations. Second, his account of interpretive judgment as a moral act bound up with love reveals how our training and use of AI relates to the Christian’s assimilation to Wisdom. The contingent meaning of the neural network reveals AI’s potential either for standing between us and the world or in some sense facilitating a Christian’s regathering of the created echoes of divine Wisdom throughout his or her journey into the Trinity.

Factors Affecting Interpretation of Diagnostic Images as a Decision Process:

This article presents an empirical investigation into interpreters’ decision-making criteria, personality characteristics, and emotion-laden experiences as factors affecting interpretation of images that were created for diagnostic assessment. Specifically, it seeks to examine (1) heuristic strategies as interpretive tools, which are both cognitive and experience-based, (2) the relationship between the decision criteria and accuracy of the judgments, and (3) the relationship between interpreters’ experiences of abuse as victims and the judgments about the meaning of images. The study used a sample of 196 self-representational drawings created by college students and 60 independent interpreters who were asked to identify drawings that were created by individuals who experienced interpersonal abuse.
 This study identified six visual heuristics that were reported independently by 60 percent of the interpreters and were associated with marginally higher accuracy of the interpretive judgments. Thirty-eight percent of participants reported making judgments about the meaning of drawings based on direct or secondhand experiences with interpersonal abuse. The study found that the trauma of interpersonal abuse can profoundly bias interpretive judgments. This result has been particularly robust among female interpreters. Women who self-identified as survivors of abuse saw indicators of abuse up to 90 percent of the time, whereas male interpreters who have been abused saw indicators of abuse up to 65 percent of the time, whether or not those purported indicators were correct. Implications of the findings for design are discussed.
 An overarching goal of this article is to address interpretation of images as a decision process. The study situated the factors affecting interpretation of images within the framework of the naturalistic/ ecological psychology (Brunswik, 1952, 1955) and the fast and frugal heuristic model of decision-making (Gigerenzer, 2007) vis-à-vis a model of conscious and nonconscious information processing. This study also recognized that certain personality characteristics and emotion-laden experiences can influence the quality of interpretive judgments. The frameworks, methods, and findings from psychology have been used with an intent to inform future research and practice of image construction and interpretation in visual studies and design.
 One limitation of this study is that it relied on participants’ introspection and reflection on the decision process. There is a risk, then, that interpreters’ explanations of how they arrived with judgments were translations rather than representations of the decision process. Even though this study has not cracked the black box of meaning-making inside the mind, it offers an analytical framework for studies of visual interpretation as a decision process that combines cognitive, personality, and experiential factors as influencing the quality of interpretations. The article translates the findings of the study into practical guidelines for applications in visual communication design and human-centered design research and practice.

Review of “Blood, Powder, and Residue: How Crime Labs Translate Evidence into Proof ”

Beth A. Bechky’s Blood, Powder, and Residue takes readers into the world of forensic scientists, experts who work in crime laboratories to analyze evidence in ways that can be used by legal authorities working on a criminal case. The inner-workings of the crime laboratory Bechky describes are not as thrilling, or fast-paced, as popular television shows like CSI and Bones would have us believe. Rather, as Bechky reveals, the work of forensic scientists is often careful, methodical, and routine. In addition, their work can be stressful—not so much because of the technical and interpretive aspects of forensic analysis but more so because of forensic scientists’ occupational position, straddled between the fact-seeking world of science and the adversarial world of criminal law. The book draws on eighteen months of fieldwork in Metropolitan County Crime Laboratory (MCCL)—a pseudonym for a mid-sized lab in the western United States that employs about sixty forensic scientists. Bechky spent several months observing each of the lab’s four units: forensic biology, chemistry, toxicology, and comparative evidence. The forensic biology unit is the largest, with eighteen scientists whose primary work is DNA profiling—an expensive and highly-regarded scientific technique. DNA analysts follow systematic procedures that nonetheless require subjective judgment, from separating evidence that arrives in the lab and screening it for biological fluids to performing capillary electrophoresis—a technique for developing a DNA profile. Each DNA analyst’s reports are reviewed by peers before being made available to legal authorities, such as lawyers and police. Although the other units deal with different kinds of evidence requiring distinct kinds of instrumentation and interpretation, the general work process—cautious handling of evidence, mechanical and interpretive judgment, and communal review—is similar. In the chemistry lab, narcotics analysts weigh, test, and record the crystalline structures of powdery substances. In the toxicology lab, toxicologists perform blood alcohol analysis on hundreds of samples weekly. And in the comparative evidence lab, firearms examiners assess whether weapons are functional, use microscopes to match bullet striae, and test clothing items for the presence of gunshot residue.

Obudowa górnicza jako odrębny od wyrobiska obiekt – konstrukcja oporowa, podlega opodatkowaniu podatkiem od nieruchomości. Glosa aprobująca do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z dnia 10 stycznia 2020 r. (II FSK 532/18, LEX nr 2777589)

<p>The author agrees with the Supreme Administrative Court’s judgement that has been glossed. The mining support may be classified as a separate to post-mining pit retaining structure and is subjected to the property tax. In 2011, the Constitutional Tribunal issued an interpretative judgement which is of crucial importance for the practice of the taxation of post-mining pits. First and foremost, it resolved the fundamental dilemma concerning the post-mining pit, deciding that as such a post-mining pit does not constitute the subject of taxation. The situation is different in the case of infrastructure located in underground post-mining pits, e.g. mining support. The analysis of the most recent judicial decisions shows that the issue mentioned still provokes numerous difficulties. The gloss thoroughly analyses the latest judicial decisions of administrative courts through the prism of the negative consequences for the legal situation of taxpayers. Undoubtedly the necessity to carry out a proper amendment seems justified. Such an amendment would in a clear, unambiguous manner determine the legislator’s will in the area of the taxation of post-mining pits.</p>

Why Does Language Complexity Resist Measurement?

Insofar as linguists operate with a conception of languages as closed and self-contained systems, there should be no obstacle to comparing those systems in terms of simplicity and complexity. Even if complexity ‘trade-offs’ between sub-systems of phonology, morphology and syntax are considered, it ought to be relatively straightforward to quantify constitutive elements and rules, and assign each language system its place on a complexity scale. In practice, however, such attempts have turned up a series of problems and paradoxes, which can be seen in work by Peter Trudgill and Johanna Nichols; the latter has proposed an alternative means of measuring complexity which presents new problems of its own. This paper makes the case that overcoming the difficulty of measuring simplicity and complexity requires confronting the normative and interpretative judgments that enter into how language systems are conceived, identified and analysed.

Modelo didáctico tecnosocial: una experiencia de educación para la ciudadanía con jóvenes universitarios desde el estudio de los conflictos sociales

El artículo expone los resultados de una investigación orientada al rastreo, prototipo y testeo del modelo didáctico tecnosocial en la enseñanza de la Educación para la Ciudadanía EpC con jóvenes universitarios, a través del abordaje de los conflictos sociales. De esta manera se implementó un conjunto de iniciativas digitales para desarrollar el modelo, por medio de narrativas transmedia articuladas a escenarios tecnosociales. En el marco comprensivo sobre los conflictos sociales, el ejercicio de acción formativa examinó los alcances de cuatro categorías de análisis sobre el pensamiento histórico, a saber: juicio moral de la historia, contextualización, interpretación y empatía. Por consiguiente, se planteó un estudio de carácter cualitativo, con alcance descriptivo y un diseño de Investigación-Acción, para el trabajo con una muestra a conveniencia de 253 estudiantes, pertenecientes a ocho de los grupos dirigidos por la investigadora. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian un aporte al fortalecimiento del pensamiento crítico-creativo, la empatía social, la mirada sociocultural y la reflexión ciudadana como aspectos que influyen en la transformación de las problemáticas del contexto, a partir de la implementación de una secuencia didáctica.

Distinguishing Interpretation and Revision Proceedings at the International Court of Justice

Abstract There is a need − both conceptual and practical − to distinguish clearly the procedures applicable to interpretation and revision at the ICJ. To do so, the article first undertakes an analysis of the relevant provisions of the Statute – Articles 60 and 61 – and of the Rules of Court. The differences between both proceedings with regard to their introduction before the Court, the ICJ’s jurisdiction to consider them, and their different admissibility requirements will be addressed. Then, it considers issues pertaining to the relationship between an original judgment – the one to be interpreted or revised – and the judgment in interpretation or revision. The pivotal role of the principle of res judicata is taken into account. Furthermore, the piece attempts to attribute a proper characterisation to interpretation and revision proceedings, as either new cases, incidental proceedings, or a hybrid conception between those two more conventional denominations.

Prevalence and Profile of Discarded Liver Donors in a Tertiary Health Service in Brazil From 2015 to 2018

BackgroundLittle has changed in donor management and liver utilization rates in Brazil over the last decade. With a growing demand for liver donations, organ waste is an important obstacle toward better patient care. The study of discarded donors helps to shed light on the possibilities of increasing organ usage, including by using extended criteria donors. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed all discarded liver donors in a high-volume Brazilian transplant center from January 2015 to December 2018. Pertinent clinical and laboratorial data were collected from the donors’ electronic health records. ResultsIn our study period, there were 248 liver harvests, of which 67 (27.0%) were discarded. Most discarded donors were male (65.7%). More than three-quarters of donors were Caucasian (79.1%). Median donor body mass index was 26.27 kg/m2, and most discarded donors presented no comorbidities. Donor liver injury tests were abnormal in 56 (83.5%) out of 67 discarded donors. Forty-three (64.1%) donors presented elevated transaminases. Alanine aminotransferase levels were elevated in 35 (52.2%) discarded donors, with a median value of 38 U/L. Half of all discarded livers were due to graft-related issues. Twenty-eight organs (41.79%) presented external pathologic alterations. Organ refusal due to donor clinical and laboratorial condition was reported in 24 cases. ConclusionIt is clear there is a considerable issue of organ waste in Brazil, with the subjective judgment of graft quality and inadequate interpretation of donor’s laboratorial exams leading to excessive denial of organs that could be fitted into extended criteria for donation.

Empirical evidence from a connectivist Competitive Intelligence Massive Open Online Course (CI cMOOC) proof of concept

This study proposes a competitive intelligence connectivist Massive Open Online Course (CI cMOOC) proof of concept and highlights the interactions among content, context and community to explore relevance in CI cMOOC behavior. The CI cMOOC proof of concept was empirically tested with an online purposive sampling to target a qualified audience of similar and dissimilar information-rich cases, providing evidence about content-context-community competing influence on CI knowledge. The results revealed how the CI learning community perceive the capability of a cMOOC to train foreknowledge practices, given the best match between its content and context. The findings outline that tailored learning approach of the instructor influences the CI learning community’s satisfaction with the content. The study facilitates theory development in addressing the emerging paradigm of an open intelligence approach to cMOOC collective training. Within boundaries of empirical return on experience of qualified respondents, the research framework strengthens trust in supervised interpretive judgment of CI learners confronted with anticipating competitive challenges.

Drama and politics in the Atlantis story

This paper explores the prevailing readings of the Atlantis story. The purpose of this paper is to show how interpretative judgements on the narrator’s intentions, the objectives of the characters, and the genre and the development of the story prepares the grounds for the political understanding of Athens and Atlantis. In this way, I will show how the dramatic framework influences the expression of political thought. I argue that the most important dramatic feature of the story is Critias’ interaction with Socrates and Timaeus, which explains why Critias composes two speeches that are essentially dedicated to the question of political origins.

Jesus, Paul, and the Early Church: Missionary Realities in Historical Contexts; Collected Essays

Jesus, Paul, and the Early Church: Missionary Realities in Historical Contexts; Collected Essays

Illusory agency attribution to others performing actions similar to one\u2019s own

When people observe others performing actions similar to their own while dancing or playing musical instruments, they sometimes feel as if their actions were subsumed into others’ actions or others’ actions led their own actions. Many studies have been conducted to investigate agency attribution. However, these studies have mainly examined agency attribution in cases where people do not know the true agent. Few studies have focused on how people attribute agency to others despite knowing that they themselves are actual agents. This study investigates agency attribution to others performing actions similar to one’s own when one knows who the actual agent is. We evaluated agency attribution when participants manipulated a mouse to control a cursor while observing another person performing similar actions. Our findings demonstrated that participants could attribute agency to others despite knowing that they themselves were actual agents. We refer to this illusory sense as “illusory agency attribution to others.” We suggest that illusory agency attribution to others is determined by multiple factors including a bottom-up process with a subjective feeling of agency in addition to a top-down process with an interpretative judgement of agency.