Interpretation Of China Research Articles

Short- and Long-Term Management and Prognosis of Stroke in China: Findings from a Large Nationwide Stroke Registry

Background There is limited nationwide evidence about the standard short- and long-term management of stroke types and prognosis in China. Methods A nationwide registry recruited 14,244 imaging-confirmed incident strokes from 132 hospitals across 31 provinces of China during 2007-8, recording presenting characteristics, diagnostic procedures, and in-hospital treatment. After hospital discharge, patients were followed up for 12 months. Conventional statistical methods were used to examine the patterns of management and prognosis. Findings Overall, 68.7%, 26.9%, and 4.4% were ischaemic stroke (IS), intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) , and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) respectively. Only 20% were managed in a dedicated stroke unit. Among IS admitted <3 hours of symptom onset, 1.3% received thrombolysis, whereas the proportions of receiving in-hospital antithrombotic therapy, neuroprotective agents, and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) were 88.4%, 69.7%, and 70.6% respectively. For ICH, 63.3% and 36.3% received neuroprotective agents and TCM in hospital, respectively. At discharge, 70.7%, 39.1%, and 38.0% of the IS patients were given antiplatelet, antihypertensive, and statin therapies, respectively, decreasing to 45.5%, 27.5%, and 9.7%, respectively, at 12 months. In-hospital mortality were 3.2%, 9.3% and 10.1% for IS, ICH and SAH respectively, with a further 12.1%, 25.4% and 28.0%, respectively, died by 12 month. Interpretation In China, most strokes were not managed in specialised stroke unit. There was widespread use of some unproven therapies but limited proven treatments, especially after discharge, leading to unnecessary recurrent and mortality risks. Funding: Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China. Declaration of Interest: We declare that we have no conflicts of interest. Ethical Approval: The study was approved by the Central Ethics Committee at Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their legal representatives.

A novel approach for extraction of Gaoshanhe-Group outcrops using Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) data in the heavily loess-covered Baoji District, Western China

We studied the applicability of Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) data for extraction of Gaoshanhe-Group outcrops in a heavily loess-covered area in the northern Baoji district of China, which is always a crucial but challenging issue in geological remote-sensing mapping. An integrated approach was employed to process the remote-sensing data: first, the interpretation target area of interest was clipped using certain slope and elevation difference thresholds (topographical analysis); second, band ratio (B4/B2) and fractal summation algorithms were conducted in succession to extract the bedrock-induced anomalies; third, spatial clumping and hot-spot analysis were performed in order to eliminate residual false anomalies; and finally, we introduced high-resolution Worldview 2 data for visual interpretation and further spectral analysis. The findings show that the rocky outcrops were somewhat spectrally indistinguishable, and they were identified mainly due to their generally moderate degree of spatial clustering. Thirteen anomalous pixels were extracted from nearly 200,000 pixels covering the study area, and our field reconnaissance verified the results. This research constitutes the first useful case study on the applicability of Landsat data-derived lithology interpretation in China’s loess plateau region.

萱のり子, 『書芸術の地平 : その歴史と解釈』, 大阪大学出版会, 二〇〇〇年, 図版等三八頁+目次VIII+本文二八四頁

萱のり子, 『書芸術の地平 : その歴史と解釈』, 大阪大学出版会, 二〇〇〇年, 図版等三八頁+目次VIII+本文二八四頁

Exclusionary Rules in China

This article conducts a close examination of China’s exclusionary rules, and presents a detailed discussion of its possible meanings as well as its advantages and shortcomings in the context of comparative law. Part I presents a general survey of China’s exclusionary rules, including the history of the relevant legislation, and ideas that furthered the legislation. Part II explores the relationship between the two provisions concerning excluding illegally obtained evidence and evaluating and examining evidence promulgated in 2010. Part III gives a detailed survey of the scope of China’s exclusionary rules, and introduces different interpretations of China’s criminal procedure rules. Part IV introduces rules concerning procedural issues of the exclusionary rules, and the burden of proof in relation to the legality of the obtainment of evidence. Part V summarizes the characteristics of China’s exclusionary rules in the context of a comparative analysis. The article argues that China’s exclusionary rules are mainly based on the concern of convicting innocent people, and this innocent people protection impetus makes the rules naturally weak in protecting all citizens in criminal procedure. Secondly, China’s exclusionary rules are based on the classification of evidence, and this classification results in many inconveniences, particularly when contrasted to the American rule that is based on the classification of rights. Thirdly, a discretionary exclusionary rule for physical and documentary evidence is not suitable for China. Fourthly, the absence of a poisonous tree doctrine may undermine China’s exclusionary rules in practice. Last but not least, China’s exclusionary rules may be classified as “judge-shared” exclusionary rules, contrasted to the American model of “judge-controlled” exclusionary rules.

The STEM Interpreting Teaching Model for Undergraduate English Interpreting Majors

The intensification of the world economic integration and the expansion of the domestic exchanges with foreign countries skyrocket the demand of interpreters in China, which is unlikely to be fully satisfied at present just because the training of interpreters is mainly included under the MTI programs. For this reason, it is of great significance to explore the feasibility of training interpreters at undergraduate level. Based on the review of the current domestic demands of interpreters in China, this paper sets out to introduce the “Stage-featured, Teacher and Expert-operated Multidimensional (STEM, for short) Interpreting Teaching Model" that was developed during the research and experiment in the undergraduate interpreting program in Sias International College, with the hope of providing experience for other similar study in this field.

中国有机农产品认证的风险管理和营销策略分析

本文解读了中国有机产品认证流程，并分析出有机农产品生产者在产品认证初期，尤其是转换期，所面临的来自生产加工和市场销售两大环节主要风险，这包括了病虫草害控制、成本价格控制、以及营销管理三个方面。结合当下中国农产品认证体系的分析，以及对目标消费者行为的判断，本文提出了转换期产品认证多样化以及产品线延伸或品牌延伸的品牌战略，从而降低国内有机农产品认证的风险并提升产品市场营销表现。 This paper aims to propose strategies in agriculture certification management and branding in order for organic agriculture risk management. The interpretation of China’s organic product certification mechanism indicates that the risk in early of the organic certification application process includes pest control, weed control, insect control, cost control, as well as marketing management. Through analysis of China’s agriculture certification mechanism and consumer behavior, a multi-certificates strategy is proposed in order for reduce the risk in the early stage, and another product line extension and brand extension strategies are proposed in order for boosting up the new entrant organic product’s market performance.

Chinese-English Retour: Analysing the Impact of Language Errors

The chronic shortage of native English speakers who are competent in Chinese has made it imperative that native Chinese speakers who have been professionally trained to be interpreters work bi- directionally between Chinese and English. This presents a unique challenge to interpreters in China compared to interpreters working with European languages, who are required only to work into their mother tongue. This paper aims to address the issues that Chinese A interpreters face when working into English and examine the impact of linguistic errors on native English listeners by comparing the English output by English A interpreters with English B interpreters. The authors hope to help English B interpreters improve on such issues, and help the native English listeners who have to rely on interpreting to understand if/when they do come across such issues.

Lung cancer incidence and ambient air pollution in China: a spatial age–period cohort study 1990–2009

BackgroundThe International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded that exposure to outdoor fine particles (PM2·5) is a risk factor for lung cancer. China is experiencing unprecedentedly high levels of PM2·5 air pollution and has the highest lung cancer burden in the world. However, until now, no study has assessed the association between ambient PM2·5 and lung cancer incidence in China. MethodsData of lung cancer incidence between 1990 and 2009 were obtained from the National Cancer Registration of China. The annual concentrations of PM2·5 at 0·1°×0·1° spatial resolution between 1990 and 2005 were estimated by combining remote sensing, global chemical transport models, and ground monitoring air pollution data. A spatial age–period cohort model was used to examine the relative risks (RR) and 95% CI for incident lung cancer associated with increments in 2-year mean PM2·5 concentrations after adjusting for age, period, birth cohort, sex, community type (rural and urban), smoking rate at the community level, as well as the spatial variation in lung cancer incidence. This study was approved by the University of Queensland's behaviour and social sciences ethical review committee (2013000739). FindingsDuring study period, there were 368 762 cases of lung cancer, including 247 533 men and 312 678 cases living in urban areas. The mean concentration of PM2·5 was 69·4 ug/m3. Incident lung cancer was positively associated with increments in 2-year mean PM2·5, and the risk was more pronounced in women (RR 1·149, 95% CI 1·120–1·178) than in men (RR 1·055, 95% CI 1·038–1·072; psex interaction <0·0001). The association was smaller in rural areas (RR 1·037, 95% CI 0·998–1·078) than in urban areas (RR 1·060, 95%CI 1·044–1·075; pinteraction=0·03) and stronger in elderly people (>75 years of age; 1·111 95% CI 1·077–1·146) than young people (30–65 years of age; RR 1·074 95% CI 1·052–1·096; pinteraction=0.007). InterpretationIn China, lung cancer incidence is associated with PM2·5 air pollution. Effective control measures to reduce levels of air pollution are likely to reduce the incidence of lung cancer in the Chinese population. Further studies are still needed to examine causality of the association between PM2·5 and lung cancer incidence, as this study is an observational epidemiology investigation. This study used community-level incidence and air pollution exposure, but not individual-level information on exposure and outcome. We only had air pollution data for the years 1990 and 2005, and interpolated the data to 1990–2009. These might underestimate the association between air pollution and lung cancer incidence, because random measurement error in exposure will bias the effect estimates towards the null. FundingHope Run Malathon Fund (Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, LC2011Y41), and University of Queensland Research Fellowship (YG).

Supreme People's Court Interpretations Of China's Bankruptcy Law: Translations and Commentary

Following China’s adoption of its Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, effective June 1, 2007, rather few bankruptcy cases have been commenced in China, in part because of judicial uncertainty in how to apply the law in particular cases. In the last four years, the Supreme People’s Court has issued two interpretive rulings to assist the courts in applying the law in particular cases. This article publishes translations of these two interpretive rulings and provides a commentary explaining how they fit in the context of the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law. Additionally, the article describes the further interpretations needed from the People’s Supreme Court for applying the provisions of the law that have not yet been addressed.

Reconstructing a narrative, reinterpreting a history: a case study of translating Big Breasts and Wide Hips

Literary translation in the English-speaking community has become the most significant pathway for foreign works to enter the World Literature scene and compete for international recognitions. It is therefore worth examining the role of translation in literary canonisation. This research studies the “Mobel” phenomenon of the 2012 Nobel Laureate Mo Yan, selecting one of Mo’s most representative works – Big Breasts and Wide Hips as the material for case study. By comparing the original and the translated text, it aims to identify both micro translation changes and macro editing choices. Such textual analysis is then combined with references to meta-texts including translator’s preface and interviews, the readers’ response embodied in Nobel Prize documents, literary critiques and media reports. Considering that the controversies around Mo’s winning have fixated on his own political identity and politically sensitive works, the case study will focus on the book’s interpretation of China’s political history. In particular, it will analyse and discuss the portrayal of four main types of historical actors in the book: the perpetrators, the spectators, the heroes and the heirs. Free from the value judgment of translation quality or accuracy, it will eventually demonstrate that translation is a transformative, constructive and performative action deeply grounded in the cultural and social context of the target language.

Lacunae, myths and legends about conference interpreters: A diary study to explore conference interpreting practice in China

Conference interpreting is emerging as a profession in China, which creates a demand for qualified interpreters. Consequently, both academic and certification programs have been established to nurture and certify capable interpreters. These two endeavors will benefit from a detailed and empirical description of the interpreting practice, because such description can inform both pedagogical and test content. However, it seems that little empirical data have been collected in China to describe what interpreters actually do during a ‘conference cycle’. Given this situation, a diary study was conducted to explore the real-life interpreting practice in China. Major findings include: interpreters received a wide range of conference-related materials, but had insufficient time to prepare; preparation techniques interpreters employed to familiarize themselves with subject matters seemed to be time-dependent; interpreters performed a much greater variety of interpreting tasks than previously thought; and interpreters needed to work both into and from their A language, and frequently confronted an array of factors contributing to interpreting task difficulty. Considering the exploratory nature of this study, the diary results are expected to provoke thinking on the design of large-scale surveys to be distributed to a broader cohort of interpreters in China.

A Study on Application of China's L/C Fraud Exception Rules - Focused on SPC's Judicial Interpretation in China -

A Study on Application of China's L/C Fraud Exception Rules - Focused on SPC's Judicial Interpretation in China -

How Global Capitalism Transforms Deng Xiaoping

The notion that Deng Xiaoping had kept the PRC afloat both in Mao Zedong’s collapsing economy and away from the former Soviet Union’s suicidal “path to freedom” enjoys some popularity today. “To date, no socialist country had successfully—and without serious disruptions—made the shift from a planned economy to a sustained open, market-based economy,” writes Ezra F. Vogel. This essay reviews Vogel’s book, entitled Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. The essay has two tasks. The first is to look at how Vogel’s narrative identifies China’s recent “transformation” into a global economic power with Deng’s “socialism with Chinese characteristics.” Specifically, it lays out how Vogel celebrates Deng’s role as “the general manager” of China’s post-1978 “opening” and in so doing defines the temporal relation between China’s modernity and global capitalist modernity. The second task of this essay is to place Vogel’s interpretation of China against the ideological hegemony of global capitalism. Vogel enjoys marked success in spinning a legend out of China’s experience of “transformation” because, importantly, he contributes to the discourse of global capitalism. In Vogel’s legend, Deng appears as the corrector of Mao, who set China on the road to recovery and “rise.” What is missing in this legend are the legacy of China’s revolutionary past and the darker sides of Deng’s career, most notably June 4. In evaluating Deng’s historical place, Vogel ensures that people “concerned about human life and the pursuit of liberty” “know” about Deng’s contribution to China’s “spectacular” economic growth.

Regional variations in the prevalence and misdiagnosis of air flow obstruction in China: baseline results from a prospective cohort of the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB)

BackgroundDespite the great burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China, few large multicentre, spirometry-based studies have examined its prevalence, rate of underdiagnosis regionally or the relevance of socioeconomic and lifestyle...

Chinese Nuclear Weapons Enhancements – Implications for Chinese Employment Policy

Mainstream analysis of China’s nuclear weapons program sees the current buildup as restrained and driven by American counterforce capabilities (both conventional and nuclear). This reflects an assumption by such analysts that PRC strategists share assumptions with Western analysts about the disutility of nuclear weapons. This manuscript presents an alternative interpretation of China’s current nuclear modernization. The article examines the capabilities being acquired by the PRC, including rapid response, MIRVs, and highly survivable delivery systems. The paper argues it is equally plausible that China seeks warfighting capabilities and that will be useful in political coercion as it transitions to an international hegemon.

Broadband Internet in the Chinese Crisis Economy

If the United States represents a full integration of monopoly-finance capital and the Internet, China, as a latecomer country, is poised to adopt a similar goal of making broadband more central to the Chinese style capitalism in the aftermath of the 2008 global economic crisis. A review of recent trade journals can provide a sense of the new trends we are already seeing: Telecom operators have competed to expand their wired and wireless broadband networks, recently under the state’s new national broadband strategy. Broadband is expected to become the platform for trade in software and IT services, such as logistics, E-commerce, and consulting. Meanwhile, cloud computing and the Internet of things, the two “most promising” ICT applications, are equally seen as the new, trillion-dollar information service industries, capable of transforming the wider economy and social life. Important questions arise concerning what policy and structural changes it takes to create a broadband-based economy in China: Specifically, what changes do state-market interactions go through amidst the crises facing telecom operators and the Chinese economy in general? What are the major considerations in the state’s broadband policy? How do competing telecom operators concerned with their own interests also articulate their roles as the state’s internal rebalancing instruments? And how does the state, in tandem with telecom operators, strive to retain commanding heights despite changing business dynamics? If the earlier phase of Internet development had facilitated China’s entry into the networked global production, broadband development, especially after 2005, expressed the state’s new desire to shift China from its export-driven economy to one more dependent upon domestic consumption. As a concrete means to achieve China’s anticipated escape from its ambivalent position in the global economic order and its ambition to participate more competitively in advanced global IT economies, broadband development involves more than just network upgrades. Indispensible are a destructive creation of telecom business models and a slew of systematic efforts to create societal demand for broadband-based applications. Indeed, without consumption, there is no growth and expansion. How will the Chinese government stimulate demand for broadband service and applications? So, while the industrial policy literature often assesses state intervention concerning resource input and capacity buildup, this paper aims to understand a demand-centric intervention. Specifically, what pivotal projects have been carried out to create a broadband-based economy? What verifiable policy, institutional, and structural changes have been pursued to make broadband commercially viable? And how do pre-existing structural, institutional, and social tensions define the parameter of future directions? By relying on a wide combination of trade journals, newspapers, and government documents, this paper provides a critical-historical interpretation of China’s broadband project in connection to the crisis economy and China’s rebalancing efforts. After reviewing China’s Internet development since the mid 1990s, which had been driven by global structural forces, bureaucratic capitalist rivalries, and the state’s strong desire to incorporate China into world IT economies, the paper moves on to discuss 1) changing state-market interactions and accompanying tensions when renationalization of broadband development has become a global trend in the post-crisis context and 2) telecom operators’ uneasy transformation into information service providers and the wider efforts to create demand for broadband-based applications.

Applicability of GATT Article XX in China - Raw Materials: A Clash within the WTO Agreement

The Appellate Body's interpretation in China -- Raw Materials regarding the applicability of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XX to China's Accession Protocol is highly controversial and stimulates wide debates in academia. The controversy is rooted in the absence of an explicit mention of 'consistency with the GATT 1994' in Paragraph 11.3 of China's Accession Protocol. That absence constrains China's defense in instances when it must violate its export duty elimination commitments under the Accession Protocol by resorting to GATT Article XX. This article disagrees with the Appellate Body's legal interpretation in China -- Raw Materials and provides a critical review of the Appellate Body's logical principle that 'absence equates to waiver'. The Appellate Body's interpretation on the relationship between GATT Article XX and China's Accession Protocol contradicted former Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) practices, demonstrated a failure to interpret the WTO Agreement in a systemic manner, and unfortunately resulted in inappropriateness in treaty interpretation. The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.

Reaction to Popular Pressure or a Political Tool? Different Interpretations of China's Policy Regarding Koizumi's Visits to the Yasukuni Shrine

Sino-Japanese relations suffered a great setback during the premiership of Koizumi <TEX>$Jun'ichir{\bar{o}}$</TEX> (2001-2006). Although many factors, such as dispute over the resources of the East China Sea or Japan's anxiety about China's growing military expenditures, are accountable for this situation, it was Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni Shrine that became a symbol of the controversies between the two countries. The Yasukuni issue triggered a real eruption of profound anti-Japanese feelings among the Chinese people. While commentators in China accused Koizumi of glorifying militarism and whitewashing the atrocities committed by Japanese soldiers during the Second World War, the Japanese public started perceiving China's "exaggerated" reaction as a convenient diplomatic tool used by China to apply pressure on Japan in other bilateral disputes. On the one hand, spontaneous protests against Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni Shrine constituted a great constraint in China's diplomacy towards Japan, but on the other, they also became an ideal pretext for adopting a tougher stance in Chinese foreign policy. In this paper, I examine different points of view on the Yasukuni issue. After describing the Japanese background of the visits to the controversial shrine, I analyze various interpretations of China's reaction to the problem. Although emotions dominated discourse on the Yasukuni issue both in Japan and China, some pragmatic attempts to use this problem can still be seen. Besides being a side-effect of Koizumi's strong personality, the Yasukuni issue could be used either as a tool of factional struggle in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) or as an instrument of Chinese foreign policy towards Japan.

Mediation through personal pronoun shifts in dialogue interpreting of political meetings

This paper examines the mediation role of government staff interpreters in China. Based on data collected from six political meetings involving senior officials of Guangdong Province, with interpreting performed by staff interpreters in the Protocol Department of the Foreign Affairs Office of the People’s Government of Guangdong, the paper analyzes cases of personal pronoun shifts in the rendition of the interpreters. Results show that personal pronoun shifts occur in all of the interpreted dialogues, and can be divided into: (1) personal pronoun shifts with the same footing, including shifts between first person and third person pronouns and shifts between second person and third person pronouns, (2) personal pronoun shifts with a different footing, for purposes of avoiding misunderstanding or impoliteness, coping with frequent changes of speaking subjects, and correcting an error in the rendition. The paper argues that government staff interpreters of dialogues, with all the constraints posed by the political settings, do not always conform with the norms and rules, but perform a mediation role in communication.

EC - Fasteners: Opening the Pandora's Box of Non-Market Economy Treatment

On 15 July 2010, the Appellate Body of the WTO circulated its report in EC -- Fasteners. In its report, the Appellate Body, for the first time, adjudicated the issue of non-market economy (NME) treatment towards imports from China and provided plausible interpretations of China's special commitments under the Accession Protocol and certain articles of the Anti-Dumping Agreement. However, a number of NME-related questions remain unanswered owing to the scope of claims submitted by the applicants. Insofar as the enforcement of WTO rulings is concerned, legislation amendments, as required in the report, are imperative during the implementation process of the European Union. Furthermore, there is also the chance that the European Court will award duty repayment to importers that have been subject to NME country-wide duties. Oxford University Press 2012, all rights reserved, Oxford University Press.