Objective Interpretation Research Articles

Statistical Inference Methods for Clinical Medical Data with Missing and Truncated Data

Abstract In clinical medicine, due to some accidents will inevitably produce the situation of missing data, this study for its with missing and truncated data, the use of mathematical statistics methods for inference supplement. After classifying the types of incomplete data, the article utilizes the great likelihood and empirical likelihood to form a linear statistical model to infer such data. It verifies it through simulation experiments and example analysis. In the simulation experiment, for the case of the same missing probability, as the number of samples increases from 150 to 300, the bias, variance, and mean square error of this paper’s algorithm in parameter β 1 are reduced to 0.0122, 0.1435, and 0.1441, respectively. In the actual statistical inference analysis of cardiac disease and heart transplantation, the standard error of this paper’s method reduces by 0.0576 compared with that of CAA, and the inference The results are by the reality. In clinical medicine, this study proposes a practical statistical extrapolation method and a realization path for objective interpretation when incomplete data is present.

A single sequence MRI-based deep learning radiomics model in the diagnosis of early osteonecrosis of femoral head.

The objective of this study was to create and assess a Deep Learning-Based Radiomics model using a single sequence MRI that could accurately predict early Femoral Head Osteonecrosis (ONFH). This is the first time such a model was used for the diagnosis of early ONFH. Its simpler than the previously published multi-sequence MRI radiomics based method, and it implements Deep learning to improve on radiomics. It has the potential to be highly beneficial in the early stages of diagnosis and treatment planning. MRI scans from 150 patients in total (80 healthy, 70 necrotic) were used, and split into training and testing sets in a 7:3 ratio. Handcrafted as well as deep learning features were retrieved from Tesla 2 weighted (T2W1) MRI slices. After a rigorous selection process, these features were used to construct three models: a Radiomics-based (Rad-model), a Deep Learning-based (DL-model), and a Deep Learning-based Radiomics (DLR-model). The performance of these models in predicting early ONFH was evaluated by comparing them using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and decision curve analysis (DCA). 1,197 handcrafted radiomics and 512 DL features were extracted then processed; after the final selection: 15 features were used for the Rad-model, 12 features for the DL-model, and only 9 features were selected for the DLR-model. The most effective algorithm that was used in all of the models was Logistic regression (LR). The Rad-model depicted good results outperforming the DL-model; AUC = 0.944 (95%CI, 0.862-1.000) and AUC = 0.930 (95%CI, 0.838-1.000) respectively. The DLR-model showed superior results to both Rad-model and the DL-model; AUC = 0.968 (95%CI, 0.909-1.000); and a sensitivity of 0.95 and specificity of 0.920. The DCA showed that DLR had a greater net clinical benefit in detecting early ONFH. Using a single sequence MRI scan, our work constructed and verified a Deep Learning-Based Radiomics Model for early ONFH diagnosis. This strategy outperformed a Deep learning technique based on Resnet18 and a model based on Radiomics. This straightforward method can offer essential diagnostic data promptly and enhance early therapy strategizing for individuals with ONFH, all while utilizing just one MRI sequence and a more standardized and objective interpretation of MRI images.

Environmental Changes and Food Security in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

This study aims at evaluating the role of Geo-spatial techniques in vegetation cover analysis and mapping, environmental changes and food security in Nigeria. The challenges of food security in Nigeria especially in urban centres are enormous. The unmitigated rural-urban drift as a result of socio-economic development has made it imperative to address the problem of food security in the study area. Also, the issue of rapid urban development without appropriate attention given to the important issue of food security with persistent deteriorating infrastructure for urban food processing has led to rapid price changes, in food and other agricultural products. This study, therefore, attempts to demonstrate that the recent advancements in remote sensing integration with Geographic Information System technologies provide powerful tools for mapping and detecting changes in land use and land cover using Ado-Ekiti as a case study. The digital image processing techniques of remote sensing (RS) was employed to enable speedy, accurate and objective interpretation of the multispectral data used for the study, in order to understand the extent, rate and the magnitude of land use and land cover dynamics in the study area. The study reveals that the agricultural land and natural vegetation have the highest change. Much of their land areas were converted to built-up areas for the three study epochs (1992,2007,2022). The study concludes that there is a progressive encroachment of built-up areas to other land use in the study area, thereby resulting in significant environmental changes and affecting food security.

The role of pronouns in achieving textual coherence in the words of Allama Majlisi in the book Al-Mukhtaqkez of Objective Interpretation in Bihar Al-Anwar (A descriptive and analytical study)

The pronouns play an important role in making verbal mechanisms of verbal cohesion in the real linguistic context; because they refer to antecedents or postpositions and this text consists of names or sentences that form a syntactic structure that contributes to the cohesion of meaning in the text; it makes the text have a semantic feature that shows the intention of the text for the listener.
 If it is true that the pronouns had an important role in explaining the meaning of the signatory's speech in interpreting verses of the Quran, because his interpretation was rich with compatible and harmonious pronouns with the verses of the Quran that he interpreted and what it includes opinions, meanings and knowledge with verses of the Quran, then his interpretation is a matter of using it as a reference pronoun in accordance with its content and economy for speech, as well as participating in linking descriptive from among reference antecedents (the letter, and alif, and na) and reference postpositions (the pronoun) .

Subject-Object binding dependencies in Romanian

This paper dwells on an interesting contrast between Romance (Romanian, Spanish a.o.) and Germanic languages (English, German a.o.) with respect to the syntax and the interpretation of the direct object (DO). One structural difference between these two groups of languages amounts to the fact that the former clitic double (CD) and differentially object mark (DOM) their direct objects while the latter do not. This leads to important interpretive consequences when it comes to phenomena such as Subject-Object binding dependences: Non-CD languages rely on the c-command configuration and surface word order in resolving binding relations (the antecedent must c-command the element containing the bound pronoun. As a consequence, a natural way for the DO to bind into the Subject is to have it moved to the left, in a preceding, c-commanding position). As will be shown, in CD languages, the word order configuration is not decisive: the direct object may bind the subject without having to precede it at the same time. The paper draws a parametric difference between configurational languages (where binding is closely linked to the c-command configurations and is sensitive to surface word order) and non-configurational languages, where the same semantic properties can be derived from the internal structure of the direct object (through its featural specification).

EXPERT BIOINFORMATION SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSING FORMS OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA BASED ON ANALYSIS OF BIOMEDICAL INFORMATION

The introductory chapter established the context for this paper by stressing the significance of leukemia in healthcare and the challenges associated with both diagnosis and therapy. The paper ultimate objective is to provide an information technology solution to these issues, thereby improving patient care and prognosis. A conceptual model of an expert system for the diagnosis of acute leukemia is proposed, which will reduce the ambiguity in the interpretation of research objects. Factors influencing the correct recognition of complex objects (images of blast and non-blast blood cells) using an expert system based on computer microscopy methods are considered.

On the issue of adjustment and calculation of navigation depth parameters during route creating

The calculation of the values of navigation depths when planning the preliminary route has a strong influence even on the choice of one or another route, and changing weather conditions sometimes lead to its replacement with an alternative during the execution of the route, which adds to the risk of unexpected situations and the need to solve them in a short time frame. Also, determining the appropriate SENC settings for pre-laying, understanding the essence of the calculated safety parameters regarding navigation depths on ECDIS charts and the accepted values of ECDIS remain relevant due to the large number of involved ECDIS interfaces of different developers. The article deals with the issue of setting up SENC in relation to the previous layout, taking into account the use of various additional overlays: NavTex, AIO, weather maps. The necessity of using text signatures of vector objects, which were previously ignored due to blind trust in vectorization of maps, is shown. The article provides an in-depth interpretation of such vector objects as IDS, which do not change their own scale when changing the scale of the map. The given examples of erroneous interpretation of the Category Zone of Confidence showed the need for additional clarification of the essence of confidence zones and the specifics of using such errors when planning routes. Since the formulas for calculating the values of both UKC (under keel clearance) and Safety Contour have only recommended rules, the article provides information on the use of parameters in these formulas, as well as their interpretation by ECDIS software. The reasons and consequences of the lack of in-depth understanding of safety parameters regarding navigational depths for the route are shown. One of the variants of the Safety Contour and UKC calculation model is proposed, as well as the features of using the Safety Depth parameter. Specifics of using XTD and LDL are given

Retracted: Transcranial Electrical Motor Evoked Potential in Predicting Positive Functional Outcome of Patients after Decompressive Spine Surgery: Review on Challenges and Recommendations towards Objective Interpretation.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/2684855.].

Improving the Accuracy of the Neural Network Models Interpretation of Nonlinear Dynamic Objects

The paper is devoted to the problem of neural network interpretation in the tasks of modeling nonlinear dynamic objects. The purpose of the work is to improve the accuracy of the neural network models interpretation of nonlinear dynamic objects and to determine the scope of their effective application. This goal is achieved by applying analytical models in the form of integral-power series based on multidimensional weight functions. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the use of nonlinear dynamic models in the form of integral-power series based on multidimensional weight functions instead of linear surrogate models. It allows to improve modeling accuracy. The practical usefulness of the work is determination of the effective application area of analytical interpretive models. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the application of the proposed models for the interpretation of neural network models of nonlinear dynamic objects, which allows to increase the accuracy of interpretation models compared to linear surrogate models.

BrainChart cortical thickness centile scores: a generalizable tool to detect age‐inappropriate cortical neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundIdentifying age‐inappropriate cortical neurodegeneration on structural MRI is a key component of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) assessment. However, widely available reference standards that enable objective interpretation are lacking. BrainChart (www.BrainChart.io; https://github.com/BrainChart/Lifespan) calculates age and sex adjusted centile scores for structural MRI metrics using normative data from 101,457 participants across the lifecourse and can be applied across different datasets. We applied this approach to regional cortical thickness estimates and explored its utility in identifying patients with AD associated neurodegeneration.MethodsCross‐sectional BrainChart cortical thickness centile scores were calculated for 241 individuals with pathologically confirmed AD (median scan time prior to death 5.8 years), as well as 1432 cognitively normal participants (CN) from the NACC dataset. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses were performed to identify the cortical regions that best identified patients with pathologically confirmed AD. This approach was then applied to 305 participants from the ADNI‐3 cohort, all of whom underwent clinical amyloid (florbetapir) PET and tau (flortaucipir) PET within 6 months of structural MRI (CN = 185; Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) = 95); AD = 26).ResultsThe top ten performing regions for differentiating pathologically confirmed AD from CN in the NACC dataset were entorhinal, middle temporal, inferior parietal, isthmus cingulate, fusiform, supramarginal, inferior temporal, superior temporal, precuneus and temporal pole. AUCs ranged from 0.72 – 0.77 (figure 1 and table 1). Combining these ten regions into a single model significantly improved diagnostic separability (AUC = 0.81, figure 1). Optimal cut‐points for individual regions ranged from the 25th centile to the 35th centile, with sensitivities ranging from 57.7% to 68.9%, and specificities ranging from 72.6% to 80.9%. Using progressively lower centile scores increased specificity but decreased sensitivity (table 1).In ADNI‐3 participants, a combined model of the same ten regions derived from the NACC dataset was able to discriminate amyloid and tau pet positive AD patients from amyloid and tau negative CN (AUC = 0.98), as well as amyloid and tau positive MCI patients from amyloid and tau negative CN (AUC = 0.85) (figure 2).ConclusionBrainChart age and sex adjusted cortical thickness centile scores, derived from an extensive normative dataset, represent a generalizable method for objectively identifying cortical neurodegeneration in AD.

BrainChart cortical thickness centile scores: a generalizable tool to detect age‐inappropriate cortical neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundIdentifying age‐inappropriate cortical neurodegeneration on structural MRI is a key component of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) assessment. However, widely available reference standards that enable objective interpretation are lacking. BrainChart (www.BrainChart.io; https://github.com/BrainChart/Lifespan) calculates age and sex adjusted centile scores for structural MRI metrics using normative data from 101,457 participants across the lifecourse and can be applied across different datasets. We applied this approach to regional cortical thickness estimates and explored its utility in identifying patients with AD associated neurodegeneration.MethodCross‐sectional BrainChart cortical thickness centile scores were calculated for 241 individuals with pathologically confirmed AD (median scan time prior to death 5.8 years), as well as 1432 cognitively normal participants (CN) from the NACC dataset. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses were performed to identify the cortical regions that best identified patients with pathologically confirmed AD. This approach was then applied to 305 participants from the ADNI‐3 cohort, all of whom underwent clinical amyloid (florbetapir) PET and tau (flortaucipir) PET within 6 months of structural MRI (CN = 185; Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) = 95); AD = 26).ResultThe top ten performing regions for differentiating pathologically confirmed AD from CN in the NACC dataset were entorhinal, middle temporal, inferior parietal, isthmus cingulate, fusiform, supramarginal, inferior temporal, superior temporal, precuneus and temporal pole. AUCs ranged from 0.72 – 0.77 (figure 1 and table 1). Combining these ten regions into a single model significantly improved diagnostic separability (AUC = 0.81, figure 1). Optimal cut‐points for individual regions ranged from the 25th centile to the 35th centile, with sensitivities ranging from 57.7% to 68.9%, and specificities ranging from 72.6% to 80.9%. Using progressively lower centile scores increased specificity but decreased sensitivity (table 1). In ADNI‐3 participants, a combined model of the same ten regions derived from the NACC dataset was able to discriminate amyloid and tau pet positive AD patients from amyloid and tau negative CN (AUC = 0.98), as well as amyloid and tau positive MCI patients from amyloid and tau negative CN (AUC = 0.85) (figure 2).ConclusionBrainChart age and sex adjusted cortical thickness centile scores, derived from an extensive normative dataset, represent a generalizable method for objectively identifying cortical neurodegeneration in AD.

World War I as a Cause of Ephemeral Hope in the Artistic Avant-Gardes

The article shows, first, how Sociology has approached the concepts of “hope” and “war” and how throughout the history of the discipline these terms have gone from being neglected to arousing considerable interest. Second, the paper analyzes how and why avant-garde artists understood the First World War as a motif of utopian hope to annihilate a civilization in crisis and to transform it through its aesthetic formalization. Third, the essay tries to find out whether that hope was preserved over time or, on the contrary, was soon dissolved as a result of the drama of the events. It is shown here that the savagery of the fighting dissolved all European values of modernity and progress, including artistic ones. In fact, theoretical and stylistic conceptions, aesthetic categories, ethical postulates, and artists’ aspirations for conscience to rule the world were blurred. For the artistic avant-garde, utopian promises of a better world broke down. Consequently, this obliges sociologists to pay more attention to both phenomena—that of the war and that of the avant-garde—and to seek a more objective and critical interpretation of modernity, calling for its actualization, and of Sociology itself.

Practical aspects of laboratory monitoring of estrogens in men

Since the discovery of estrogens in the 30s of the XX century, scientific and practical interest in them has been concentrated exclusively from the standpoint of female endocrinology, and the physiology and pathophysiology of estrogens in men, due to the historically established interpretation of the role of these steroids exclusively as female sex hormones, have remained practically unexplored for a long time. However, according to the classical theory of steroidogenesis, estrogens are the end product of this biochemical process, and testosterone, in addition to its well-known independent functions in the male body, also acts as their biochemical precursor. Therefore, normal endocrinology of sex steroids in men is in principle impossible without the participation of estrogens, and over the past decades, convincing scientific data have been accumulated indicating important physiological functions of estrogens in the male body. The review article, based on the literature of recent years, briefly examines the key aspects of clinical endocrinology of estrogens in men and describes in more detail the modern possibilities of methods for laboratory monitoring of estrogens in blood serum in men and some diagnostic tools that allow a more complete and objective interpretation of the results of laboratory methods for determining estrogens, in particular, testosterone/estradiol ratio. It is shown that the calculation of this ratio is a more reliable method for assessing estrogen metabolism disorders in routine clinical practice than the separate determination of serum levels of sex steroids, and can be considered as an important marker of various diseases in men.

Objective interpretation of ultraviolet-induced luminescence for characterizing pictorial materials

Ultraviolet-induced Luminescence (UVL) is the property of some materials of emitting light once illuminated by a source of UV radiation. This feature is characteristic of some mediums and pigments, such as some red lakes, widely used for the realisation of works of art. On the one hand, UVL represents a like strike for a researcher in the cultural heritage field: in fact, UVL allows to characterise the state of conservation of the paintings and, in some cases, to recognize at glance some of the materials used by the artists. On the other hand, the contribution of UVL to the study of the artefacts is almost always limited to qualitative observation, while any speculation about the cause of the luminescence emission relies on the observer’s expertise. The aim of this paper is to overcome this paradigm, moving a step toward a more quantitative interpretation of the luminescence signal. The obtained results concern the case study of pictorial materials by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo (1868–1907, Volpedo, AL, Italy) including his iconic masterpiece Quarto Stato (1889–1901), but the method has general validity and can be applied whenever the appropriate experimental conditions occur. Once designed an appropriate set-up, the statistical comparison between the acquisitions performed on Quarto Stato, on a palette belonged to the master, on drafts made by the author himself and on a set of ad hoc prepared samples both with commercial contemporary pigments and prepared with the traditional recipe, shed some light on which materials have been employed by the artist, where they have been applied and support some intriguing speculations on the use of the industrial lakes in the Quarto Stato painting.

La identificación de complementos directos e indirectos en español y polaco

The aim of this paper is to compare the methods of identifying the direct and indirect object in Spanish and Polish. From the author’s point of view, Spanish relies more on semantic methods, while Polish relies more on formal ones, especially those related to the category of case. As the article strives to demonstrate, the two approaches can be significant for the different interpretations of objects in both languages.

Forensic Science Integration in Legal Education: A Paradigm Shift for Strengthening Legal Expertise in Pakistan

Abstract The objective and scientific interpretation of evidence provided by forensic science is a crucial component of the contemporary judicial system. In Pakistan, forensic science education is not a part of the required curriculum for obtaining a Bachelor of Law (LL.B.) degree. Lawyer’s knowledge of the scope and limits of forensic research is hindered by the absence of a thorough forensic science component within law school. This, in turn, may obstruct the proper use of forensics in court procedures, which can slow down the distribution of justice. Forensic science education offers numerous benefits, including a holistic understanding of law and forensic science, interdisciplinary skills development, enhanced collaboration between lawyers and experts, and the development of specialized lawyers for handling complex cases. Law students may benefit from a deeper grasp of the scientific processes involved in criminal investigation, evidence collecting, preservation, analysis, and presentation by taking forensic science courses. Future lawyers will benefit from this understanding while trying cases, challenging expert testimony, and arguing on behalf of their clients. This article addresses the advantages, problems, and possible tactics for integrating forensic science into the LL.B. curriculum in Pakistan.

610P Analyzing the clinical benefit of the evidence presented at these congresses and utilizing a standardized scale to quantify it will significantly enhance our understanding of the studies showcased, allowing for more objective evaluation and interpretation

610P Analyzing the clinical benefit of the evidence presented at these congresses and utilizing a standardized scale to quantify it will significantly enhance our understanding of the studies showcased, allowing for more objective evaluation and interpretation

Screening for mitochondrial function before use-routine liver assessment during hypothermic oxygenated perfusion impacts liver utilization

To report on a concept of liver assessment during ex situ hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) and its significant impact on liver utilization. An analysis of prospectively collected data on donation after circulatory death (DCD) livers, treated by HOPE at our institution, during a 11-year period between January 2012 and December2022. Four hundred and fifteen DCD Maastricht III livers were offered during the study period in Switzerland, resulting in 249 liver transplants. Of those, we performed 158 DCD III liver transplants at our institution, with 1-year patient survival and death censored graft survival (death with functioning graft) of 87 and 89%, respectively, thus comparable to benchmark graft survivals of ideal DBD and DCD liver transplants (89% and 86%). Correspondingly, graft loss for primary non-function or cholangiopathy was overall low, i.e., 7/158 (4.4%) and 11/158 (6.9%), despite more than 82% of DCD liver grafts ranked high (6-10 points) or futile risk (>10 points) according to the UK-DCD score. Consistently, death censored graft survival was not different between low-, high-risk or futile DCD III livers. The key behind these achievements was the careful development and implementation of a routine perfusate assessment of mitochondrial biomarkers for injury and function, i.e., release of flavin mononucleotide from complex I, perfusate NADH, and mitochondrial CO2 production during HOPE, allowing a more objective interpretation of liver quality on a subcellular level, compared to donor derived data. HOPE after cold storage is a highly suitable and easy to perform perfusion approach, which allows reliable liver graft assessment, enabling surgeons to make a fact based decision on whether or not to implant the organ. HOPE-treatment should be combined with viability assessment particularly when used for high-risk organs, including DCD livers or organs with relevant steatosis. This study was supported by the Swiss National Foundation (SNF) grant 320030_189055/1 to PD.

Розвиток понятійного апарату у сфері обліку і оподаткування цифрових активів

Introduction. In recent years, the digital economy has become the main driver of economic growth both at the global and national levels. Within this paradigm, a number of socio-economic challenges are being overcome: creating new jobs, ensuring digital inclusion of people around the world. Problem Statement. The national institutional environment in the field of the digital economy is currently under development, in particular in terms of consistency of conceptual apparatus. The purpose of the article is to analyze the conceptual and categorical apparatus used in the regulatory and legal framework for accounting and taxation of objects arising from the activities of business entities in the digital economy, and to determine the directions of its development. Methods: institutional approach; comparative analysis; synthesis; hierarchical classification method. Results. A bibliographic analysis of scientific and professional publications showed that all categories of “non-fungible token”, “virtual asset”, “cryptoasset” are inherently digital assets, i.e. assets that are stored or transmitted in digital format and have economic or cultural value. The global nature of digital assets has led to the need for international coordination on their legal status and resolution mechanisms. Such digital assets as virtual assets, cryptoassets and their subtypes are regulated at different levels: international (FATF, OECD); regional (EU); national (UK, Ukraine). The presented review of the documents defining the concepts of “digital asset”, “cryptoasset” and “virtual asset” at the international and regional levels, as well as in individual countries, demonstrates that there is currently no generally accepted definition of these terms. Conclusions. The conducted study of the features in forming the conceptual and terminological apparatus of accounting and taxation of objects, the appearance of which is determined by the activities of economic entities under the digital economy, in regulatory documents at various levels showed that when developing institutional support for the regulation of the circulation of digital assets and operations with them in Ukraine the approach used by the FATF was chosen. In terms of its content, the category of “virtual assets” corresponds to the interpretation of the category of “cryptoassets” laid down by European legislation. The author identifies terminological inconsistencies in the Ukrainian legal framework that require further resolution through a cross-analysis of legislation to unify approaches to the interpretation of digital economy objects.

Development and Creation of Ancient Sandstone Carvings Using 3D Software Tools and Mobile/Tablet Devices

In the area of Phayao Province that used to be part of the ancient Lanna Kingdom, there are unique works of art that can be found until today, which are sandstone carvings caused by religious beliefs resulting in works such as Buddha statues. These are art related to religion. Nowadays, these works of art have started to fade away and receive less and less attention from people. The creation of art objects in this research therefore uses the interpretation of the creative objects in line with people’s lifestyles by selecting the lotus, which is a plant related to rivers, and is important in religion. In the lotus, which is interconnected and aligned with Buddhism, and in harmony with a way of life that aligns with the river, creative works are found in various forms, connecting people in Buddhism, including sandstone carving. In this creation, digital technology tools and methods are used to collect data to create a 3D work piece. Photogrammetry is used to record detailed proportions and information and customization of 3D work pieces. In these steps, mobile phone-type tools are used to collect image data to create the 3D work or an application is used to customize 3D work pieces from a tablet device to create prototypes of sandstone sculptures from the artisans that remain today. This can be seen in creating, maintaining, and recording digital data, creation, and the integration of knowledge. This demonstrates that today’s tools and portable devices can help create more creative pieces of work and preserve art and culture.