Interpretation Of Key Terms Research Articles

Paving the way for a softer regulation of CRISPR in Norway: public engagement as window dressing

ABSTRACT Gene editing technologies like CRISPR have raised questions about the need for new regulations throughout Europe. In Norway, the Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board initiated a comprehensive process to formulate a proposal for a relaxation of the regulation of GMOs in 2016. This article investigates the Board's initiative as part of the prevailing RRI policy discourse and follows how the process unfolded as a public engagement exercise. A document analysis of the Board's statements and the public's written comments revealed that the Board managed to construct a nuanced public debate around GMOs; however, the Board did not acknowledge that the different interpretations of key terms in the proposal led to very different conclusions as to how CRISPR should be regulated. Therefore, the inclusion of the public appears more as a means to build support for the proposal than as a learning exercise as understood by the RRI-framework.

«Призрак педантичной точности»: «Ромео и Джульетта» У. Шекспира в трактовке Анны Радловой

The article touches upon the most vital aspects in the discussion of the 1930s on the philologically accurate translation. The author analyses A. Smirnov’s and M. Morosov’s critical remarks to A. Radlova’s translation of “Romeo and Juliet” and reconstructs how Radlova translated this Shakespeare tragedy. The article sets forth the idea that the discussion on Radlova’s translation of “Romeo and Juliet” anticipates Radlova and Chukovsky’s debates. In relation to this the author explains why for the Collected Works of Shakespeare (1958–1960) A. Smirnov chose Shchepkina-Kupernik’s translation of “Romeo and Juliet” but not Anna Radlova’s one. Carried out for the first time, the comparative analyses of these texts allows to see in detail the difference in their interpretation of key terms in the theory of translation of that epoque. The author of the article evaluates Radlova’s interpretation of “Romeo and Juliet” on the basis of A. Smirnov’s claim that in the translation of “Othello” and “Romeo and Juliet” Radlova follows the same translation method. To disprove Smirnov’s idea, we take into consideration such requests of K. Сhukovsky as the oversimplification of syntax, that deforms Shakespeare’s intonation, the omission of important words (as well as the effacement of some small one-syllable words) for the sake of measure and line to line correspondence in translation, and the roughening of the original text. The articles proves that the only method used by Radlova systematically is the last one. Other defects were most probably smoothed out due to A. Smirnov’s corrections.

What Cognitive Interviews Tell Us about Bias in Cross-cultural Research

This study illustrates how the cognitive interviewing (CI) method can provide qualitative evidence of item, construct, and method bias in cross-cultural research. CI was conducted with participants from the Netherlands and Spain, who responded to quality-of-life (QoL) items included in international survey research projects. Qualitative findings indicate that, at the construct level, Spanish participants were more affected by the particular wording of the item stems, which made them modify their understanding of the intended constructs while answering, whereas Dutch participants were more focused on being consistent in their responses. At the item level, differences in the interpretation of key terms in QoL items were mainly related to translation and cultural issues. Method bias was manifested in the differential use of response options and anchor labels. Results of the study support the contribution and usefulness of CI to informing about the three types of bias from a qualitative approach.

ON THE NOTION OF FOREIGN WORKER IN THE RUSSIAN CURRENT LEGISLATION

Introduction : The intensification of international labor migration and the expansion of foreign citizens’ involvement in various spheres of labor trigger multidimensional legal problems. Due to this fact, one of the essential challenges that the Russian Federation is facing is to establish a balanced mechanism for regulation of foreign workers’ labor activity on Russian territory, a mechanism that would accommodate both the interests of the country and its population, and the foreign workers’ needs. In order to form an adequate regulation system of foreign workers’ labor, a conceptual and categorial framework needs to be established to preclude any ambiguity in the interpretation of key terms. Unfortunately, despite the heated policy discussions and a vigorous enhancement of the Russian Federation’s legislation in this sphere, an integrated approach to the concept of a foreign worker has not yet been established. Here-in-under is a survey of scientific approaches adopted by Russian and foreign researchers in determining the definition of “a person who works in a country other than the country of his or her citizenship”. Legal definitions of related concepts, contained in universal and regional international regulations, countries’ bilateral agreements and statutory acts of national legislation were analyzed. Various approaches to qualifying relationships involving foreign workers adopted by domestic law enforcers were examined. As a result, differences were revealed in the scope and contents of the criteria that define the foreign worker category both within legal policy and in international and domestic legislative acts. Materials and methods : The methodological basis of the research was formed by a universal method of cognition (dialectics), general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction) and specific scientific methods adopted in legal studies (historical, comparative and systemic analysis, formal logic method, etc.). Results: The research revealed that the categories used by Russian legislators for qualifying the foreign workers’ status in the sphere of labor activity are characterized by ambivalence. Besides, Russian legislation does not reflect the specific aspects of regulating labor activity of a foreign worker on the basis of a civil law contract. Discussion and conclusion : Critical analysis of approaches to defining the concept of foreign worker in domestic and foreign legal studies, the analysis and comparison of regulatory acts in national legislation as well as in certain international legal resources allowed us to articulate the essential systemic elements of the “foreign worker” concept and provide a definition for it. This research paper substantiates the need to expand the legal concept of foreign worker by establishing labor activities of a foreign worker as any paid (compensated) activities based on his or her personal labor efforts.

ПРОФІЛАКТИКА ПРАВОПОРУШЕНЬ У БЮДЖЕТНІЙ СФЕРІ ЗАСОБАМИ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОГО ПРАВА

The paper investigates the prevention of budget violations committed by officials of public authorities. The scientific basis for the study of the prevention of budget violations committed by officials of public administration bodies has been determined, and it has been established that it is a system of scientific ideas, approaches to the scientific interpretation of key terms and categories, in particular, the prevention of budget violations and the prevention of budget violations, administrative offenses, officials, public administration, public administration authorities and others, knowledge about the adoption of legal norms in the studied area and their meaningful change. As a result of the formation of the scientific basis of the study, insufficient attention of domestic scientists to the problem of crime prevention in the public sector, scientific substantiation of ways to solve the problem of unification of the normative regulation of this area in our time was stated. It has been proved that the prevention of budget offenses committed by officials of public administration bodies should be considered a complex and multifaceted legal phenomenon, which can be represented by a set of special measures of influence on officials of public administration bodies to neutralize the potential possibility of committing budget violations, elimination of factors that cause illegal activities , in order to protect public order, the rights and freedoms of citizens and the established order of government. It was found that its features are due to the peculiarities of the general legal framework for implementation, the sphere of preventive action, the rhiznoplanovist of measures of influence (individual, special and social preventive measures), the increased social significance of countering such torts.

Concluding Commentary: Response to Eugene and Kiyo

At the risk of speaking on his behalf I could almost swear I heard Bakhtin laughing gleefully over my shoulder as I read this fascinating dialogue between Eugene and Kiyo. His reason for this might be partly inspired by the glaring misunderstandings both men reveal through their associated interplay with key pedagogical concepts. While polemic in nature, it occurs to me, somewhat ironically, that each man makes the same careful, empirically located, argument from different cultural and philosophical standpoints. At the centre of their debate is the concept of pedagogy and its capacity to promote ‘authentic’ learning. Despite this shared agenda their interpretations of key terms are often at variance and, as a result, they passionately bang their heads against each other in vehement misunderstanding that makes for what Bakhtin (2004) would describe as “lively and expressive” debate (p. 24) on this topic.