Interpretation Of Intent Research Articles

The Structural Functions of Stardom in the Recording Industry

Stars are central to the experience of popular music, a focal point for individual and collective desire and a site for the interpretation of authorial intent. However, the social structure of stardom is also central to the industrial organization of popular music. Beginning with a discussion of approaches to stardom more generally, this paper outlines the key functions played by popular music stardom in the structure of the contemporary recording industry. It considers both the economic functions of stardom (the transferral of financial risk from the record label to the artist and the stabilization of markets) and its ideological significance (submerging the process of commodification inherent within popular music and acting as the primary means through which the popular music commodity attains its commercial value). In the final section, the paper considers the contemporary music industry and the changing power balance between record labels and stars, concluding that, if the major labels become significantly less powerful, then this will have major implications for the nature of popular music stardom per se.

SUBJETIVIDAD SIN SUBJETIVISMO: ¿LA ANTROPOLOGÍA FILOSÓFICA DE KAROL WOJTYLA SIN LA METAFÍSICA DE TOMÁS DE AQUINO?

En el presente artículo se analiza el pensamiento filosófico de Karol Wojtyla y más concretamente su noción de subjetividad. Está centrado en subrayar y clarificar una interpretación equivocada de este tema y sus consecuencias sobre algunos aspectos relevantes de la filosofía. Algunos fenomenólogos han considerado la idea principal de subjetividad en Wojtyla únicamente bajo la óptica de Max Scheler e Inmanuel Kant, ignorando completamente en su filosofía la visión de Tomás de Aquino. Esta confusión ha provocado una idea que —alejada del subjectum clásico— comporta seguir alguna de las más modernas interpretaciones de persona, experiencia, sentimientos, intención y amor, elementos que tomados en ese contexto forman las columnas ideológicas del subjetivismo moderno.

HEIDEGGER ABOUT THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL INTENTION OF DESCARTES` PHILOSOPHIZING

The purpose of the article is to single out and comprehend the key points of Heidegger`s vision of the main ideas of Descartes` philosophy while searching «the other beginning» of philosophizing as anthropology. The implementation of the objective assumes the solution of the following tasks: justification of the Heidegger`s idea of the critical relation to the established stereotypes of technomorphism about the basic intention of Descartes` philosophy, the reconstruction of the context of Heidegger`s considering the understanding of the basic intention and main motives of Descartes` philosophizing, the authenticity analysis of the reception of Descartes` doctrine by Heidegger in modern literature. Methodology. The achievements of the anthropologically focused thought of the 20th century, namely existentialism, philosophical anthropology, personalism, communicative philosophy have the essential potential during the constructive judgment and theoretical reconstruction of anthropological intention of philosophizing. Heidegger's heritage takes on a special significance, especially his reflections about the ways of searching and finding a substantial alternative to the technicism in the form of «the other beginning» of philosophizing. Scientific novelty. The analysis of the scientific literature, devoted to the relationship of Heidegger – Descartes, testifies to the domination of the truncated understanding of Descartes`s philosophy deprived of an anthropological component, and, as a result, ignoration of the substantial succession of the Descartes` ideas by Heidegger. Considering Heidegger's corresponding texts devoted to the understanding of the deep transformations of the New time, we find out the anthropology as a cornerstone of science and technology. Understanding the basic part of anthropology in the culture of the New time makes Heidegger devote much attention to the destruction of the established ideas of self-sufficiency of science, technology, thinking and to the detection of those hidden ones from a superficial view of personal nature of philosophical knowledge. Conclusions. Heidegger reasonably decides to pay much attention to Descartes` heritage as one of the fundamental thinkers, whose works are especially important during the simultaneous understanding of both the sources of the European anthropology, and the formation of the bases of the technogenic civilization of the New time. Heidegger's heritage considerably contributes to more authentic interpretation of the basic intention and the main motives of Descartes` philosophy. His opening new prospects to a considerable degree is caused by his own anthropological orientation, critical attitude to the linear concept of the history of philosophy, the rejection of superficial teсhnomorphism interpretation of philosophy.

Si l’action est comme le texte. La fondation du social et le principe d’analogie chez Ricœur

Cet article présente une reformulation générale de l’analogie du texte et de l’action de Paul Ricœur. Mon hypothèse de travail est qu’une telle reformulation nous aide à mieux contextualiser des tensions qui traversent toute la philosophie pratique de Ricœur, tout d’abord la tension entre le social et l’institution. Il s’agit de montrer que la philosophie ricœurienne est une philosophie tensionnelle parce qu’elle se fonde sur le principe d’analogie. Cela, bien sûr, ne revient pas à réduire sa pensée à un simple effet de ce principe.

A Speech Act Analysis of the Acceptance of Nomination Speeches of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O. Abiola

This study investigates the role of language in the communication and interpretation of intentions by examining selected political speeches as pieces of discourse with specific goals. It presents and documents some of the significant illocutionary acts that convey the intentions of speakers in the acceptance of nomination speeches of presidential candidates in Nigeria. The acceptance of nomination speeches of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O. Abiola form the bulk of our data. The study is based on insight from J.L. Austin (1962) speech act theory. Five categories of speech acts identified by Searle’s (1969, 1976) are significant in the speeches. They include assertive acts (27.3%), expressive acts (22.70%), commissive acts (22.70%), directive acts (18.2%) and declarative acts which account for 9.1% of the total data. The study has revealed that the acceptance of nomination speeches are characterised by illocutionary acts that are used to achieve persuasion. Hence, the data are characterised by a preponderance of assertive, expressive and commissive acts that are mostly used as mobilization strategies, especially in political campaigns, where it is essential for candidates to persuade their listeners to win elections. The acts performed in the speeches examined are essentially similar; however, they were encoded more explicitly by Chief Abiola than Chief Awolowo.

The Interpretation of the Special Intent to Commit Genocide in the Light of the Interpretations Used by the ICTY, ICTR and the ICC

The Interpretation of the Special Intent to Commit Genocide in the Light of the Interpretations Used by the ICTY, ICTR and the ICC

Reconsidering Genocidal Intent in the Interest of Prevention

Early establishment of evidence for genocidal intent would allow responses in the context of R2P, targeted specifically at the prevention of genocide and focus scarce resources and limited political will. This article is an attempt to develop an interpretation of genocidal intent that supports the application of the obligation to prevent genocide in future situations. Past examples, including the situations in Rwanda and Darfur, demonstrated that the interpretation of genocidal intent has important implications for the application of the obligation to prevent genocide under the Convention. While some of the challenges can be traced back to the drafting history of the Convention, a review of the Travaux Preparatoire reveals very limited cross-references between the discussions on intent and considerations of the obligation to prevent genocide. Since the drafting of the Convention there have been significant developments in the interpretation and application of genocidal intent by national and international courts, and in the development of methodology and institutions for early-warning and early action to respond to situations at risk of genocide. International and national courts would have to acknowledge their role in assisting national and international entities in implementing the obligation to prevent and punish genocide by opting for a ‘prevention-friendly’ interpretation and ensuring punishment as early as possible during unfolding events of genocide through the application of genocidal intent. The interpretation of intent must be opened to subsume relevant precursors of genocide into the definitions of article II and III of the Convention. The interpretation of intent has to evolve over time to link well-established risk factors with the acts of genocide spelled out in the Convention.

Mentalizing in schizophrenia is more than just solving theory of mind tasks

Mentalizing in schizophrenia is more than just solving theory of mind tasks

As marcas da interpretação

The article brings an important articulation between interpretation and the end of an analysis. It is questioned if the one who has not taken his/her own analysis until the end would be able to ascertain the direction of an analysis, or also to come up with an interpretation “a bonescient”, that is, an intentional interpretation which is done with full knowledge of the case and based on an objective. The author concludes defending Lacan’s thesis, present in The direction of the treatment since 1958, that having gone through the experience of end of analysis, not only is it necessary to get to know to what the conclusion refers to, but also it conditions the pertinence of the interpretation.

Control of Upper Limb Prostheses: Terminology and Proportional Myoelectric Control—A Review

The recent introduction of novel multifunction hands as well as new control paradigms increase the demand for advanced prosthetic control systems. In this context, an unambiguous terminology and a good understanding of the nature of the control problem is important for efficient research and communication concerning the subject. Thus, one purpose of this paper is to suggest an unambiguous taxonomy, applicable to control systems for upper limb prostheses and also to prostheses in general. A functionally partitioned model of the prosthesis control problem is also presented along with the taxonomy. In the second half of the paper, the suggested taxonomy has been exploited in a comprehensive literature review on proportional myoelectric control of upper limb prostheses. The review revealed that the methods for system training have not matured at the same pace as the novel multifunction prostheses and more advanced intent interpretation methods. Few publications exist regarding the choice of training method and the composition of the training data set. In this context, the notion of outcome measures is essential. By definition, system training involves optimization, and the quality of the results depends heavily on the choice of appropriate optimization criteria. In order to further promote the development of proportional myoelectric control, these topics need to be addressed.

Filling the Gaps in Hume's Vacuums

The paper addresses two difficulties that arise in Treatise 1.2.5. First, Hume appears to be inconsistent when he denies that we have an idea of a vacuum or empty space yet allows for the idea of an "invisible and intangible distance." My solution to this difficulty is to develop the overlooked possibility that Hume does not take the invisible and intangible distance to be a distance at all. Second, although Hume denies that we have an idea of a vacuum, some texts in Treatise 1.2.5 are taken by interpreters to suggest that Hume nonetheless believes that there are vacuums in nature. I discuss the relevant texts and defend the view that Hume does not in fact countenance belief in vacuums. I conclude by outlining an interpretation of Hume's intention in the Treatise that allows us to understand his discussion of ideas as having implications for the sciences.

How to Opt into the Common European Sales Law? Brief Comments on the Commission’s Proposal for a Regulation

Abstract: Unlike the actual text for the proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL), which is based on extensive preparatory work by academics, the regime for opting into the instrument, which is set out in the main text of the proposed regulation, is entirely of the European Commission's own making. The approach adopted by the Commission is innovative and generally convincing, although there is still room for improvement. Characterizing the optional instrument as a second national regime rather than as a 28th regime has the important advantage of neutralizing the effect of Article 6 Rome I in B2C contracts, which makes the instrument sufficiently self-standing to become an attractive alternative. At the same time, this choice is acceptable politically and constitutionally (Article 114(3) TFEU) as long as the level of consumer protection within the common sales law remains as high as it is in the current proposal. In business-to-business (B2B) contracts, it is misguided for the regulation to suggest, as it does in the proposal, that a choice for the CESL would imply ipso facto the opting out of the CISG, since the question of what amounts to an exclusion of the CISG is a matter of interpretation of the parties' intentions under the CISG alone. Having said that, in most cases, it will not be very difficult for a court to deduce an implicit opting out of the CISG from an explicit opting into the CESL. Nevertheless, especially in the case of a partial choice for the CESL, which the proposal allows for B2B, interpretative difficulties may arise. The duty for sellers in B2C contracts to draw the consumer's attention to the intended application of the CESL by providing the consumer with a Standard Information Notice (SIN) is not likely to bring consumers much extra protection while the proposed sanction will bring undue legal uncertainty and should, therefore, be reconsidered. It also sends the wrong message, as if this new European law were something dangerous that consumers have to be warned about. The terminological choices of the proposal are not always felicitous. For example, it is not clear what is meant by the expression that the parties 'may use' the law. Of course, the proposed CESL does not fit neatly with any of the received dichotomies of international versus national contracts, Member State versus Union law, direct versus indirect applicability, and substantive versus conflict-of-laws choice of law. In some respects, therefore, the CESL may have to be regarded as sui generis. This is not at all surprising in light of the fact that the European Union (EU) itself is a sui generis legal order. However, the European legislator should try to make it as clear and foreseeable as possible for contracting parties what exactly will be the consequences if they opt into the CESL.

How to Opt into the Common European Sales Law? Brief Comments on the Commission’s Proposal for a Regulation

Unlike the actual text for the proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL), which is based on extensive preparatory work by academics, the regime for opting into the instrument, which is set out in the main text of the proposed regulation, is entirely of the European Commission's own making. The approach adopted by the Commission is innovative and generally convincing, although there is still room for improvement. Characterizing the optional instrument as a second national regime rather than as a 28th regime has the important advantage of neutralizing the effect of Article 6 Rome I in B2C contracts, which makes the instrument sufficiently self-standing to become an attractive alternative. At the same time, this choice is acceptable politically and constitutionally (Article 114(3) TFEU) as long as the level of consumer protection within the common sales law remains as high as it is in the current proposal. In business-to-business (B2B) contracts, it is misguided for the regulation to suggest, as it does in the proposal, that a choice for the CESL would imply ipso facto the opting out of the CISG, since the question of what amounts to an exclusion of the CISG is a matter of interpretation of the parties' intentions under the CISG alone. Having said that, in most cases, it will not be very difficult for a court to deduce an implicit opting out of the CISG from an explicit opting into the CESL. Nevertheless, especially in the case of a partial choice for the CESL, which the proposal allows for B2B, interpretative difficulties may arise. The duty for sellers in B2C contracts to draw the consumer's attention to the intended application of the CESL by providing the consumer with a Standard Information Notice (SIN) is not likely to bring consumers much extra protection while the proposed sanction will bring undue legal uncertainty and should, therefore, be reconsidered. It also sends the wrong message, as if this new European law were something dangerous that consumers have to be warned about. The terminological choices of the proposal are not always felicitous. For example, it is not clear what is meant by the expression that the parties 'may use' the law. Of course, the proposed CESL does not fit neatly with any of the received dichotomies of international versus national contracts, Member State versus Union law, direct versus indirect applicability, and substantive versus conflict-of-laws choice of law. In some respects, therefore, the CESL may have to be regarded as sui generis. This is not at all surprising in light of the fact that the European Union (EU) itself is a sui generis legal order. However, the European legislator should try to make it as clear and foreseeable as possible for contracting parties what exactly will be the consequences if they opt into the CESL.

Assessing the Evidence on Neighborhood Effects from Moving to Opportunity

This paper presents a new perspective on results from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) housing mobility program. Building on recent developments in the program evaluation literature, this paper defines several treatment effect parameters and then estimates and interprets these parameters using data from MTO. The evaluation framework is used to make a clear distinction between the interpretation of Intent to Treat (ITT) and Treatment on the Treated (TOT) parameters as program effects and Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) parameters as neighborhood effects. This distinction helps to clarify that results from MTO are only informative about a small subset of neighborhood effects of interest. Tests for instrument strength show that MTO induced large changes in neighborhood poverty rates. However, it is also shown that MTO induced remarkably little variation in many of the other neighborhood and school characteristics believed to influence outcomes and that much of this variation was confined to the tails of these characteristics' national distributions. Consistent with prevailing theories of neighborhood effects, labor market and health outcomes improved when households moved to neighborhoods with characteristics at or above the national median. The evidence suggests housing mobility programs designed to induce moves to neighborhoods with characteristics in addition to or in lieu of low poverty might induce larger effects than MTO, and results point to the investigation of heterogeneity in program effects from MTO as a fruitful direction for future research.

Reading Intended Meaning Where None Is Intended: A Cognitivist Reappraisal of the Implied Author

From a cognitivist perspective, I defend the utility of the implied author for the interpretation of fictional texts that support more than one intentional reading. David Herman (2008) provides a foil in his opposition to the implied author as object-like source and his promotion of the reading of intentionality as it appears in a distributed field of cues. This understanding of intentionality, he argues, is embedded in our “folk psychology” and is triggered when any configuration of marks is apprehended as artifactual. I argue that the intentionality of an originating cause is equally an element of our folk psychology and inseparable from the value placed on the particularity of artistic achievement. My defense of the implied author is unorthodox in that it applies to fictional texts that are susceptible to multiple intentional interpretations. To make this case, I switch my cognitivist perspective from the reader reading to the writer writing, drawing on commentary by authors regarding the autonomy of their characters and the work of Marjorie Taylor on “imaginary friends.” I argue that the free, unpredictable element of fictional world creation is matched by a freedom of fiction to accommodate competing intentional interpretations. The principal exchange value of my hypothesis for the sciences of cognition lies in the questions it raises regarding the complexity of reader response.

Children and Adults Understand That Verbal Irony Interpretation Depends on Listener Knowledge

Incongruity between a positive statement and a negative context is a cue to verbal irony. Two studies examined whether school-age children and adults recognized that listeners require knowledge of context to detect irony. Specifically, the studies investigated whether participants could inhibit their own context knowledge to appropriately gauge listener interpretation of ironic intent when the listener lacked context knowledge. Adults and older children (8- to 10-year-olds), but not younger children (6- to 7-year-olds), demonstrated this recognition; their responses indicated that listeners would be less likely to interpret statements as ironic when the listeners were ignorant to an incongruent context compared with when they were knowledgeable. Second-order theory-of-mind reasoning was related to the older children's ability to shift their responses regarding listener inferences of ironic statements based on the listeners' knowledge of context.

Common Intention and Contract Interpretation

This article challenges the orthodox view that, in adjudicating upon contract interpretation disputes, the task of the courts is to determine the parties’ presumed intention and that evidence of the parties’ actual mutual intention, usually to be found in their communications in the course of negotiating the contract, is irrelevant and inadmissible as an aid to interpretation. It is argued that, in any event, little of substance is left in the rule excluding evidence of prior negotiations once it is accepted that such evidence is admissible to prove that relevant background facts were known to the parties and that the safety devices of rectification and estoppel are alternative means of enforcing an agreed meaning. The courts are highly unlikely nowadays to give a meaning to contractual terms that is inconsistent with a clearly proven consensus of the parties.

The Shifting Ground Of Architectural Geometry

The production and nature of architecture are inextricably entwined with its modes of representation. Over the last half century, architecture has been very slowly adapting its representational practices from the conception of objects of sensory engagement to building a system of relationships. While geometrical space still dominates the interpretation and explication of design intent into built artefact, the active role of geometry is shifting under the influence of machine-based logic. With this comes a subtle shift in the way that the designer's innate spatial capacities are tapped in the service of practice. This profound change warrants revisiting the philosophical question of the relationship between perceptual and representational space in architecture.

Knowledge-guided inference for voice-enabled CAD

Voice based human–computer interactions have raised much interest and found various applications. Some extant voice based interactions only support voice commands with fixed vocabularies or preset expressions. This paper is motivated to investigate an approach to implement a flexible voice-enabled CAD system, where users are no longer constrained by predefined commands. Designers can, to a much more flexible degree, communicate with CAD modelers using natural language conversations. To accomplish this, a knowledge-guided approach is proposed to infer the semantics of voice input. The semantic inference is formulated as a template matching problem, where the semantic units parsed from voice input are the “ samples” to be inspected and the semantic units in the predefined library are the feature templates. The proposed behavioral glosses, together with CAD-specific synonyms, hyponyms and hypernyms are extensively used in the parsing of semantic units and the subsequent template matching. Using such sources of knowledge, all the semantically equivalent expressions can be mapped to the same command set, and the Voice-enabled Computer Aided Design (VeCAD) system is then capable of processing new expressions it has never encountered and inferring/understanding the semantics at runtime. Experiments show that this knowledge-guided approach is helpful to enhance the robustness of semantic inference and can effectively eliminate the chance of overestimations and underestimations in design intent interpretation.

Social perception in children with intellectual disabilities: the interpretation of benign and hostile intentions

A key aspect of social perception is the interpretation of others' intentions. Children with intellectual disabilities (IDs) have difficulty interpreting benign intentions when a negative event occurs. From a cognitive processing perspective, interpreting benign intentions can be challenging because it requires integration of conflicting information, as the social cues accompanying the negative event convey non-hostile intentions. The present study examined how children with ID process conflicting social information in a more diverse set of situational circumstances than was investigated previously, including situations involving hostile intentions. We hypothesised that when conflicting information in a social situation consists of mixed social cues that convey insincere benign intentions (a type of hostile intentions), children with ID would have difficulty arriving at an accurate interpretation, just as they do when a negative event is accompanied by cues that convey benign intentions. We also hypothesised that when a negative event is accompanied by cues that convey benign intentions, the presence of a highly salient negative event would pose added interpretation difficulty for these children. Methods Participants (58 children with ID and 189 children without ID in grades 2-6) viewed 13 videotaped vignettes. In each vignette, social cues that accompanied a negative event provided information about the intentions of the character that caused the event. After presenting each vignette, we asked the child questions designed to assess aspects of social perception, including his/her interpretation of intentions. Vignettes represented three types of situations that pose conflicting information: (1) a conflict between a negative event and social cues, which conveyed benign intentions (five items); (2) the presence of conflicting social cues that conveyed insincere benign intentions (four items); and (3) additional items designed to examine the effect of the salience of negative event and cues on accurate interpretation of benign intentions (four items). Teachers completed rating scales of social behaviour, enabling us to examine whether the ability to interpret intentions when conflicting information is present is related to children's social behaviour. Results Children with ID had lower interpretation accuracy than children without ID for all three social situations that presented conflicting information. Children with ID appeared to have particular difficulty interpreting benign intentions when a negative event (but not the social cue) was made salient. For children with ID, interpretation accuracy and teacher-rated social behaviour were related. Conclusions Results demonstrated that the presence of conflicting information poses cognitive processing challenges in a variety of social situations, making it difficult for children with ID to arrive at accurate interpretations. Children with ID were less likely than children without ID to interpret intentions accurately, not just when the social cues conveyed benign intentions, but also when mixed social cues conveyed hostile intentions. In addition, when social cues accompanying a negative event convey benign intentions, the relative salience of the negative event and the cues can affect interpretation accuracy for children with ID. Discussion focuses on implications for understanding the cognitive component of the social domain of adaptive behaviour, for explaining gullibility in children with ID and for instructional practices.