Interpretation Of Asymmetry Research Articles

Mutual Vulnerability? Asymmetric Relationships in Biblical Anthropology

The 2019 PBC document views relationships between parents and children, masters and servants, “shepherds” and “the flock,” civil authority and citizens as asymmetric. The structure of the document suggests that these relationship systems are based on shared human experience and a common theological foundation: they appear to repeat the pattern of the parent-child relationship and originate in the obligation to obey God. Using the document as a starting point, I would like to outline what the concept of asymmetric relationships can mean today. In search of common perspectives, I will compare New Testament texts with the interpretation of asymmetry in today’s social ethics discourse. The inequality and asymmetry of different persons and groups seem to be an undeniable fact, causing tension that can be resolved fruitfully by parties who take responsibility for each other in the presence of a “third.”

Movement asymmetries in horses presented for prepurchase or lameness examination.

SummaryBackgroundThe increasing popularity of objective gait analysis makes application in prepurchase examinations (PPE) a logical next step. Therefore, there is a need to have more understanding of asymmetry during a PPE in horses described on clinical evaluation as subtly lame.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to objectively compare asymmetry in horses raising minor vet concerns in a PPE and in horses raising major vet concerns with that found in horses presented with subtle single‐limb lameness, and to investigate the effect of age/discipline on the clinicians' interpretation of asymmetry on the classification of minor vet concerns in a PPE.Study DesignClinical case‐series.MethodsHorses presented for PPE (n = 98) or subjectively evaluated as single limb low‐grade (1–2/5) lame (n = 24, 13 forelimb lame, 11 hindlimb lame), from the patient population of a single clinic, were enrolled in the study provided that owners were willing to participate. Horses undergoing PPE were assigned a classification of having minor vet concerns (n = 84) or major vet concerns (n = 14) based on findings during the dynamic‐orthopaedic part of the PPE. Lame horses were only included if pain‐related lameness was confirmed by an objective improvement after diagnostic analgesia exceeding daily variation determined for equine symmetry parameters using optical motion capture. Clinical evaluation was performed by six different clinicians, each with ≥8 years of equine orthopaedic experience. Vertical movement symmetry was measured using optical motion capture, simultaneously with the orthopaedic examination. Data were analysed using previously described parameters and mixed model analysis and least squares means were used to calculate differences between groups.ResultsThere was no effect of age or discipline on the levels of asymmetry within PPE horses raising minor vet concerns. MinDiff and RUD of the head discriminated between forelimb lame and PPE horses raising minor vet concerns; MinDiff, MaxDiff, RUD of the Pelvis, HHDswing and HHDstance did so for hindlimb lameness. Two lameness patterns differentiated both forelimb and hindlimb lame from PPE horses with minor vet concerns: RUD Poll + MinDiff Withers – RUD Pelvis and RUD Pelvis + RUD Poll − MinDiff Withers. Correcting for vertical range of motion enabled differentiation of PPE horses with minor vet concerns from PPE horses with major vet concerns.Main LimitationsObjective data only based on trot on soft surface, limited number of PPE horses with major vet concerns.ConclusionsCombinations of kinematic parameters discriminate between PPE horses with minor vet concerns and subtly lame horses, though overlap exists.

The correct regularity condition and interpretation of asymmetry in EGARCH

In the class of univariate conditional volatility models, the three most popular are the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model of Engle (1982) and Bollerslev (1986), the GJR (or threshold GARCH) model of Glosten et al. (1992), and the exponential GARCH (or EGARCH) model of Nelson (1990, 1991). For purposes of deriving the mathematical regularity properties, including invertibility that relates the standardized residuals to the returns shocks, to determine the likelihood function for estimation, and the statistical conditions to establish asymptotic properties, it is essential to understand the stochastic properties underlying the three univariate models. The random coefficient autoregressive process was used to obtain GARCH by Tsay (1987), an extension of which was used by McAleer (2014) to obtain GJR. A random coefficient complex nonlinear moving average process was used by McAleer and Hafner (2014) to obtain EGARCH. These models can be used to capture asymmetry, which denotes the different impacts on conditional volatility of positive and negative shocks of equal magnitude, and possibly also leverage, which is the negative correlation between returns shocks and subsequent shocks to volatility (see Black 1976). McAleer (2014) showed that asymmetry was possible for GJR, but not leverage. McAleer and Hafner (2014) showed that leverage was not possible for EGARCH. Surprisingly, the condition for asymmetry in EGARCH seem to have been ignored in the literature, or has concentrated on the incorrect parametric condition, with no clear explanation, and hence with associated unclear and misleading interpretations. The purpose of the paper is to derive the regularity condition for asymmetry in EGARCH, and to provide the correct interpretation. It is shown that, in practice, EGARCH always displays asymmetry, though not leverage.

The Correct Regularity Condition and Interpretation of Asymmetry in EGARCH

In the class of univariate conditional volatility models, the three most popular are the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model of Engle (1982) and Bollerslev (1986), the GJR (or threshold GARCH) model of Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle (1992), and the exponential GARCH (or EGARCH) model of Nelson (1990, 1991). For purposes of deriving the mathematical regularity properties, including invertibility, to determine the likelihood function for estimation, and the statistical conditions to establish asymptotic properties, it is convenient to understand the stochastic properties underlying the three univariate models. The random coefficient autoregressive process was used to obtain GARCH by Tsay (1987), an extension of which was used by McAleer (2004) to obtain GJR. A random coefficient complex nonlinear moving average process was used by McAleer and Hafner (2014) to obtain EGARCH. These models can be used to capture asymmetry, which denotes the different effects on conditional volatility of positive and negative effects of equal magnitude, and possibly also leverage, which is the negative correlation between returns shocks and subsequent shocks to volatility (see Black 1979). McAleer (2014) showed that asymmetry was possible for GJR, but not leverage. McAleer and Hafner showed that leverage was not possible for EGARCH. Surprisingly, the conditions for asymmetry in EGARCH seem to have been ignored in the literature, or have concentrated on the incorrect conditions, with no clear explanation, and hence with associated misleading interpretations. The purpose of the paper is to derive the regularity condition for asymmetry in EGARCH to provide the correct interpretation. It is shown that, in practice, EGARCH always displays asymmetry, though not leverage.

The symmetry angle: A novel, robust method of quantifying asymmetry

Quantification of asymmetry is a common objective in both research and clinical settings. The most common method for quantification of asymmetry of discrete variables is calculation of the symmetry index. Essentially a measure of the percent difference between sides, the symmetry index requires the choice of a reference value. This is a limitation as the choice of value is not always clear, and can lead to inconsistent results and artificially inflated values. Therefore, the purposes of the current study were to examine the limitations of the symmetry index in depth, define a new method of quantifying symmetry that is robust to those limitations (the symmetry angle), and compute the correlations between the two measures. The results showed that, when using the symmetry index, the interpretation of asymmetry can be highly affected by the choice of reference value. The symmetry angle does not require the choice of a reference value. Therefore, it is not prone to the same limitations. While symmetry angle values tend to be smaller than symmetry index values, the measures are very highly correlated. This suggests that the symmetry angle is a good substitute for the symmetry index. Future studies of asymmetry may benefit from the use of the symmetry angle, as it is equally effective for identifying intra-limb differences as the symmetry index, but is not prone to problems due to normalization and provides a standard scale (±100%) to interpret results.

Interpretation of asymmetries in tokamak scrape-off layers in terms of poloidal variation of anomalous transport and diamagnetic effects

Strong inhomogeneities in the plasma parameters of the scrape-off layer are reported from many tokamaks and are ascribed to such factors as variation of the connection lengths between limiting surfaces, poloidal dependence of the cross-field transport and of course the nonsymmetrical disposition of limiters and particle sources. In addition to these, the plasma flow associated with diamagnetic effects can make a significant contribution, which is often neglected in scrape-off layer models. Such flows arise from the fact that the electric field in the scrape-off layer is directed outwards, so that ion diamagnetic and E×B drifts are in the same direction and, together with the associated Pfirsch-Schluter flow, contribute to the flow pattern determined by plasma losses to limiting surfaces. The experimental evidence for such flows is discussed with reference to data from the DITE experiment. Probe measurements of ion saturation current to the limiters, in discharges where the plasma current and toroidal field were alternately reversed, allowed various effects to be disentangled. The observed asymmetries in flow to the ion and electron drift sides of the limiter and the up/down asymmetry associated with the direction of ‡ B drift are compared with the expected diamagnetic effects. New data on the HFS/LFS asymmetry associated with poloidal variation of the cross field transport is also presented.

Lateral asymmetry in finger localization for right-handed, kindergarten girls.

Laterality in finger localization (FL) was examined in 49 right-handed, kindergarten girls also administered tasks assessing verbal-receptive ability and manual dexterity. A right-hand advantage was evident overall and varied by FL task. The magnitude of asymmetry in FL was not unequivocally related to task requirement for verbal processing and was otherwise independent of children's verbal-receptive ability and motor laterality. The results were discussed in terms of cortical maturation and emergent cognitive-verbal processes as factors to be considered in the interpretation of asymmetry in FL.

Motions of Chromospheric Fine Structures

This review concerns itself with the measurement of the effects of chromospheric motions and the diagnosis of those motions themselves over approximately the last ten years. The different types of observational techniques are described. The different size regimes of motions are reviewed and their possible effects on observable quantities are discussed. The different types of motion in the lower chromosphere are reviewed, including microturbulence, ‘layered’ motions, and observations and interpretation of asymmetries in the core of the CaII K line. The observation of motions in Hα mottles on the disk and spicules on the limb are reviewed, from the standpoint of both line profile analysis and broad-band measurements. The interpretation of these motions and attempts to construct empirical models of chromospheric fine structures are discussed.

Interpretation of asymmetries in the weak pion production

Interpretation of asymmetries in the weak pion production