Effect Of Interphase Research Articles

A bi-level inter-phase coordinated control method for voltage regulation in unbalanced LV distribution networks using PV-battery energy storage systems

Photovoltaic systems coupled with battery energy storage (PV-BES) can help to minimize the effects of variability in PV generation including voltage problems in low voltage distribution grids (LVDNs). Therefore, a joint centralized-decentralized method consisting of two control levels based on sensitivity analysis is proposed in this paper, which employs the BES charging and discharging control in the first level and reactive power capability of inverters in the second control level. When the BES charging and discharging control is insufficient for voltage regulation, the second level of the proposed method is triggered. For full utilization of the BES capacity and to ensure adequate capacity for the following day's voltage regulation needs, an enhancement algorithm is applied to the voltage to active power sensitivity coefficients. All of the voltage sensitivity coefficients are calculated by a central controller using an offline procedure and sent to the PV-BES inverters to determine the amount of active and reactive power in real-time according to the measured local voltage. Taking into account the inter-phase voltage effects, a request for Var compensation signal flow with inter-phase coordination constraints is utilized to properly coordinate the inverters in reactive power control. The proposed method can efficiently regulate voltage by preventing over and under-voltage problems, improving the average total voltage deviation (TVD), reducing the total reactive power absorption and injection by the inverters, and avoiding reduction in PV generation. To evaluate the performance of the proposed control method, it is compared with the commercially available inverter voltage control techniques in an unbalanced residential test feeder. Moreover, a comparison is conducted between the proposed method and an adaptive decentralized control approach presented in the literature. Furthermore, a three-phase Volt-Var strategy, with and without the inter-phase coordination constraints, is simulated that indicates the necessity of the constraints for proper coordination.

Predicting effective elastic modulus of CNT metal matrix nanocomposites: A developed micromechanical model with agglomeration and interphase effects

Agglomeration and interphase region of fillers are two important factors that affect the mechanical properties of metal matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT-CMMs). However, most of the existing theoretical models predict an ascending linear in strength for composites with increasing filler content, which disagrees with the experimental results, especially at high filler loading. In fact, at high CNT concentrations, agglomeration and weak interphase region bonding reduce the strength and consequently degrade the mechanical properties of composites. Based on the mean-field theory, we present a novel micromechanical model to predict the elastic modulus of CNT-CMMs by considering the effects of these two factors. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of other parameters such as CNTs aspect ratio, agglomeration amount, interphase layer thickness and modulus, and matrix modulus on the elastic modulus of CNT-CMMs. Finally, we validate our model by comparing it with numerous experimental outcomes from the literature signifies good precision. Using this model, it is possible to optimize the filler value and also maximize the elastic modulus, which can be a powerful tool for designing the CNT-CMMs.

Design and Mechanism Study of High-Safety and Long-Life Electrolyte for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Although nonflammable electrolytes are beneficial for battery safety, they often adversely affect the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries due to their poor compatibility with electrodes. Herein, we design a nonflammable electrolyte consisting of cyclic carbonate and 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate (DFEA) solvents paired with several surface-film-forming additives, significantly improving the safety and cycling performance of NMC811||SiOx/graphite pouch cells. The DFEA solvent exhibits not only good flame retardancy but also lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy, promoting the formation of a robust inorganic-rich and gradient-architecture hybrid interface between the SiOx/graphite anode and electrolyte. The double insurance of good flame retardancy of the DFEA solvent and decreased exothermic effects of both bulk electrolyte and DFEA-derived solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) can ensure the high safety of the pouch cell. Moreover, the highly robust SEI can prevent the excessive reduction decomposition of the electrolyte and alleviate the structural decay of the anode, which can restrain the formation of lithium deposition on the anode surface and further suppress the structural decay of NMC materials. This contributes to the unprecedented cycling performance of the NMC811||SiOx/graphite pouch cells with a capacity retention of 80% after 1000 cycles at a 0.33C rate.

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene nanoplatelet nanocomposites: Elucidation of the nanofiller, dispersing agent, and interphase effects on thermomechanical properties

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) nanocomposite films were fabricated by a solution casting method. High loadings (30–40 wt.%) of two GnP grades, that is, xGnP C300 (low surface area/large size) and C750 (high surface area/small size), were utilized in combination with three commercial dispersing agents, that is, DISPERBYK‐161, DISPERBYK‐162 TF, and DISPERBYK‐2014, to yield films with desirable stiffness and energy dissipation characteristics (dynamic mechanical analysis, DMA), as well as thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis, TGA) for potential impact resistance applications. The addition of GnPs and dispersing agents to PVA leads to a maximum six‐fold increase in its Young's modulus for the PVA sample containing 40 wt.% C300 GnPs and DISPERBYK‐162 TF. However, the modulus of resilience drops dramatically for the same sample (about 18‐fold decrease), as expected. Also, C300 GnPs yield nanocomposites with higher Young's moduli that those obtained using C750 GnPs. The atomic force microscopy stiffness maps illustrate that C300 GnPs disperse better in the PVA matrix. Furthermore, the average interphase thickness in the PVA‐C300 nanocomposites (~300 nm) is almost double that of PVA‐C750 nanocomposites. Based on the TGA results, the addition of GnPs and dispersing agent to the PVA matrix leads to a moderate increase (an average of 3.5%) in the value of the neat PVA, while its char yield increases by an average 8.5‐fold. Specifically, the PVA/GnP nanocomposites containing DISPERBYK‐162 TF yield the largest and char yield values than the other systems. The insights gained in this work can guide the design of coatings for impact resistance applications.

Ternary Eutectic Electrolyte-Assisted Formation and Dynamic Breathing Effect of the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase for High-Stability Aqueous Magnesium-Ion Full Batteries.

Aqueous rechargeable magnesium batteries hold immense potential for intrinsically safe, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage. However, their viability is constrained by a narrow voltage range and suboptimal compatibility between the electrolyte and electrodes. Herein, we introduce an innovative ternary deep eutectic Mg-ion electrolyte composed of MgCl2·6H2O, acetamide, and urea in a precisely balanced 1:1:7 molar ratio. This formulation was optimized by leveraging competitive solvation effects between Mg2+ ions and two organic components. The full batteries based on this ternary eutectic electrolyte, Mn-doped sodium vanadate (Mn-NVO) anode, and copper hexacyanoferrate cathode exhibited an elevated voltage plateau and high rate capability and showcased stable cycling performance. Ex-situ characterizations unveiled the Mg2+ storage mechanism of Mn-NVO involving initial extraction of Na+ followed by subsequent Mg2+ intercalation/deintercalation. Detailed spectroscopic analyses illuminated the formation of a pivotal solid-electrolyte interphase on the anode surface. Moreover, the solid-electrolyte interphase demonstrated a dynamic adsorption/desorption behavior, referred to as the "breathing effect", which substantially mitigated undesired dissolution and side reactions of electrode materials. These findings underscore the crucial role of rational electrolyte design in fostering the development of a favorable solid-electrolyte interphase that can significantly enhance compatibility between electrode materials and electrolytes, thus propelling advancements in aqueous multivalent-ion batteries.

Investigation on the propagation characteristics of pressure wave during managed pressure drilling

The small difference between formation pressure and fracture pressure in offshore oil and gas reservoirs poses a huge challenge to drilling. Managed pressure drilling (MPD) technology, as a drilling technique that can accurately control bottomhole pressure, is an effective technique to solve this challenge. In MPD technology, the pressure wave propagation behavior and mechanism in the wellbore induced by wellhead backpressure are crucial for parameter design and efficient application. In this paper, pressure wave propagation characteristics and mechanism in gas-liquid flow were investigated with a new proposed pressure wave velocity model that considers inter-phase mass transfer effect. This new model and its solution algorithm were verified with experimental data in literature. The influence of gas invasion stage, drilling fluid type, drilling fluid density and backpressure on pressure wave propagation characteristics were investigated. Results show that the time for pressure wave induced by wellhead backpressure in the wellbore cannot be ignored in the design of the backpressure value during MPD. This propagation time increases with occurrence of gas invasion. Moreover, the propagation time in water-based drilling fluid is longer than that in oil-based drilling fluid, which is because the interphase mass transfer between invaded gas and oil-based drilling fluid. The influence mechanism of high drilling fluid density and wellhead backpressure on pressure wave propagation characteristics is due to the suppression of gas invasion process. These findings could be used as guides in parameters design and optimization in MPD.

Interface Ionic/Electronic Redistribution Driven by Conversion-Alloy Reaction for High-Performance Solid-State Sodium Batteries.

NASICON-type Na+ conductors show a great potential to realize high performance and safety for solid-state sodium metal batteries (SSSMBs) owing to their superior ionic conductivity, high chemical stability, and low cost. However, the interfacial incompatibility and sodium dendrite hazards still hinder its applications. Herein, a conversion-alloy reaction-induced interface ionic/electronic redistribution strategy, constructing a gradient sodiophilic and electron-blocking interphase consisting of sodium-tin (Na-Sn) alloy and sodium fluoride (NaF) between NASICON ceramic electrolyte and Na anode is proposed. The NaxSny alloy-rich layer near the side of the sodium electrode acts as a superior conductor to enhance the anodic sodium-ion transport dynamics while the NaF-rich layer near the side of the ceramic electrolyte serves as an electron insulator to confine the interfacial electron turning ability, achieving uniform and dendrite-free Na deposition during the cycling. Profiting from the synergistic effect of the gradient interphase, the critical current density (CCD) of the assembled Na symmetric cell is significantly increased to 1.7mAcm-2 and the cycling stability of that is as high as 1200h at 0.5mAcm-2. Moreover, quasi-solid-state sodium batteries with both Na3V2(PO4)3 and NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode display outstanding electrochemical performance.

Interplay of liquid particles and interphases on the macroscopic elastic response of Liquid-filled composites

This paper deals with providing the effective elastic response of three-phase composites consist of a matrix filled with a random suspension of liquid-filled capsules firmly bonded to the matrix in the realm of small deformation theory. The capsules shell (interphases) and the matrix are considered to be elastic solids and the liquid is considered ideal. For this purpose, the solution for dilute concentrations of the interphases and the liquid particles are derived analytically. Then, the dilute solution is passed to an iterative technique to generate the non-dilute version of the solution. The non-dilute response is available in terms of a system of two nonlinear-coupled-ODE-initial-value problems. The results are confronted with the results of a 3D full-field FE analysis and experimental data and a good agreement is observed. The solution, provided here for polydisperse microstructures, allows for considering different thicknesses for the interphases and in turn can possibly account for different physical phenomena like the size and the surface tension effects. A comprehensive study on the effects of interphases (capsules shell) thickness and mechanical properties as well as the volume concentration of the capsules and the liquid particles on the overall elastic properties of three-phase liquid-filled composites are carried out. We show that although the addition of liquid particles to the matrix has deteriorating effects on the overall elastic properties of the composites, proper selection of the interphases can compensate for these negative effects.

Effect of Electrolyte on Sodium-Ion Storage Behavior into Non-Graphitizable Carbon Negative Electrode

Introduction Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are expected to be an alternative power source to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because their abundant resources reduce the cost of SIBs. As the negative electrode of SIBs, non-graphitizable carbon recieves a lot of attention because it can store ions not only in the graphene interlayer but also in its internal pores.[1] By controlling the pores, it is possible to achieve larger reversible capacity of more than 400 mAh g−1.[2] While many researchers have studied non-graphitizable carbon from the viewpoint of thermodynamics, there are a few reports that pay attention to kinetic viewpoint. The kinetic viewpoint is a very important factor because it affects the rate performance of the battery.We have focused on the interfacial reactions of non-graphitizable carbon electrodes and found that the charge-transfer resistance and the activation energy of the charge-transfer reaction in SIBs were larger than those in LIBs.[3] This result and the Lewis acidity indicated that the desolvation process was not identified as the rate determining step in the charge-transfer reaction. One of the significant factors responsible for the increased resistance is the effect of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Objective In this work, we used six types of electrolytes and formed SEI on the surface of non-graphitizable carbon. The interfacial reaction of non-graphitizable carbon with SEI derived from these electrolytes was investigated.In this paper, we report about the effects of SEI on the interfacial reaction between electrolyte and non-graphitizable carbon electrode. Experimental Non-graphitizable carbon heat-treated at 2273 K (HC-2000) was used as the negative electrode material. A three-electrode cell was used for electrochemical measurements. HC-2000 composite electrode, natural graphite composite electrode, and sodium metal were used as the working electrode, counter electrode, and reference electrode, respectively. The electrolytes were prepared using sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide (NaTFSA), sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl) amide (NaFSA), and NaPF6 as sodium salts and ethylene carbonate (EC) + diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1:1 by volume) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as solvents.Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed to form SEI on HC-2000. The scan rate and range were 0.1 mV s−1 and 0–2.5 V, respectively. After CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed with an electrode potential of 0.2 V and an AC amplitude of 10 mV in the frequency range of 100 kHz–10 mHz. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the electrode after CV measurements with respect to SEI. Results and discussion Figure 1 shows the Nyquist plots obtained from the EIS analyses. The semicircles in the low frequency region were attributed to the charge-transfer resistances. Among EC+DEC solvents, the system of NaFSA had the largest charge-transfer resistance. For NaTFSA and NaPF6, the charge-transfer resistances increased in the FEC solvent, while no significant differences in the charge-transfer resistance were observed for the NaFSA system in the EC+DEC and FEC solvents.The SEI components of the HC-2000 composite electrode in each electrolyte were determined by XPS analysis after CV measurements. In NaFSA/EC+DEC system, the amount of NaF was remarkably large, while the amount of NaF was relatively small in NaTFSA/EC+DEC and NaPF6/EC+DEC systems. On the other hand, in FEC solvents, the amount of NaF increased in NaTFSA and NaPF6 systems. The systems with higher NaF contents had the larger charge-transfer resistances. This result indicates that NaF was involved in the charge-transfer resistance.Finally, EIS analyses were performed at different temperatures. The activation energies were calculated using Arrhenius plots and the Arrhenius equation. The values of the activation energies were in the range of 60–70 kJ mol−1. There was a slight variation in the values, but they were within the error range and were not significantly different for all systems. These results showed that NaF affects the frequency factor rather than the activation energy. Conclusion The effects of SEI on the interfacial reaction between electrolyte and non-graphitizable carbon were investigated. The systems with the large charge-transfer resistance had a large amount of NaF. NaF did not affect the activation energy of charge-transfer resistance but did affect the frequency factor.

The Effects of Interphase and Interpulse Delays and Pulse Widths on Induced Muscle Contractions, Pain and Therapeutic Efficacy in Electroporation-Based Therapies.

Electroporation is used in medicine for drug and gene delivery, and as a nonthermal ablation method in tumor treatment and cardiac ablation. Electroporation involves delivering high-voltage electric pulses to target tissue; however, this can cause effects beyond the intended target tissue like nerve stimulation, muscle contractions and pain, requiring use of sedatives or anesthetics. It was previously shown that adjusting pulse parameters may mitigate some of these effects, but not how these adjustments would affect electroporation's efficacy. We investigated the effect of varying pulse parameters such as interphase and interpulse delay while keeping the duration and number of pulses constant on nerve stimulation, muscle contraction and assessing pain and electroporation efficacy, conducting experiments on human volunteers, tissue samples and cell lines in vitro. Our results show that using specific pulse parameters, particularly short high-frequency biphasic pulses with short interphase and long interpulse delays, reduces muscle contractions and pain sensations in healthy individuals. Higher stimulation thresholds were also observed in experiments on isolated swine phrenic nerves and human esophagus tissues. However, changes in the interphase and interpulse delays did not affect the cell permeability and survival, suggesting that modifying the pulse parameters could minimize adverse effects while preserving therapeutic goals in electroporation.

Analysis of interfacial characteristics in polymer nanocomposites via visual particle recognition methodology and micromechanical predictive models

This study examines the morphological features of nano-zeolite nanoparticles incorporated into ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposites, known for their excellent biocompatibility and significant potential in structural biomedical applications. The analyses involved qualitative assessments and a statistical approach based on visual particle recognition technique. Scanning electron microscopy was adopted for morphological assessments of impact-fractured surfaces. The scanning electron microscopy observations unveiled the improved dispersion of nanoparticles within the polymer matrix following nano-zeolite incorporation. In the quantitative approach, the nanoparticles size and distribution were systematically determined through tailored histograms, utilizing the customized particle recognition strategy applied to images. This analysis yielded average particle sizes for each composite, further used for calculating the effective elastic moduli of nanocomposites by employing a two-fold micromechanics-based homogenization technique, accounting for interfacial effects. The computation of average particle size based on visual measurements substantially improved the accuracy regarding the quantitative analysis of interphase effects on macroscopic properties, marking a departure from the conventional practice of conducting such calculations by relying on unrealistic particle sizes based on their as-received values before compounding with the polymer.

Effect of Sulfur-Derived Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Li-mediated Nitrogen Reduction

Effect of Sulfur-Derived Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Li-mediated Nitrogen Reduction

The effect of interphase and agglomeration on the mechanical properties of aluminum matrix nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes

The interphase phenomena are a critical problem for estimating the mechanical behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced aluminum composites. In this research, the Aluminum-carbide (Al4C3) interphase and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) agglomeration effects on the mechanical properties of Aluminum /Carbon nanotubes composites are investigated using a numerical micromechanical model. Moreover, the impacts of the CNTs fraction, agglomeration, Al4C3 interphase, and their diameter on the elastic modulus of Aluminum (Al) composites are explored. The results demonstrated the effect of CNTs agglomeration and Al4C3 interphase on Young’s modulus of Al composites significantly when the CNT fraction increases; In addition, it observed that with increasing interphase thickness, Young’s modulus of Al composites increases and is changed with variation of agglomeration shape. The Literature’s experimental results validated the applicability of the present finite element (FE) model. The results of this study are hard evidence for CNT/ Aluminum composites creating potential applications in industry, especially for automobile and aircraft fields.

Effect of Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Sodium-Ion Insertion and Deinsertion in Non-Graphitizable Carbon

Non-graphitizable carbon allows reversible sodium-ion intercalation and hence enables stable and high-capacity sodium storage, making it a promising material for achieving long-term cycling stability in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). This study investigated the interfacial reactions between various electrolytes and a non-graphitizable carbon electrode for their use in SIBs. The morphology and particle diameter of the non-graphitizable carbon, HC-2000, remained unchanged after heat treatment, indicating its stability. The X-ray diffraction pattern and Raman spectrum suggested a disordered structure of HC-2000 carbon. The interlayer spacing, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area, and density were determined to be 0.37 nm, 5.8 m2 g−1, and 1.36 g cm−3, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that the charge transfer resistances differed between the Na salts and other electrolytes. Therefore, the use of a large amount of NaF in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resulted in high charge transfer resistances at the non-graphitizable electrodes. However, there were no apparent differences in the activation energy or reversible capacity. In summary, NaF obstructs the penetration pathway of sodium ions into non-graphitizable carbon, impacting the charge transfer resistance and rate stability of SIBs. Charge–discharge measurements revealed reversible capacities of 260–290 mAh g−1, and the rate performance varied depending on the electrolyte. Therefore, an SEI containing minimal inorganic species, such as NaF, is desirable for efficient sodium-ion insertion into non-graphitizable carbon.

Effect of CVI SiC interphase on tensile properties of SiC fibers with different surfaces

The microstructure, and tensile properties of as-received SiC fiber and SiC coated fiber with different surfaces were investigated. The surface microstructure and composition of the fibers were analyzed through the AFM, SEM, Raman, AES, and TEM analysis. The SiC fibers were or not desized firstly, and then BN interphase or SiC interphase was deposited by CVI process. The tensile properties of the fibers before and after the deposition of the SiC interphase were evaluated, and the influence of the surface composition of SiC fibers on its tensile properties was studied. The results showed that the fiber surface is rich in free carbon and oxygen. The fibers without interphase showed the best tensile properties than those with coated fibers. After depositing SiC interphase, the tensile strength of SiC monofilament without sizing agent and BN interphase reduced mostly.

Carbon nanotubes encapsulating Pt/MoN heterostructures for superior hydrogen evolution

Achieving efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts to scale up electrochemical water splitting is desirable but remains a major challenge. Here, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) loaded with PtNi/MoN electrocatalyst (PtNi/MoN@C) is synthesized by a simple strategy to obtain stronger interphase effects and significantly improve HER activity. The surface morphology of the materials is altered by Pt doping and the electronic structure of MoN is changed, which optimizing the electronic environment of the materials, shifting the binding energy and giving the materials a higher electrical conductivity, this ultimately leads to faster proton and electron transfer processes. The synergistic effect of Pt nanoparticles, MoN and the good combination with carbon leads to a high HER activity of 18 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline solution, outperforming that of the commercial Pt/C. Theoretical studies show that the heterostructures can efficiently enhance the electron transport and reduce the △GH*.

Understanding cure and interphase effects in functionalized graphene‐epoxy nanocomposites

AbstractAgglomerations effects of graphene‐based nanofillers are often reported in the literature to be the main reason on the deterioration of the mechanical properties, especially at high filler loadings. In our study, we focused on the correlated effects of plasma‐treated graphene nanofillers on the curing reaction and mechanical properties of an epoxy matrix. Specifically, we explored the effect of dispersion state, planar size, filler content, surface functionalization and stoichiometric ratio on the epoxy curing process. The surface of the treated graphene nanofillers were studied in detail by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated greater presence of oxygen containing groups with the crystallinity to be unaffected after the plasma process. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) was used to assess the changes in both the Tg and the mechanical properties of graphene‐epoxy nanocomposites. Rheological and microscopic data showed that a well‐dispersed material was achieved at high filler loadings with the use of calendaring and plasma functionalization. Although, a well‐dispersed material was achieved on the bulk composite, no further mechanical reinforcement was observed at high filler loadings. The adsorption of epoxy groups onto the graphene nanofillers' surface, leading to a stoichiometric imbalance between the epoxy chains and hardener molecules, was proposed to explain the results.

Machine learning assisted nonlinear deflection analysis of agglomerated carbon nanotube core smart sandwich plate with three-phase magneto-electro-elastic skin

This research focuses on evaluating the combined effects of the interphase of the three-phase magneto-electro-elastic (TPMEE) composites and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) agglomeration on the nonlinear deflection of the multifunctional sandwich plate, using an artificial neural network (ANN) assisted finite-element (FE) approach. The data points collected from the in-house developed FE computational tool are used to train the ANN model. To this end, a backpropagation-based Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is used. The core of the plate is made of agglomerated CNTs, and the facesheets are made of TPMEE composites. Two different agglomeration states, partial and complete, are considered for evaluation. Also, three variations of CNTs arrangement are assumed. On the other hand, the interphase effects are incorporated through its volume fractions and compositions. The plate kinematics is based on the higher-order shear deformation theory, and the nonlinearity is assumed to follow von Karman's strain-displacement relation. The equations of motion are derived using the total potential energy principle. Finally, the direct iterative method is used to arrive at the solutions. The numerical examples are also provided to understand the influence of coupling fields associated with the parameters, such as agglomeration, interphase volume fraction, interphase compositions and CNTs arrangement.

Effects of interphase, CNT waviness and temperature on the Young's modulus of CNT/metal composites

Lightweight designs in the aerospace field require materials with high stiffness to maintain functionality, which has significantly stimulated the demand for effective characterization and evaluation of Young's modulus. In this study, beginning with the existing interfacial layer theory, micromechanical modeling of the interphase was conducted in combination with electron microscopy images. Then, a comprehensive analytical model of Young's modulus of CNT/metal composites taking into account the effects of interphase and CNT waviness was developed. Finally, based on the relation between Young's modulus and the cohesive energy, the developed analytical model was extended to a wide range of temperatures. The comparisons between model-predicted results and available experimental and simulation results at room temperature and elevated temperatures were carried out to verify the validity of the proposed models. And as expected, to achieve a more accurate prediction, considering the effects of interphase and CNT waviness are critically essential. The developed analytical model provides a simple way to predict temperature dependent Young's modulus of CNT/metal composites, helping to save time and resources by reducing wide temperature domain testing. Moreover, detailed parametric studies were systematically performed to gain helpful insights into the sensitivity of nanocomposite modulus to the interfacial properties at different temperatures.

Uncovering the Effect of Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Ion Desolvation for Rational Interface Design in Li‐Ion Batteries

AbstractThe conventional knowledge of solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) is limited to their ionic conductive and electron‐insulating properties. The solvation structure regulation in the new‐concept electrolytes always leads to the regulated SEI, resulting in the improvement of ion desolvation kinetics. However, the linkage between the improved kinetics and the regulated SEl remains unconnected at the atomic level. Herein, this work proposes that the SEI can function more by facilitating ion desolvation. Using quantum chemistry calculations, this work explores the ion desolvation processes with and without SEI. It is found the accelerated ion desolvation in the new‐concept electrolytes is directly attributed to the SEI rather than the regulated solvation structure. Based on the recognition of SEI's role, this work proposes an SEI‐aided ion desolvation model. This study bridges the SEI and battery kinetics at the atomic scale and redefines the functions of SEI, which are expected to steer the electrolyte design in batteries.