Interpersonal Support Evaluation List Research Articles

Mental Health and Related Factors among Migrants from Myanmar in Thailand

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of mental health problems in migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand and to examine the relationship among factors that influence such problems. Lazarus’s transactional model of stress and coping was used to frame the study. Design: A cross-sectional design, involving interviews with 445 migrant workers from Myanmar, was used to collect data. Data collection tools included a sociodemographic form, the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-12), the Acculturative Stress Scale (ASS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Hopkins Symptom Check List (HSCL-25). Findings: 11.9% of the participants reported symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. Gender, self-rated physical health, and perceived general stress explained 49.0% of the probable presence of mental health problems and correctly classified 91.9% of cases. The low prevalence of these problems compared to other studies may be related to increased workplace and community stability. Conclusion: The findings may help health care professionals to understand how overall good health and community and workplace environments can support mental health and wellbeing for migrant workers. Health promotion strategies have the potential to be an important future focus for health care professionals who provide services to this population.

Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial Dan Forgiveness Terhadap Kekerasan Seksual Pada Remaja

This study aimed to determine the effect of social support and forgiveness to sexual violence in adolescent. Samples were victim of sexual violence in social institution under the auspices of the Ministry of Social Affairs in Jakarta, as many as 92 people. There are 3 measuring instrument used in this study, namely Betrayal Trauma Inventory (BTI), Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) and Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation (TRIM-14). The sampling technique used non-probability sampling. Analysis of the data used multiple regression analysis at 0.05 significance level. Based on the hypothesis testing obtained R2 value of 17.7%. This means that the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is equal to 17.7% while 82.3% are influenced by other variables. Based on the sig. obtained sig. 0.002 which means that there is a significant effect of social support (appraisal support, tangible assistance, emotionalsupport, informational support) and forgiveness (avoidance motivation, revenge motivation, and benevolence motivation). DOI: 10.15408/tazkiya.v20i2.9169

Social support is associated with fewer reported symptoms and decreased treatment burden in adults with cystic fibrosis

BackgroundAlthough social support has been linked to a variety of health outcomes in those with and without chronic illness, this construct has rarely been studied in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), who may face a unique set of clinical and psychosocial barriers. The current study explored the relationships between social support, mental health, physical health, treatment activity, and disease-specific quality of life in a sample of adults with CF. MethodsParticipants in the study included 250 adults with CF who took part in a larger longitudinal study. Participants were administered a battery of measures including a social support evaluation (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, ISEL), a health assessment (Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, MSAS), a health-related quality of life measure (Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire – Revised, CFQ-R), and treatment activity questionnaires (Tool for Adherence Behaviour Screening, TABS and other surveys). ResultsLinear regression analyses indicated that greater social support was associated with fewer self-reported mental and physical health symptoms, digestive symptoms, and eating disturbances over time. Social support also was associated with elevated emotional, social, and role functioning as well as vitality and improved body image. Those who reported more support perceived less treatment burden and better overall perceptions of their health. ConclusionsSocial support has been shown to be associated with health outcomes in other chronic illnesses, and the same is true for adults with CF. This study fills gaps in the literature by examining outcomes of social support in this emerging adult population and providing a potential area for intervention.

Factors Contributing to Alcohol Relapse in a Rural Population: Lessons from a Camp-Based De-Addiction Model from Rural Karnataka.

Context:Alcohol consumption is the third largest risk factor for disease and disability in developing countries. Globally, 4% of all deaths are related to alcohol consumption every year. De-addiction measures and rehabilitation strategies can sometimes be challenging in rural population as there is a potential for a higher rate of relapse due to socio-cultural barriers such as unemployment, limited entrainment activities, and peer pressure during social events.Methodology:A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the factors contributing to relapse in Bengaluru rural district. A total of 112 participants were interviewed, after attending de-addiction camp, using a semi-structured questionnaire containing instruments such as Penn Alcohol Craving Scale, self-efficacy scale, interpersonal support evaluation list, and presumptive stressful life events scale. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was done to determine the factors associated with relapse.Results:The relapse rate was 55.4% among the study participants. Education, self-efficacy, social support, and craving were associated with relapse in the bivariate analysis (P < 0.05). In multiple logistic regression model, craving (odds ratio [OR] – 1.8, confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–2.5), good interpersonal tangible support (OR – 0.09, CI: 0.01–0.5), and desirable life events (OR – 0.03, CI: 0.02–0.6) in the past were associated with relapse.Conclusion:Relapse rate was 55.4% among the study participants which is comparable to the findings of the other long-term studies. Increased craving, low-self-efficacy, and poor social support were associated with relapse hence need to be addressed in follow-up counseling sessions.

Internal consistency and accuracy of Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-40) in mothers of healthy children and those with a medical history.

The aim of the study was assessment of the internal consistency and accuracy of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List - 40 v. GP (ISEL-40 v. GP) in a group of mothers of healthy children and in a group of mothers of children with a medical history, and presentation of the initial research results. A group of 230 mothers were involved in the research: 57 mothers of healthy children, 26 mothers of infants with a perinatal medical history, as well as 147 mothers of hospitalized children. The method of a diagnostic survey with standardized tools, such as the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-40 v. GP), Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) and the authors' own questionnaire was utilized. Analysis of the research results suggests satisfactory internal consistency of the ISEL-40 v. GP in the researched group (α=0.86). It was also noticed that internal consistency of the subscales varied. The subscales of tangible support (α=0.79) and belonging support (α=0.73) obtained acceptable values. Internal consistency of self-esteem support (α=0.51) and appraisal support (α=0.62) was too low to be recommended for individual and scientific use. An attempt to modify the number of items did not come up to expectations in terms of the subscales internal consistency. Social support in mothers of healthy and ill children was moderate (29.92 - 33.45 points) and no statistically significant differences in their perception of the support were observed. In the research on a group of mothers of healthy and ill children it is recommended to use only a social support indicator based on the general result of the ISEL-40 v. GP. Further research aimed at verification of the theoretical structure of the Polish version of the ISEL-40 v. GP is advised.

Psychosocial Factors Related to Adverse Outcomes in Caregivers of Heart Failure Patients: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

Background HF caregivers often experience caregiving burden, impacting their physical and psychological well-being. Social support and social problem-solving, as coping resources, may influence the effect of caregiving burden on self-care, depressive symptoms, and quality of life. Yet, studies examining these coping resources on HF caregiver outcomes are lacking. Purpose To investigate whether social support and social problem-solving mediate the relationships among caregiving burden, self-care, depressive symptoms, and quality of life in HF caregivers. Methods Using a descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational design, HF caregivers (n=530) completed online surveys, including the Dutch Objective Burden Inventory, the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-12, the Social Problem-Solving Inventory Revised-Short, the Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression scale, the Denyes Self-care Practice Instrument, and the Bakas Caregiving Outcomes Scale. Path analytic methods were used to examine a hypothesized mediating role of social support and social problem solving in the relationships between caregiving burden and caregiver self-care, depressive symptoms, and quality of life. The analysis proceeded in two phases: 1) a model-development phase with ∼62% of the sample (n=329) used to make data-based decisions on measurement indicators and structure of the path model; and 2) a confirmatory phase with ∼38% of the sample (n=201) used to provide unbiased inference on the model structure resulting from the initial phase. Results Participants were 41.39 (± 10.38) years old, Caucasian (78.3%), men (50.9%) caring for their spouse with HF (44.9%). Perceived caregiver burden was a predictor of caregiver social support (standardized effect B= -.4), self-care (Total B= -.39), depressive symptoms (Total B= .45), and quality of life (Total B= -.33). Higher level of caregiver burden was associated with less social support, worse self-care, more depression and decreased quality of life. Social support mediated the relationship between caregiving burden and depression (56% of Total effect), but did not appear to relevantly mediate the relationship between caregiving burden and self-care (11% of Total effect) or quality of life (0% of Total effect). When considered simultaneously with social support, social problem-solving was not a relevant mediator between caregiving burden and outcomes. Conclusions Caregiving burden negatively impacts caregiver outcomes. Social support appears more beneficial in mediating the effects of caregiving burden on depression, but has little mediational effect on caregiver self-care or quality of life.

Resilience through adaptive recreation in stroke survivors: A biopsychosocial approach

Due to medical advances, survivability after stroke is increasing. Intensive rehabilitation focusing on regaining physical, cognitive, and language function, is often necessary after stroke. However, stroke survivors are at risk of chronic disability, depression, and social isolation. Community-based providers, such as adaptive recreation programs, are often challenged to continue the long-term job of rehabilitation and community reintegration after stroke. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of adaptive cycling participation (using modified equipment or assistive devices) on aspects of physical, psychological and social resilience in stroke survivors. We hypothesized that participants, who engaged in a 16-week cycling program, would demonstrate improvement on measures of all three aspects of resilience. The current study utilized a longitudinal design (baseline, 8, and 16 weeks). Outcome measures include: resting heart rate, 10 Meter Walk Test (10MWT), 2 Minute Walk Test (2MWT), Timed Up and Go, UW-Self-efficacy Scale, NeuroQOL Positive Affect and Well-being, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, NeuroQOL Satisfaction with Social Roles and Activities (SSRA), Interpersonal Support Evaluation List. Due to sample size and exploratory design, we calculated effect sizes. We enrolled 18 stroke survivors (ages 25–72) in the study. Outcomes were available at all time points for 10–18 participants depending on the measure. Pairwise comparisons were calculated between baseline to 8-weeks and baseline to 16-weeks. We observed change score effect sizes > 0.5 for one social and two physical measures. For baseline to 8-weeks, the NeuroQOL-SSRA had a medium effect (Cohen's d = 0.564). For baseline to 16-weeks, the 2MWT and 10MWT had large and medium effects respectively (d = 1.068 & 0.612). The results highlight the importance of exploring: (1) the influence of adaptive recreation on not only physical but social outcomes. Due to the exploratory design of this pilot, future research is warranted.

The impacts of state and trait anxiety as moderated by perceived social support among Nigerian patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

ObjectivesTo assess the levels of state and trait anxiety and determine their relationships with perceived social support among Nigerian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Material and methodsA cross-sectional study of 50 patients satisfying the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for RA was conducted. Anxiety was assessed using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), perceived social support by the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL), health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by the Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and disability by the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI).ResultsThe mean state anxiety (STAI-S), trait anxiety (STAI-T) and ISEL scores among the patients were 35.2 ±10.2, 36.7 ±8.8 and 87.2 ±21.2 respectively. Pathological degrees of state and trait anxiety were found among 7 (14%) and 5 (10.4%) patients respectively. There was a negative correlation between the STAI-T score and the ISEL score (r = –0.362, p = 0.011). However, the correlation between STAI-S and ISEL was not statistically significant (r = –0.193, p = 0.179). A moderate-to-high correlation was found between each of STAI-S and STAI-T and all subscales and component summaries of the SF-36. ISEL score correlated significantly with role emotional (r = 0.377, p = 0.008), mental health (r = 0.482, p ≤ 0.001) and bodily pain (r = 0.320, p = 0.025) domains and the mental component summary (r = 0.380, p = 0.007) of SF-36. HAQ-DI correlated strongly with both STAI-S (r = 0.735, p ≤ 0.001) and STAI-T (r = 0.575, p ≤ 0.001) but not with ISEL.ConclusionsState and trait anxiety correlate negatively with all aspects of HRQoL and disability, and there is a notable relationship between perceived social support and trait anxiety as well as the mental aspect of HRQoL.

Perceived Social Support and Subjective Well-being of Ex-service People of the Indonesian Defence Forces

Retired people often feel unhappy (have low subjective well-being – SWB). Perceived social support is a form of stress buffer, which can play the role of an additional resource, for an individual facing the challenges of life (as a pensioner). The goal of this study is to ascertain the connections between perceived social support and SWB for ex-servicemen and women of the TNI. The retired TNI subjects (N = 40) live in Denpasar (Bali). Data collection was conducted using the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Positive and Negative Effects Scale. Data analysis used the correlation technique of Pearson and Spearman. The results showed a significant positive correlation between perceived social support and life satisfaction (r = .420; p(.007) &lt; 0.05) and a positive effect (r = .667; p(.000) &lt; 0.05). There was no significant negative correlation shown between perceived social support and negative effects (r = - .208; p(.119) &gt; 0.05).

Peningkatan Dukungan Sosial Orang Tua dengan Anak Skizofrenia melalui Solution Focused Therapy

Intrusive parental behavior towards children with schizophrenia did not support an effort to prevent recurrence and achieve a good quality of life. This research was aimed to improve parental social support through Solution Focused Therapy in order to recover the quality of life for children with schizophrenia. Six parents who had a child with schizophrenia participated in this quasi-experimental research using a pretest-posttest control group design. The Social Support Scale which adapted from the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List was used to measure parental support. The participants were divided into an experimental and control group. The result of this research showed a difference in social support between the experimental and control group. Giving Solution Focus Therapy to parents can improve parental social support for children with schizophrenia. The improvement of parental social support was expected to preserve better quality life of children with schizophrenia in order to relapse prevention.

S97. SOCIAL ANXIETY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: THE IMPACT OF HALLUCINATIONS AND SELF-ESTEEM SUPPORT

BackgroundSocial anxiety is an underreported concern in schizophrenia (SCZ). Prevalence rates in the general population range from 0.5–7% (APA, 2013), but are higher in SCZ, and estimated to be 11–36% (Mazeh et al., 2009; Pallanti et al., 2004). Yet, research is limited with no established social anxiety treatments. Social anxiety is associated with decreased quality of life (Hansson, 2006), low self-esteem (Gumley et al., 2005), and increased psychopathology (Vrbova et al., 2017). Lysaker and Hammersley (2006) found that people with delusions and impairment in flexibility had the highest levels of social anxiety compared to those with fewer symptoms. Additionally, Lysaker et al. (2010) found that people with both high paranoia and theory of mind had higher social anxiety compared to those with lower levels of either paranoia or theory of mind. Taken together, this research suggests that symptoms may increase social anxiety, but other factors may inhibit their impact. The current study aims to add to this literature by exploring how different levels of hallucinations and self-esteem support affect social anxiety in SCZ.MethodsOutpatients with SCZ (N=50) participated in the current study. Participants were 76% male with a mean age of 42.50. Participants were African-American (n=27; 54%), Caucasian (n=11; 22%), multi-racial (n=5; 10%), Asian (n=4, 8%), or Hispanic (n=3; 6%). Social fear, social avoidance, and overall social anxiety was measured with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS; Liebowitz, 1987). Self-esteem support (SeS) was measured with a subscale taken from the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL; Cohen & Hoberman, 1983). SeS is the appraisal of the self compared with others and other’s opinions of the self. Hallucinations (HA) were scored with the observer-rated Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS; Andreasen, 1983). Participants were classified as having hallucinations if their SAPS global hallucinations were rated moderate to severe. This was chosen a priori as it reflects a level of clear hallucinations that may bother the person to some extent, as defined within the SAPS. Participants were classified as having either high or low SeS based on a mean split of the distribution of scores. Once participants were classified, we planned to compare groups on levels of social anxiety. This method was modified from previous research reporting similar groupings of symptoms and their relationship to social anxiety (Lysaker & Hammersley, 2006).ResultsFour groups resulted after including the dichotomized variables with the following proportions: low SeS/no HA (n=6; 12.5%), low SeS/HA (n=11, 22.9%), high SeS/no HA (n=13; 27.1%), and high SeS/HA (n=18, 37.5%). A one-way ANOVA was conducted to analyze the differences between groups. Post-Hoc analyses revealed the following differences. The HA/low SeS group had higher social anxiety than in the no HA/high SeS group (p=.030) and no HA/low SeS group (p=.039). The HA/low SeS group had higher social fear (p=.017) and social avoidance (p=.013) than in the no HA/high SeS group. There was a trending difference revealing that participants in the HA/low SeS group had higher social avoidance than in the HA/high SeS group (p=.056). There was a trending difference revealing that the HA/low SeS group had greater overall social anxiety than those in the HA/high SeS group (p=.064).DiscussionThese results present preliminary findings on social anxiety in people with different levels of HA and SeS. We found that people with low SeS and HA had significantly higher levels of social anxiety, social fear, and social avoidance than participants with only one of neither of these symptoms. These results will be discussed further to highlight implications to treatment and comorbidities in SCZ.

Social Support during Pregnancy and Its Relationship with Anthropometric Indices at Birth and Postnatal Depression in Iranian Women

Background: Pregnancy is a critical stage of a woman’s life. Considering the dramatic increase of the need for social support during pregnancy, the present study aimed to determine the level of social support for pregnant women and its relationship with neonatal anthropometric indices and postnatal depression in pregnant women who referred to health centers of Tabriz, Iran in 2013.Methods: In this study, 450 women were selected using cluster sampling. We assessed socio-demographic characteristics and social support status (using interpersonal support evaluation list) ISEL)) at 26-36 weeks of pregnancy. Neonatal height and weight were measured immediately after birth. Maternal depression was assessed six weeks after delivery using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS). Pearson’s correlation was used for determining the relation between the social support score with anthropometric indices and depression score. Results: The mean (standard deviation) score of social support was 69.6 (14.6) out of 90. Overall, 12% of the pregnant women had poor social support (score less than 45). Increasing social support score was correlated with decreasing depression score (P<0.001, r=0.421). There were no statistically significant relationships between social support and birth weight (p=0.055†) and height (p=0.132). Conclusion: Social support during pregnancy can reduce occurrence of postnatal depression. As postnatal depression has many adverse consequences, providing social support for pregnant women should be emphasized.

Prospective investigation of social support, coping, and depressive symptoms: A model of adherence to endocrine therapy among women with breast cancer.

Nonadherence reduces the effectiveness of behavioral change regimens for promoting health and decreasing morbidities and mortality. Such is the case with endocrine therapies, which lower the likelihood of recurrence in the approximately 70% of women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. This investigation tests a model of contributors to objective adherence. Women with breast cancer receiving their 1st endocrine therapy prescription (N = 130) were recruited from a large community oncology breast clinic. Participants completed three interview and questionnaire sessions at prescription initiation, one month and four months later. Questionnaires addressed patients' experience with cancer and included measures of coping (COPE and Emotional Approach Coping), social support (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List), and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). At the initial appointment, participants were provided a Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) cap to assess adherence; the MEMS cap was collected at the 4-month follow-up appointment. Structural equation modeling offered partial support for a mediational model, χ2(68, N = 130) = 77.47, p = .202, root-mean-square error of approximation = .03, comparative fit index = .97, standardized root-mean-square residual = .06. Greater social support at prescription initiation was associated with lower depressive symptoms 1 month later, which in turn were associated with higher objective adherence (MEMS) four months after study entry, controlling for significant covariates (p < .05). Use of avoidance-oriented coping was not statistically significantly related to depressive symptoms (p > .05). This model informs theory regarding medication adherence as well as intervention development for women prescribed adjuvant endocrine therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record

The impact of nursing students on the health-related quality of life and perceived social support of a rural population in Ecuador: effects of a service-based learning course

BackgroundStudents seeking degrees in healthcare in Ecuador participate in community improvement projects and provide free health services under the supervision of faculty health professionals. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of a community-based intervention delivered by nursing students on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and perceived social support of a rural population in Ecuador.MethodsA quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design study was conducted in two rural communities in Tumbaco, Ecuador. Families from one rural community were invited to participate in the intervention, receiving 8 weekly home visits from nursing students. Families from a neighboring community were similarly recruited as wait-list controls. One member of each family was consented into the study; the final sample included 43 intervention participants and 55 control participants. HRQoL and perceived social support were assessed before and after the intervention in both groups. The SF-12 was used to measure HRQoL, including eight domain scores and two composite scores, and the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List was used as an indicator of perceived social support. Difference-in-differences (DD) analyses were conducted to mitigate the effects of any baseline differences in the non- equivalent control group design.ResultsWhen compared to the control group, the intervention group realized significant improvements in the physical component summary score of the SF-12 (4.20, p < 0.05) and the physical function domain of the SF-12 (4.92, p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences for any other components of the SF-12 or in the measure of perceived social support.ConclusionsNursing students completing their rural service rotation have the potential to improve the health-related quality of life of rural residents in Ecuador. Future research should continue to examine the impact of service-based learning on recipient populations.

Fear of cancer recurrence and social support among Indonesian gynecological cancer survivors

Background: Fear of cancer recurrence is a long-term psychological problem of the cancer survivors regardless of the type of cancer. A growing number of studies had addressed fear of cancer recurrence, yet they are largely focused on the breast cancer survivors of the western world countries. This study investigates the fear of cancer recurrence and its relations to social support in Indonesian gynecological cancer survivors. Methods: Gynecological cancer survivors (n = 153) in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia completed Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory, Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, socio-demographic and clinically-related characteristics questionnaires. Pearson r correlation tests, t-tests, and ANOVAs were used to identify the relationships between variables, and linear regression to determine to what extent the social support may predict the survivors? fear of recurrence. Results: Indonesian gynecological cancer survivors with higher social support were more likely to experience lower levels of fear of cancer recurrence. Whereas, having a family history of cancer was an important predictor of fear of cancer recurrence levels. Conclusion: Social support plays an essential role in predicting fear of cancer recurrence among Indonesian gynecological cancer survivors.

Personality, Social Support and Family Environment:A Comparative View in Migrants and Non Migrants

Migration is the process of social change whereby an individual moves from one cultural setting to another for the purposes of settling down either permanently or for a prolonged period. When migration takes place, a sense of hopelessness and helplessness is developed which leads to depressive effect. If there is a discrepancy between what the migrants expect and what they get, then it will lead to dejection and it may leave the person psychologically vulnerable. In this study, the differences in the social support networks of migrant adolescents, their personality traits and their family environments are studied and are compared with non migrant adolescents. It is hypothesized that there will be significant differences between migrants and non migrants on the variables of social support, personality and family environment. A total number of 400 participants were collected for the study. There are 200 migrants and 200 non migrants in the sample. The group taken is 14-19 years. There are equal number of males and females in the sample. The migrants are taken from the schools situated in migrant camps from Kashmir. The psychological tools used are Family Environment Scale (Moos & Moos, 1986); NEO-Five Factor Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 2003); and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (Cohen & Hoberman, 1983). t ratios are used to study the differences between both the groups of migrants and non migrants. Their differences will be analyzed and elucidated.

Race-related stress and hopelessness in community-based African American adults: Moderating role of social support.

The mental health outcomes associated with racial discrimination are well documented in scientific literature. Despite strong links to mental illness, hopelessness is largely overlooked as a consequence of discrimination in empirical research. The current study examined the association of race-related stress and hopelessness in a community sample of African American adults. Utilizing a risk-resilience framework, we examined multiple dimensions of social support as plausible protective factors against the negative effects of race-related stress. Self-report measures of race-related stress (Index of Race Related Stress-Brief; Utsey & Ponterotto, 1996), hopelessness (Beck Hopelessness Scale; Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexler, 1974), and social support (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List; Cohen & Hoberman, 1983) were completed by a sample of African American adults (N = 243; mean age = 35.89 years). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess the main and interactive effects of race-related stress and three dimensions of social support (appraisal, belonging, and self-esteem) in relation to hopelessness ratings. All dimensions of social support were associated with self-reported hopelessness, with the self-esteem dimension emerging as the strongest predictor. Though self-esteem social support buffered the role of race-related stress on self-reported hopelessness, appraisal and belonging support did not. Individual and collective morale for one's racial group (via self-esteem social support) may be especially valuable for African Americans who face racial discrimination. Findings highlight the importance of culturally relevant factors that may ameliorate the effects of race-related stress. (PsycINFO Database Record

2329

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: (1) To assess the prevalence of mental health symptomatology (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, PTSD symptoms, and problematic alcohol use) and psychosocial risk factors for mental health disorders (low social support, immigration stress, acculturation, and marital/partner discord), and their association with immigration status, health care access and contextual risk factors in Spanish-speaking parents of young children (ages 0–5) who attended a well-child visit. (2) To explore acceptability of screening for and discussing parental distress in the pediatric primary care setting, and parental acceptability of a group well-visit format to address both psychosocial risk factors and mental health symptoms in this population. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Latino immigrant parents (n=100) of children ages 0–5 attending well-child visits at Johns Hopkins Bayview Children’s Medical Practice were surveyed between October 2015 and February 2016. The verbally administered survey included the Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST), AUDIT-C, Primary Care Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PC-PTSD) Screener, California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), Appraisal Support Subscale from Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL), Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-8), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2). These questionnaires have been used in large regional or national surveys and most have been validated with US Latino populations. Positive screens were defined as PHQ-8&gt;5 (mild depression or greater), GAD-2&gt;3, AUDIT-C&gt;3 for women and &gt;4 for men, and PC-PTSD&gt;3. Descriptive information and comparisons were obtained by χ2 and Student t-test. Study protocol will allow review of childrens’ pediatric records (n=100). From this sample, parents were separately recruited to participate in in-depth interviews (n=11 of 20 planned have been completed) further exploring both sources of parental distress, acceptability of screening for parental mental health symptoms in the primary care pediatric setting, and acceptability of a potential group-based well-visit model in the pediatric setting. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Survey participants were 93.0% women, and predominantly&lt;35 years of age. The vast majority (94.0%) were undocumented, recently arrived (&lt;15 years ago) and reported poor or very poor English proficiency (75.0%). Most (84.7%) reported living with a partner or spouse (84.7%), and 58% reported partner relationship strain. In all, 71% reported poor social support. The prevalence of “screen positive” mental health symptoms was highest for depression (55%) and PTSD (35%), followed by anxiety (29%) and alcohol risk use (25%). Having depression was significantly higher (68.4%) (p&lt;0.02) in participants with less education (&lt;6 grade). Partner relationship strain was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms (59.3%) (p&lt;0.03). Immigration stress (feeling guilty for leaving family and friends) was also significantly associated with depressive symptoms (58.1%) and PTSD (43.5%) (p&lt;0.03). More than half of the participants (60.0%) with depression were not covered by any health insurance and 56.3% of those with depression reported not having been seen by a health care provider in the past 12 months. A high prevalence of symptoms was found in those with poor appraised social support: alcohol risk use (76.0%), depression (69.1%), anxiety (69.0%), and PTSD (68.6%). Among participants, those aged&lt;30 years old and those with more children reported poorer appraised social support. Data from child medical records (including BMI, presence of feeding problems, referrals for social work, or mental health services) has been extracted but not yet linked to parent survey or interview results. Preliminary review of In Depth Interviews suggests that the most common reported source of stress among participants was related to finances, followed by documentation/legal status difficulties, access to childcare, and limited English proficiency. Some mothers also mentioned interpersonal violence and lack of access to healthcare as stressors. All mothers expressed an interest in a pediatric primary care based parent focused the majority of which indicated that a group based intervention would be acceptable, some mothers indicated they preferred a one-to-one intervention if mental health were to be discussed. Mothers seem preferential to social worker-led interventions compared with pediatrician-led, but most mothers were indifferent. Finally, mothers expressed low support from the Latino community in Baltimore. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Results from this study suggest that this population of parents is experiencing a relatively high rate of mental health symptoms, low perceived social support, and limited access to their own source of care. This suggests that an intervention delivered within a primary care pediatric setting would have the potential to reach parents who might not otherwise interact with their own providers, and that there are an array of problems that could be targeted. Intervening with parents of young children has the potential to affect multiple child outcomes. A group intervention may target poor social support, though this format is not universally preferred. Next steps for this project include assessing the acceptability of and preference for various content components (ie, depression, parenting stress, legal issues) and linking parent data with child data (including developmental screening results, weight, feeding problems, and behavior problems).

Oxytocin secretion is pulsatile in men and is related to social-emotional functioning

The hypothalamic hormone oxytocin (OXT) plays an important role in a range of physiological processes and social-emotional functioning in both sexes. In women, physiological stimuli, such as suckling and parturition, result in pulsatile release of OXT into the peripheral circulation via the posterior pituitary gland. However, data regarding OXT secretory patterns in men during a state of rest are limited. Further, the relationship between secretory dynamics of OXT and emotional measures has never been evaluated. We hypothesized a pulsatile pattern of OXT secretion in men, and explored the relationship between OXT secretory patterns and social-emotional functioning. MethodsDeconvolution analysis was performed on serum OXT levels obtained every 5min over a period of 10h in 5 healthy normal weight men. Area under the curve (AUC), average OXT values, and pulse characteristics [pulse number, inter-pulse interval, pulse height and mass (area under each pulse)] were calculated. State Adult Attachment Measure (SAAM) assessed types of human attachment. Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) assessed perception of social support. Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) measured the ability to express and identify one’s own emotions. ResultsMean age was 22.8±1.2years, and BMI was 21.7±0.4kg/m2 (mean±SEM). Assuming a basal secretion of zero and a half life of five to seven minutes, we demonstrated the following: OXT AUC: 5421±1331pg/ml, mean OXT level: 9.1pg/ml, mean pulse number: 22±3/10hr, mean pulse height: 1.81±0.48pg/ml, mean pulse mass: 30.34±10.29pg/ml and mean inter-pulse interval: 27±4min. The SAAM Avoidant scale correlated negatively with mean OXT pulse height (r=−0.90, p=0.04) and pulse mass (r=−0.95, p=0.01). The ISEL Belonging score correlated positively with OXT AUC (r=0.89, p=0.04) and average OXT (r=0.93, p=0.02). ISEL Appraisal score also had a positive association with mean OXT pulse height (r=0.99, p=0.0006) and pulse mass (r=0.98, p=0.003). Finally, ISEL total score had a significant correlation with average OXT values (r=0.90, p=0.04). While none of the subjects had a score in the alexithymia range, TAS-20 Difficulty describing feelings score had an inverse correlation with OXT pulse height (r=−0.96, p=0.01) and pulse mass (r=−0.99, p=0.001). TAS-20 total score also had an inverse correlation with OXT pulse height (r=−0.94, p=0.02) and pulse mass (r=−0.96, p=0.009). ConclusionWe demonstrate a pulsatile pattern of peripheral OXT secretion in healthy men at rest. Subjects with lower OXT pulse height and pulse mass had a more avoidant style of attachment, felt less supported, and expressed greater difficulty in describing their feelings. Our findings support the concept that OXT is a key mediator of social-emotional functioning. Future studies to determine causality are warranted.

Social Support and Quality of Life for Patients with Depressive Disorders

Background: Depression is recognized as one of the major health threats in the 21st century. It is a maladaptive psychosocial phenomenon that can affect many areas of patients’ lives and have a negative impact on their quality of life (QoL) and social support. Aim of the study: to assess social support and quality of life for patients with depressive disorders. Research design: A descriptive correlational research design was used to achieve the aim of the present study. Sample: A total convenient sample of 100 adult male and female depressed patients was included in the study sample. Setting: This study was carried out at outpatient clinic of Minia Hospital for psychiatric health and addiction. Patients who diagnosed as having organic brain diseases, mentally handicapped, substance abused were excluded from the study. Tools of data collection: The required data was collected through three tools. Socio – demographic Data Sheet, Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) and Quality of Life Scale. Results: showed that 66% of depressed patient had low social support, while 50% of the depressed patients had low QOL level and there were statistical significance differences between education levels with QOL. Also, there were positive associations between QoL and social support & all its subscales except self esteem support. Conclusion: The current study showed that the highest percentage of the depressed patients had low social support and QOL. Recommendations: Establishing educational centers and hot lines for family awareness about the importance of social support and quality of life for depressed patients.