Interpersonal Consequences Research Articles

The interpersonal effects and mechanisms of workplace mindfulness

The interpersonal effects and mechanisms of workplace mindfulness

Supplemental Material for Going Beyond the “Self” in Self-Control: Interpersonal Consequences of Commitment Strategies

Supplemental Material for Going Beyond the “Self” in Self-Control: Interpersonal Consequences of Commitment Strategies

Demeaning extrinsic motivation leads to increased perceptions of hypocrisy

People who are extrinsically motivated are negatively stereotyped and are viewed less positively compared to those who are intrinsically motivated. As a result, individuals can strategically express their intrinsic motivation as an impression management tactic to gain more favorable evaluations from others. Aside from directly signaling their intrinsic motivation, individuals can also choose a more aggressive strategy by demeaning extrinsic motivation (e.g., “being motivated by money is shallow and meaningless!”). Across 7 primary studies and 3 supplementary studies (N = 3153), we document the prevalence of this phenomenon, users’ (mis)perceptions of how effective this strategy should be, and its actual interpersonal consequences across different contexts. Although being extrinsically motivated is negatively evaluated, we posit that demeaning extrinsic motivation would ironically make one appear more hypocritical and thus disliked, compared to demeaning other negative behaviors or explicitly praising extrinsic motivation. Furthermore, we found that these effects are stronger for those who are low in job calling orientation and high in socioeconomic status. In sum, although people might choose to demean extrinsic motivation in order to gain social approval, such a strategy often backfires.

Effect of Interpersonal Effectiveness Skill Training Intervention on Social Functioning and Communication Competence Among Clients With Depressive Disorder

Background: Depressive disorders are prevalent mental health conditions that significantly impair individuals’ social functioning and communication competence. These challenges can exacerbate depressive symptoms, creating a vicious cycle that hinders recovery and overall well‐being. Despite the growing recognition of the impact of depressive disorders on social functioning and communication competence, there remains a significant gap in effective interventions addressing these specific areas.Aims: This research aims to investigate the effect of interpersonal effectiveness skill training on social functioning and communication competence among clients with depressive disorder.Design: A quasiexperimental research design.Setting: The research procedure was carried out in the outpatient clinic of Alexandria University Hospital.Subjects: The study group, which included 42 males and 18 females, and the control group had the same number of patients.Tools: After the preliminary assessment of depression, three instruments were used to collect data: a structured interview schedule that gathered sociodemographic and clinical information, the Scale of Communication Competence, and the Social Functioning Scale.Results: The study group showed a positive difference in their social functioning and communication competence score compared with the control group.Implication: The findings of this study have significant implications for the treatment and support of clients with depressive disorder by incorporating structured skill‐building programs into therapeutic regimens for individuals with depressive disorders.Conclusion: IESTI can enhance patients with depression’s ability to communicate competently and function socially.

The interpersonal effects of emotional expressions with both and single valences on work-related satisfaction: an examination of emotions and perceived openness as mediators

ABSTRACT Work-related satisfaction has critical benefits. To predict work-related satisfaction, we investigated how a counterpart’s expressions of emotional complexity (both positive and negative emotions), positive emotions, and negative emotions influenced a perceiver’s work-related satisfaction during discussions over different work-relevant ideas. We conducted a three-wave coworker survey (N = 529) and an experiment with a confederate as a task partner (N = 378). The results consistently showed significant positive impacts of a counterpart’s emotional complexity and positive emotion expressions on a perceiver’s work-related satisfaction by enhancing the perceiver’s positive emotions and evaluation of the counterpart’s openness. Conversely, a counterpart’s negative emotion expression significantly decreased a perceiver’s work-related satisfaction by reducing perceived counterpart openness. We also did not find a perceiver’s negative emotion as a significant mediator of the associations between the three emotional expressions and work-related satisfaction. Therefore, our investigation highlights similar positive effects of emotional complexity and positive emotion expressions and suggests that an expression of both positive and negative emotions promotes satisfaction by enhancing positive emotions and openness perception.

Navigating Unprecedented Challenges: A Narrative Review of Socio-Emotional Learning Competencies and Emotional Intelligence Among Nurses and Nursing Students in the COVID-19 Era

This narrative review examines the importance of social and emotional learning (SEL) competencies and emotional intelligence (EI) among nurses and nursing students, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotional intelligence and Socio-Emotional Learning are interconnected concepts encompassing the effective perception, understanding, management, and utilization of emotions. EI encompasses skills such as self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, and interpersonal effectiveness, while SEL is an educational framework designed to cultivate specific social and emotional skills in students. SEL programs aim to foster competencies such as self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. Within the healthcare environment, the proficiency of nurses and nursing students in EI not only impacts their personal well-being but also exerts a substantial influence on patient outcomes and the overall quality of care. The integration of SEL into the training of healthcare professionals holds the potential to augment their capacity to establish positive patient relationships, effectively manage stress, and deliver compassionate care. This study seeks to describe the influence of SEL competencies and emotional intelligence on students and nurses during and after the COVID-19 crisis. Recognizing the important nature of incorporating SEL competencies and emotional intelligence into the education and practice of nurses and nursing students is crucial for fostering psychological resilience, nurturing positive relationships, and ensuring the provision of high-quality care, particularly amidst unprecedented challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: emotional intelligence, socio-emotional learning, COVID-19, nursing

BIMBINGAN KONSELING INDIVIDUAL UNTUK MEMBANGUN KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL POSITIF MELALUI TIM PSIKOLOG UNIVERSITAS AHMAD DAHLAN YOGYAKARTA

Abstract
 Interpersonal communication can be called interpersonal communication. Interpersonal effectiveness is determined by how the message is conveyed. Positive attitude refers to at least two aspects of interpersonal communication. First, interpersonal communication is fostered if people have a positive attitude towards themselves. Second, positive feelings for the communication situation are essential for effective interaction. Communication quality is establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relationships through communication. Communication is effective when the sender receives and understands the message as intended, followed up with voluntary action by the recipient. It can improve the quality of interpersonal relationships, and there are no obstacles to it. This service is carried out to help several UAD's fair participants (counselees) get an overview of how the communication process effectively achieves its goals. This activity is carried out through individual counseling guidance methods with a team of psychologists at Ahmad Dahlan University Yogyakarta, with an evaluation of filling out a checklist sheet after counseling.
 Keywords : individual counseling, positive interpersonal communication

A closer look at refusers’ counters: Benefactive changes, design constraints, and interpersonal implications

This paper examines an understudied way of refusing: counters, i.e. utterances which do not only block one course of action but put forward an alternative. An interactional approach to pragmatic meaning was taken to examine the content, design, and interpersonal implications of counters in (semi-)informal future-action negotiations. Regarding their content, it was found that counters can retain the distribution of cost/benefit of initial proffers (neutral), change them to the refuser's benefit (egoistic), or change them to the profferer's benefit (altruistic). Regarding their design, it was found that counters can be formatted as either interpersonally delicate or non-delicate actions – irrespective of their content. This suggests that specific benefactive chances are not intrinsically associated with specific interpersonal effects, e.g. egoistic and altruistic counters do not necessarily indicate interpersonal trouble or guarantee harmony, respectively. Rather, it is the design which has particular interpersonal implications, with counters formatted as non-delicate actions being hearable as problematising and/or treated as problematic. It is furthermore argued that counters are more constrained in terms of design than initial proffers – which may be formatted as non-delicate without negative interpersonal implications – and that this constraint results from their sequential position and the prior speaker's right to make a proffer.

A dyadic examination of patients' and caregivers' attachment orientations and mutually supportive care in cancer caregiving.

Families play a pivotal role in supporting one another during cancer. Research suggests that supportive care interactions between patients and their caregivers can have a positive effect on the physical health and well-being of both members of the dyad. However, few studies have investigated how patient and caregiver personality characteristics intersect with their perceptions of supportive exchanges. Adopting an attachment theory perspective, our aim was to examine the dyadic effects of patient and caregiver attachment orientations on mutually supportive care. Patients (n=103) receiving cancer care and their caregivers (n=99) completed a survey that comprised measures of attachment orientations (Experiences in Close Relationships Modified scale), and mutually supportive care (Shared Care Inventory, SCI-3): communication, decision-making and reciprocity. Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs) were used to examine the association between participants' attachment orientations on their own (actor effects) SCI-3 outcomes and those of the other person within the dyad (partner effects). Across the APIMs, the tendency was for an inverse relationship between attachment (anxious and avoidant orientations) and mutually supportive care. Inspection of the effects and dyadic patterns supported actor and couple models. Using a dyadic approach, it was possible to study both intrapersonal and interpersonal effects. Our findings point to interdependence within the cancer caregiving relationship and underscore the importance of considering how individual and relational ways of responding influence support. Attachment theory provides a framework for explaining the observed relationships and a basis for therapeutic intervention.

Aboriginal peoples’ lived experience of household overcrowding in the Kimberley and implications for research reciprocity in COVID-19 recovery

ObjectiveHousehold overcrowding was identified early in the COVID-19 pandemic as a risk factor increasing transmission and worsening outcomes. Nirrumbuk Environmental Health and Services designed this project to deepen understanding of Aboriginal peoples’ experiences of overcrowding in social housing. MethodsOur household survey explored overcrowding, capacity to respond to COVID-19 directives and the Canadian National Overcrowding Standard (CNOS). ResultsFor 219 participating Aboriginal households, usual number of residents per household ranged from 1 to 14, increasing with short- and long-term visitors. 17.8% had occupants who themselves were on waiting lists for their own home. Nearly one-third of houses had three generations under one roof. 53.4% indicated isolation of COVID-19 cases as ‘extremely’ difficult. 33.8% indicated their community could not manage COVID-19 at scale. Overcrowding was defined by interpersonal dynamics or consequences such as plumbing blockages or conflict rather than the number or people or ratio of people to bedrooms. 64.8% welcomed CNOS to determine acceptable and healthy occupancy levels. Participants encouraged research about environmental health in Aboriginal hands. ConclusionsCultural obligations, poverty and social housing waitlist management impose extreme demand on remote housing. CNOS relevance was endorsed but tempered by lived experience. Implications for Public HealthAboriginal-led research is directly accountable to communities through reciprocity and kinship. Nirrumbuk has already modified service planning.

Euthanasia on their mind: a qualitative analysis of spontaneous expressions of people with young-onset dementia and their family caregivers.

Introduction:Previous research showed that people with young-onset dementia and their family caregivers spontaneously addressed the topic of euthanasia when talking about the broader topic of advance care planning. A better understanding of what people address and why may provide innovative insights to inform the evolving physician assisted dying legislation worldwide. This study aimed to identify what people with young-onset dementia and their family caregivers spontaneously expressed regarding (communication about) euthanasia when discussing the topic of advance care planning.Methods:A secondary qualitative analysis was conducted, through the method of constant comparative analysis on semi-structured interviews. We included 10 people with young-onset dementia and 25 family caregivers in Flanders, Belgium.Results:Respondents described similar contexts for discussions about euthanasia: the topic arose at several key moments, usually with informal caregivers, and was motivated by patients considering the impact of disease progression both for themselves, thereby mainly wanting to avoid decline and maintain dignity, and their loved ones. Family caregivers paid considerable attention to the legality of euthanasia in dementia, specifically with regard to cognitive capacity, and elaborated on the difficulties and emotional impact of discussing euthanasia.Conclusions:Considerations of people with young-onset dementia towards euthanasia appeared rooted in personal unbearable suffering and in expected interpersonal and societal consequences of their condition. Negative social framing of young-onset dementia might contribute to the livelihood of euthanasia in respondents’ thoughts. The incorporation of euthanasia as a legal end-of-life option was mirrored in its incorporation in patients’ and family caregivers’ thought framework.

I am (not) sorry: Interpersonal effects of neutralizations after a transgression.

After a transgression, people often use neutralizations to account for their behavior, for instance, by apologizing or offering a justification. Previous research has mostly centered around the intrapersonal effects of neutralizations on actors. Consequently, we know very little of the interpersonal effects of neutralizations on observers' perceptions and judgments. Our overarching hypothesis is that neutralizations that contain an acknowledgment of wrongdoing (i.e., apologies and excuses) lead to more favorable perceptions of the transgressor and the transgression than neutralizations that do not (i.e., justifications). We report three studies (N = 800) to investigate the relationship between the type of neutralization used and observers' perceptions of actors and their behaviors. Our findings show that actor and behavior are evaluated differently depending on whether the neutralization used is an apology, an excuse, a consequentialist justification, or a deontological justification. Overall, justifications led to more negative evaluations (especially when invoking deontological reasoning), while apologies and excuses fostered more positive evaluations. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the social dynamics of norm violations and the social and legal implications for enforcing norm abidance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

학교 내 아침체육활동 관련 연구 동향과 과제

Objectives The purposes of this study were to analyze the research trends related to morning physical activities within schools and to explore the challenges for future research directions.
 Methods 68 studies were selected as the final research targets by searching the domestic academic database ‘RISS’ from 2010 to 2021, under the theme of “Morning Sports Activities, 0 Period Physical Education, and Morning Exercise.” These include 26 domestic academic papers and 42 dissertations. The final selected documents were analyzed by dividing the research status of morning sports activities (publishment year, research subject, research method), morning sports activity program (operational event, period, number of operations, operating time), and morning sports activity effect (cognitive effect, affective effect, psychodynamic effect).
 Results In the research status of morning physical activities, the publication years with the highest research activity were 2013 (11 studies) and 2015 (11 studies). The study subjects were primarily elementary students (33 studies), followed by high school students (15 studies), middle school students (12 studies), and teachers (4 studies). In terms of research methods, quantitative research (52 studies) was the most common, followed by qualitative research (12 studies) and mixed-methods research (4 studies). Regarding morning physical activity programs, many programs incorporated a mix of activities rather than single activities, with a duration of 12 weeks being the most common (10 studies). The frequency of activity sessions per week included 5 sessions (12 studies), 3 sessions (9 studies), 2 sessions (8 studies), and some cases of voluntary participation. The duration of each activity session was often 40 minutes (18 studies), followed by 30 minutes (11 studies), 50 minutes (5 studies), and 60 minutes (5 studies). In terms of the effects of morning physical activities, they were categorized into cognitive effects related to academic achievement and concentration (21 studies), affective and attitude-related effects, as well as interpersonal relationship-related effects (42 studies), and physical health and fitness-related effects (20 studies).
 Conclusions Future research challenges were proposed, including diversifying the research subjects, overcoming research biases, and enhancing the expertise and systematic nature of research.

Developmental psychology within Cambodian higher education institutions: how gender influences the achievement of the SDG targets related to quality education

PurposeThis study analyzes the significance of various attributes of developmental psychology developed by male and female students within higher education institutions (HEIs) in Cambodia. It also focuses on the mismatch between planned enrollments and the final selection of a course, and the knowledge and skills accessed during the study.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 463 students (267 female) was selected for a survey from two private and two public universities, located in both Phnom Penh and other provincial locations.FindingsIt was found that (1) the Cambodian Sustainable Development Goal targets related to quality education are likely to be achieved by 2030, but this will require close monitoring of the targets. While it is likely that the male ratio will be accomplished by 2030, this is less certain for the female ratio. (2) There was a mismatch between the planned enrollment and actual course selection for just under half (49.2%) of students surveyed due to high tuition fees, a lack of scholarships, unavailability of preferred courses, failure to gain admission and parental influence. This mismatch was higher for female students for all of these factors except for parental influence. (3) Students indicated a high degree of access to knowledge and skills, except for technological literacy, economic aspects and interpersonal effectiveness. Overall, male students were found to access a higher degree of both knowledge and skills. (4) The developmental psychology of students was found to be significantly influenced by decision-making ability, empathy, people skills, community engagement and voluntary work.Research limitations/implicationsThere were a number of limitations in carrying out this research. For example, discussions were separately organized at each university; the authors did not organize a consultative meeting gathering all the students from the four universities to discuss and get consensus. Moreover, the study did not cover the interviews of parents to gain their views regarding support for their children at HEIs.Practical implicationsImprovement in key aspects of developmental psychology for male students was found to be more significant than for female students, except for intellectual capacity.Social implicationsStill, improvement in the adopt of developmental psychology is required at HEIs in Cambodia and developing countries. Improved developmental psychology among students at universities has been shown to result in a significant enhancement in study performance and competencies. These competencies range from cognitive and intellectual capacity, associated with thinking and analysis; and emotional and social capacity, associated with the development of a societal vision. Students who develop cognitive and intellectual capacity tend to perform tasks more accurately and efficiently, make decisions more effectively and respond intelligently to new or complex circumstances. Students who develop emotional and social capacity are better guided toward focusing on caring for others in the community and establishing peaceful and safe environments. An important implication of the developmental psychology of students within HEIs in Cambodia is the holistic nature of education integrating knowledge, skills, competencies and social responsibility. HEIs should take on the role of equipping students with both cognitive and intellectual capacities for employment; as well as the emotional and social capacities required to build a society based on mutual trust and harmony. Improving the psychological development of students at HEIs in Cambodia may also be significant in achieving the CSDG targets. In terms of policy, HEIs should integrate opportunities for this to be included in the curriculum to increase the opportunities for students to engage in practice-based learning and community engagement activities. This will require providing sufficient learning materials and equipment to enable students to self-learn, think, analyze and innovate, using theories obtained in class, at home. This should be coupled with community engagement programs that provide students with the opportunity to work in the field. All knowledge and skills accessed by students should be integrated with the development of both cognitive and intellectual capacities. Further, social activities organized by HEIs are required to assist in developing the emotional and social capacity of students to interact with communities.Originality/valueThe paper is solely conducted and prepared by SOK Serey, CHEB Hoeurn, CHHINH Nyda, BO Chan Koulika and NGUONPHAN Pheakdey. The findings of the research produce both quantitative and qualitative information on the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals at higher education in Cambodia. In particular, this research is one of the most pioneer academic research studies conducted by a local scholar from Cambodia.

Boosting interpersonal emotion regulation through facial imitation: functional neuroimaging foundations.

Empathic function, which is primarily manifested by facial imitation, is believed to play a pivotal role in interpersonal emotion regulation for mood reinstatement. To explore this association and its neural substrates, we performed a questionnaire survey (study l) to identify the relationship between empathy and interpersonal emotion regulation; and a task-mode fMRI study (study 2) to explore how facial imitation, as a fundamental component of empathic processes, promotes the interpersonal emotion regulation effect. Study 1 showed that affective empathy was positively correlated with interpersonal emotion regulation. Study 2 showed smaller negative emotions in facial imitation interpersonal emotion regulation (subjects imitated experimenter's smile while followed the interpersonal emotion regulation guidance) than in normal interpersonal emotion regulation (subjects followed the interpersonal emotion regulation guidance) and Watch conditions. Mirror neural system (e.g. inferior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobe) and empathy network exhibited greater activations in facial imitation interpersonal emotion regulation compared with normal interpersonal emotion regulation condition. Moreover, facial imitation interpersonal emotion regulation compared with normal interpersonal emotion regulation exhibited increased functional coupling from mirror neural system to empathic and affective networks during interpersonal emotion regulation. Furthermore, the connectivity of the right orbital inferior frontal gyrus-rolandic operculum lobe mediated the association between the accuracy of facial imitation and the interpersonal emotion regulation effect. These results show that the interpersonal emotion regulation effect can be enhanced by the target's facial imitation through increased functional coupling from mirror neural system to empathic and affective neural networks.

Does the interpersonal theory of suicide explain relationships between muscle dysmorphia symptoms and suicidal ideation?

Muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms are robustly associated with suicidal thoughts/behaviors. Risk factors for suicidal ideation, such as perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, may help explain the relationship between MD symptoms and suicidal ideation. The current study extended past cross-sectional research by testing if perceived burdensomeness and/or thwarted belongingness mediated longitudinal relationships between MD symptoms and suicidal ideation. Two hundred and sixty-nine U.S. men recruited from Prolific completed self-report measures at three timepoints separated by one month each. Analyses used an adapted version of a longitudinal three-wave mediation model to test study hypotheses. Perceived burdensomeness mediated longitudinal relationships between MD symptoms and suicidal ideation. Thwarted belongingness did not show significant relationships with MD symptoms or suicidal ideation. Results extend past research by demonstrating that perceived burdensomeness may be a mechanism underlying longitudinal relationships between MD symptoms and suicidal ideation while establishing temporal ordering. Clinicians may consider targeting perceived burdensomeness in cases of comorbid MD/suicidality by using techniques that promote interpersonal effectiveness.

Sexual dysfunction in men with alcohol dependence

Background: Prolonged and excessive use of alcohol can affect the sexual function. The occurrence of sexual dysfunction has adverse psychological and interpersonal consequences. Aim: To assess the occurrence and correlates of sexual dysfunction in individuals suffering from alcohol dependence. Materials and Methods: Seventy male subjects hospitalized in a tertiary care hospital for treatment of alcohol dependence syndrome with simple withdrawal symptoms were included in the study with their informed consent. Their sexual function was evaluated utilizing a 14-item changes in sexual functioning questionnaire. Results: According to the findings of the current study, sexual dysfunction is quite prevalent in alcohol-dependent people (75.7%). Erectile dysfunction was the most common disorder, followed by diminished sexual desire and early ejaculation. Conclusion: Alcohol-dependence patients have a high prevalence of sexual dysfunctions. In routine clinical practice, this may be overlooked. Clinicians must be made aware of the frequent occurrence of sexual disorders in alcohol dependence patients.

Public Perceptions and Informational Needs Regarding Surgical Residents

Identify what topics are of most interest to patients regarding surgical residents. Survey of general public describing a hypothetical surgery and then assessing comfort level with resident involvement in surgery, reactions to disclosure statements regarding resident involvement, and desires for additional information. This data was used to produce an amended statement about surgical residents and their involvement in a hypothetical surgery to determine the impact of increased information on participant comfort. Online survey via Mechanical Turk. Our sample was broadly representative of the United States based on race and age, but with higher education level than United States census data. Using a combination of hierarchical clustering, weighted averages, and VAS scoring, questions that were most highly valued by participants were related to what the resident will be doing in the operation and the impact of resident involvement. Participants who had a past negative experience with residents assigned higher importance to all questions, even those that may be seen as not clinically relevant. Increasing the amount of proactively provided information did not have a significant effect on comfort (p = 0.219) when compared to our baseline statement, except with those who reported past negative experience with residents (p = 0.039). These results demonstrate that the majority of potential patients want to know specific details about the residents' skills, what they will be doing in their surgery, and the impact of their participation. Surgeons should be attuned to patients with past negative experiences, who may desire more information. Additional information alone may not be sufficient to comfort some patients, and future research should consider information delivery styles and interpersonal effects on patient comfort level.

Leadership professional learning for accelerating student achievement: the role of a collaborative problem-solving intervention

ABSTRACT This study explains the impact of a leadership intervention in collaborative problem-solving on the behaviour of eight middle leaders, on the teachers of those leaders, and on the reading achievement of their target students. A theory and practice of collaborative problem-solving, which integrates deliberative problem-solving with interpersonal effectiveness, informed our intervention design. We used a concurrent, mixed-methods approach to identify, using the reports of teachers and leaders themselves, those features of the intervention design which explain the shifts in leaders’ and teachers’ behaviour and the consequent progress in reading achievement. The students’ reading achievement improved, on average, 22.8 months in 12 months, suggesting that well-planned and theorised leadership interventions can change leaders’ and teachers’ behaviour in ways that result in improved student outcomes.

Health empowerment and health-related quality of life in older individuals with disabilities and their spouse carers: A cross-sectional study.

The stress of disability significantly impacts an individual's quality of life and that of a spouse. Health empowerment, based on the idea that individuals may be successful despite disability, may be meaningful to disabled persons and their spouse carers. This cross-sectional survey study aimed to explore the effect of health empowerment on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of older individuals with disabilities and their spouse carers on both a personal (actor effect) and interpersonal level (partner effect). A total of 1092 dyads of older individuals with disabilities and their spouse carers residing in communities were recruited from seven provinces in China. Two separate Actor-Partner Interdependence Model analyses were conducted to examine the impact of health empowerment on the two domains of HRQOL: the Physical Component Score (PCS) and the Mental Component Score (MCS). The results revealed that health empowerment had actor effects on the PCS and MCS of older individuals with disabilities, as well as on the PCS and MCS of their spouse carers. However, no significant partner effects of health empowerment on the PCS and MCS of either the individuals with disabilities or their spouse caregivers were observed. Empowering individuals with disabilities and their spouse carers may help them enhance their own HRQOL, both physically and mentally. However, more research is required to determine the interpersonal effect of health empowerment on the HRQOL.