Interpersonal Dependency Research Articles

Lifestyles of Modern Student Youth

The article is devoted to the problem of modern youth lifestyle constructing which is actual and deals with active transformations taking place in the socio-cultural space of Ukraine. The main construct which is the theoretical basis of the study is “lifestyle” as an integral characteristic of individuality which is considered in A. Adler’s approach. Lifestyle is understood as a multidimensional phenomenon that unites different levels and aspects of personality development: early personality’s experience, level of personality’s maturity, features of personality’s emotional traits, stable interpretations of the world, features of social interaction and relationships’ maintaining. The aim of the work was to find out typical patterns of lifestyle constructing by modern student youth. The empirical research was carried out on a student sample (21-27 years old) of both sexes; the total number of the studied people was 195. The method of early memories’ analysis and its quantitative assessment by the parameters of social interest, life position questionnaire, self-assessment of personality’s maturity, method of diagnosis of personality’s maturity, world assumptions scale, diagnosing of interpersonal relationships’ style, differential emotions scale were used in the investigation. Result in six typical models lifestyles constructing were identified: "Avoidance of contact", "Superiority Complex", "Assertiveness", "Mimetism", "Maturity", "Interpersonal dependence". The revealed styles can be presented as a model with three dimensions: "orientation from people – to people" ("Avoidance of contact" and "Interpersonal dependence"); " external orientation – internal orientation "("Mimetism" and "Maturity"); “Self-grandiosity – healthy self-esteem” (“Superiority Complex” and “Assertiveness”). The article reveals the content of each style, provides data on gender differences and the main trends in the life structuring at modern youth space. It has been shown that young women are characterized by a greater tendency to imitate external norms and behavior patterns, which makes them vulnerable to social influences, especially in crisis periods during their life. Modern young men experience difficulties in assimilating masculinity, which leads to models of codependency assimilation in relations with a close social environment and fixes the personality in an immature life position. The revealed patterns do not cover all possible diversity, but determine the main trends in the life structuring in the modern youth space.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЛЮБОВНИХ ТА МІЖОСОБИСТІСНИХ ВІДНОСИН У ЖІНОК ТА ЧОЛОВІКІВ В ПОЛІАМОРНИХ СТОСУНКАХ

Purpose of the article is to study the structural features of interpersonal and love relationships of women and men in polyamorous families. To achieve this purpose we used the following methods: semantic differential, test for the detection of love addiction A. Egorov; test for interpersonal dependence (love, from a partner in child-parent relations). R. Hirschfield’s technique, adaptation by O.P. Makushin; diagnostics of interpersonal relations T. Leary; diagnostics of interpersonal relations A.A. Rukavishnikov. Methods of mathematical and statistical data processing: Fisher angular transformation criterion and factor analysis. Polyamor differs from our usual model of mono-romantic love only in the number of partners. The study found that polyamoric families had higher rates of dependency during long-term relationships; had lower rates of aggression in behavior towards partners but a more pronounced need for control. They also had a higher level of satisfaction in family relationships, a slightly higher level of trust and respect for a partner. They had an average level of satisfaction with family relationships, openness, perception of responsibilities in everyday life. They also had a greater propensity for love addiction and a moderate level of selfdoubt, a desire for autonomy and a high level of dependence. They are characterized by a high level of benevolent style, an average level of authoritarian, suspicious, subordinate, dependent and altruistic styles; low level of aggressive interpersonal style. Conclusions: Polyamors have a fairly high level of need. They are more jealous, but also feel more comfortable on the other hand, due to a certain balance of respect and trust that inevitably builds up during long-term relationships of this type. They feel the greater need to be constantly with all partners, because they have a hidden fear of losing the respect and trust they have gained, so they try to support it. They are less aggressive towards their partners, show middle-class authoritarianism, and are very supportive, as they develop openness to several people at the same time and try to learn to adjust and coordinate with them.

Homosexuality: a Case Analysis

The article is devoted to the analysis of the case of homosexuality. We consider the transformation of views on sexuality from it’s conceptualization as something stable, unchanging to it’s conceptualization as something fluidity. Moreover, this fluidity characterizes both children and adults. The author cites the case of homosexuality, which according to the manifestations could be attributed as true homosexuality. At the same time, the analysis of early traumas, relations with the mother, women, men, attitude to one’s body, way of life allows us to conclude that homosexuality can become a form of solving problems of interpersonal dependence, infantile functioning, and personal identity. In this particular case, gender affirmation therapy may prove ineffective and not lead to a solution of the client’s personal problems. An analysis of dreams and fantasies is given, in which a heterosexual plot and rudiments of a new attitude to women of extra-sexual nature appear. Homosexuality is internally heterogeneous and needs in each concrete case in psychotherapeutic qualification outside the value context, but only in the context of development.

Collapsing fish stocks, gendered economies, and anxieties of entrapment in coastal Sierra Leone

AbstractThis article explores the economic negotiations between Sierra Leonean fishermen and the women who compete to buy their fish, tracing how relationships of gendered intimacy and interdependence are being reconfigured in a context of deepening economic precarity. Fish stocks in Sierra Leone are in crisis. Fisherfolk look back with nostalgia to a past in which bountiful harvests had made it possible for transactions of fish to be simple and impersonal. Today, by contrast, it is almost impossible for women to access fish without working to develop strong personal relationships with fishermen: deploying gifts of food, loans of money, and even secret ‘medicines’ to secure the loyalty of potential customers. I analyse how men and women reflect on their growing impoverishment through discourses that emphasize their moral ambivalence at being drawn back into webs of interpersonal dependency, and argue that these anxieties need to be understood in the context of Sierra Leone's history of domestic slavery.

Negative influence of interpersonal dependency and fear of isolation on judgement ability for social problems

Negative influence of interpersonal dependency and fear of isolation on judgement ability for social problems

Navigating the Relational Psychic Economy of Disability: The Case of M

This paper presents a theoretically-informed psychosocial analysis of the case of M, a physically disabled man from South Africa. We use M’s account as a platform from which to consider projection, melancholic suspension and grief, as these are played out in the negotiation of dependency in relationships for disabled people. Making use of a case study methodology, we examine the various strategies through which M manages those disability stereotypes which are ascribed to him, creating a picture of how identity is negotiated in the face of interpersonal dependency as well as disablist prejudice. A central proposition is that, for M, upholding relationships which bring much-needed assistance means caring for the emotional lives of his carers, in a manner which leaves him more vulnerable to internalizing identity insults, and less able to resist his own oppression. Employing a psychoanalytic frame, we suggest that the “melancholic suspension” which some disabled people may be subject to, may lead to the necessity to “take on” certain projections, in the process of accessing much-needed care. As shall be seen, M maneuvers creatively through this relational realm by engaging in trade-offs between positive identity and physical need, employing strategies which include self-deprecation, the performance of mastery, playing with gender, and humor. With these and other techniques, he navigates the relational and psychic economy of his dependency.

Synergistic dependencies in partner and elder abuse.

Although dependency in its various forms has been widely studied, most investigations examine manifestations of dependency within individuals. Scrutiny of the literature reveals that synergistic dependencies-situations wherein both members of a dyad manifest excessive dependency of one form or another-play a role in some forms of partner and elder abuse. High levels of interpersonal or economic dependency in a woman coupled with high levels of interpersonal dependency in her male partner increase the likelihood of partner abuse. When family member caregivers are economically dependent on a functionally dependent older adult, risk for elder abuse increases. Although these synergistic dependencies differ across abuse domains, two prevailing themes emerge. The interpersonal, economic, and functional dependencies of abused partners and older adults are associated with feelings of helplessness, powerlessness, and an inability to challenge the abuser. The common dependency-related dynamic in perpetrators of abuse is fear-fear of abandonment leading to partner abuse, and fear of loss of financial support increasing risk for elder abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Does interpersonal dependency affect therapeutic outcome? A meta-analytic review.

This study examined whether interpersonal dependency affects therapeutic outcome, using meta-analytic techniques to synthesize results from 31 studies (49 effect sizes; overall N = 3807). High levels of dependency were associated with more positive outcome in psychodynamic therapy (r = 0.11, p < 0.05), but not cognitive-behavioural therapy (r = -0.05, ns), and were associated with a less positive outcome in pharmacological treatment (r = -0.15, p < 0.001). Other predictors of outcome included patient diagnosis (high levels of dependency were linked with more positive outcome for patients with anxiety disorders but not those with depression), outcome measure (high levels of dependency were associated with significantly greater improvement in global functioning but not symptom reduction) and dependency measure (cognitive and cognitive-behavioural dependency scales yielded less positive results than other types of measures). These results contribute to a growing body of literature examining effects of personality on treatment process and outcome. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Role of Social-Interpersonal and Cognitive-Individual Factors in Cyber Dating Victimization and Perpetration: Comparing the Direct, Control, and Combined Forms of Abuse

The present study examined the relationship linking social-interpersonal factors (interpersonal dependency, social support, social skills), cognitive-individual factors (planning behavior and goal efficacy), and different victimization and perpetration forms of cyber dating abuse (direct abuse, control abuse, and the combination of both abuse types). The responses of 1,657 Spanish university students were analyzed (62.1% females, 37.1% males). The multinomial logistic regression model revealed similarities among the three victim groups and revealed that anxious attachment and lack of social support increased the likelihood of direct victimization, control victimization, and direct/control victimization. Differences were found in the three victim groups for social skills and planning behavior. Perpetration was significantly associated with anxious attachment in the three cyber dating perpetration forms. Differences were also found in emotional dependency, social support, and social skills among direct perpetrators, control perpetrators, and direct/control perpetrators. The results revealed that interpersonal and cognitive factors correlated with cyber dating victimization and perpetration.

Dissecting social interaction: dual-fMRI reveals patterns of interpersonal brain-behavior relationships that dissociate among dimensions of social exchange.

During social interactions, each individual’s actions are simultaneously a consequence of and an antecedent to their interaction partner’s behavior. Capturing online the brain processes underlying such mutual dependency requires simultaneous measurements of all interactants’ brains during real-world exchange (‘hyperscanning’). This demands a precise characterization of the type of interaction under investigation, however, and analytical techniques capable of capturing interpersonal dependencies. We adapted an interactive task capable of dissociating between two dimensions of interdependent social exchange: goal structure (cooperation vs competition) and interaction structure [concurrent (CN) vs turn-based]. Performing dual-functional magnetic resonance imaging hyperscanning on pairs of individuals interacting on this task, and modeling brain responses in both interactants as systematic reactions to their partner’s behavior, we investigated interpersonal brain-behavior dependencies (iBBDs) during each dimension. This revealed patterns of iBBDs that differentiated among exchanges; in players supporting the actions of another, greater brain responses to the co-player’s actions were expressed in regions implicated in social cognition, such as the medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus and temporal cortices. Stronger iBBD during CN competitive exchanges was observed in brain systems involved in movement planning and updating, however, such as the supplementary motor area. This demonstrates the potential for hyperscanning to elucidate neural processes underlying different forms of social exchange.

Guilt-riddenness as a predictor of interpersonal addiction and well-being in interpersonal relationships

The article is devoted to the problem of the conjugation of guilt feeling and interpersonal dependence. The author shows the actualised need to consider the aspect of personality dependent behaviour in connection with scarce knowledge in this area on the one hand and the emergence of new types of non-chemical dependence on the other. The specifics of the links of non-adaptive forms of guilt and interpersonal dependence are revealed. The author considers the irrational forms of guilt as a predictor of destructive types of interpersonal dependence, namely destructive overdependence and dysfunctional separation. In conclusion, the author states that some forms of non-adaptive guilt are predictors of destructive overdependence and dysfunctional separation. Also,.interpersonal dependence and irrational forms of guilt areassociated with psychological well-being. The author emphasises that the study is far from completion and requires a more detailed knowledge of both interpersonal dependence and non-adaptive forms of guilt.

Association of the specifics of interpersonal dependence with subjective well-being in adulthood

The article is devoted to the problem of association of the specifics of interpersonal dependence with subjective well-being in adulthood. The author shows the actualised need to consider the aspect of dependent behaviour of a person in connection with deficient knowledge in this area. The emergence of new types of non-drug addiction. The author reveals the peculiarities of interpersonal dependence and subjective well-being. The author considers interpersonal dependence as both normative and non-normative. Finally, the author comes to the conclusion that regulatory dependence is associated with subjective well-being, with its high performance. At that, the author emphasises that the study is far from completion and requires multidimensional study of both non-normative and normative interpersonal dependence.

Interpersonal dependence and differential types of reflection in students – boys and girls

The article presents results of the study of interpersonal dependence in the context of reflection as a necessary condition for personal autonomy and the mechanism of constructing and organizing a life perspective in adolescence.&#x0D; The psychological content of the phenomenon of interpersonal dependence is revealed, its destructive influence on the personality is emphasized, the positive role of reflection as a factor of actualization of the autonomy of the individual and the neutralization of interpersonal dependence is substantiated.&#x0D; The purpose of the study was to identify the relationship of interpersonal dependence and differential types of reflection in students – boys and girls.&#x0D; The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that in the work for the first time the peculiarities of the functioning of interpersonal dependence and differential types of reflection on the students were determined, differences in the structure of the interrelationship between these phenomena in students – boys and girls were analyzed.&#x0D; The Interpersonal Dependency Inventory by R. M. A. Hirschfeld, Relationship Profile Test by R. F. Bornstein (both – in an adaptation by O. P. Makushina) and Differential Test of Reflexivity by D. A. Leontiev and E. M. Osin were applied to solve empirical problems. The sample consisted of 96 students of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. The first group included of 45 boys, the second – 51 girls. For the mathematical processing of data the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used.&#x0D; It has been established that in both groups an increase in the propensity to unproductive types of reflection is a potential for the development of manifestations of interpersonal dependence. Both boys and girls, with increased introspection, there is an aggravation of destructive overdependence. It was also found that in young men the increase in such manifestations of interpersonal dependence, such as the need for emotional reliance on others, lack of self-confidence, and dependence in general, occurs along with the actualization of the tendency to introspection, while in girls – with the actualization of the tendency to quasi-reflection, together with than in these subjects, destructive overdependence grows. It should be noted that healthy dependence is involved in relationships with the differential types of reflection only in the group of girls, in which its severity increases with increasing ability to systemic reflection and inhibition of quasi-reflection.&#x0D; Results can be used for gender specification of psychological programs for the prevention and correction of interpersonal dependence in the students age. It is noted that the prospect of further research is to study the psychological characteristics that may act as inhibitors of interpersonal dependence in adolescence.

Relationships, Emotions, and Defenses Among Patients with Substance Use Disorders, Assessed with Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile: Possibilities to use Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy in Substance Abuse Treatment

ABSTRACTSubstance use disorders (SUDs) are connected to emotional and relational difficulties. Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) aims at supporting emotion regulation and relational capacity through confronting the patient’s defenses. The authors assessed relational capacity, emotion regulation, and defenses in nine patients with severe SUD and a history of childhood maltreatment, using the semistructured method Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile. All participants had difficulties in handling interpersonal dependence and separations. Functioning in other areas varied. ISTDP could be useful in substance abuse treatment. Thorough assessment before starting ISTDP is however recommended so that treatment is planned according to the patients’ level of functioning.

Особенности межличностных отношений с отцом у девушек, страдающих любовной аддикцией

Введение. Статья посвящена анализу особенностей межличностных отношений с отцами девушек 16–19 лет, страдающих любовной аддикцией. Представлен обзор публикаций по проблеме и обусловливающим ее факторам, главным из которых указывается роль отца. Эмпирические данные получены в процессе психологического консультирования девушек – любовных аддиктов. Научная новизна состоит в конкретизации характера межличностных отношений дочерей, страдающих любовной аддикцией, с отцами и в выводах относительно профилактики этой зависимости у новых поколений россиянок.&#x0D; Методы. Использовались: психологическое тестирование (тест любовной аддикции А. Ю. Егорова; тест межличностной зависимости Р. Гиршфильда; методика «ПоР» Л. И. Вассермана, И. А. Горьковой, Е. Е. Ромицыной; методика «Семейная социограмма» Э. Г. Эйдемиллера и О. В. Черемисина; методика оценки отношений дочери с отцом; методика самооценки «Я в отношениях с мужчинами в глазах других людей»); математико-статистическая обработка данных (осуществлена с помощью пакета SPSS Statistics 22: корреляционный анализ данных выполнен по методу Спирмена, сравнительный – по критерию Манна – Уитни).&#x0D; Результаты. Представлены результаты сравнительного анализа особенностей межличностных отношений с отцами девушек – любовных аддиктов и девушек, не имеющих признаков патологической любви. Приведены результаты корреляционного анализа данных, показывающие, что с возрастом у девушек, не страдающих любовной аддикцией, межличностная зависимость снижается, тогда как у девушек – любовных аддиктов она усиливается.&#x0D; Обсуждение результатов. Проинтерпретированы отношения девушек – любовных аддиктов с отцами. Показано, что они часто характеризуются директивностью отца, его непоследовательностью и враждебностью, но позитивным интересом дочери к нему; физически отсутствующий, безучастный или неадекватный в своем участии отец (директивный, непоследовательный, враждебный) является фактором формирования любовной аддикции у дочери. Предлагается смещение акцента с коррекции любовной аддикции на ее социально-психологическую профилактику у новых поколений россиянок.

Providing Social Support to Female Olympic Athletes.

Support providers may experience positive and negative outcomes associated with supporting others. However, there is a lack of research on support provision to elite athletes and the views of athletes' support providers. This study addressed this gap by exploring the experiences of providing and receiving support between female Olympians and their main support providers. Five female Olympians and their main support providers participated in separate semistructured interviews. It appeared that support provision was personally and professionally rewarding, as well as challenging, for support providers, and athletes were generally satisfied with the support they received. Athletes appeared highly dependent on their support providers, but both athletes and support providers felt that high levels of support were necessary for athletic success. Further research is needed to understand how support providers are able to foster their own personally supportive relationships and whether high levels of interpersonal dependence are required to achieve athletic success.

The effect of interpersonal dependency tendency on interpersonal cognitive distortions on youths

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to investigate the correlation between the interpersonal dependency tendency and interpersonal cognitive distortions. The study group of the research consists of 879 university students from different faculties of Ondokuz Mayıs University. “Interpersonal Dependency Inventory” scale adapted by Ulusoy (2010) and the “Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale’’ developed by Hamamcı (2002) were used in data collection. Data were analyzed with Pearson Moments Correlation, MANOVA, and Simple Regression. As a result of this research, a significant correlation was found between interpersonal dependency tendency and interpersonal cognitive distortions. According to the Simple Linear Regression Analysis, in which Interpersonal dependency scores are estimated by Interpersonal cognitive distortions, Interpersonal cognitive distortions significantly predict the interpersonal dependency scores of university students (R2 = 0.126, t = 11,26, p < 0,001). Also, Interpersonal cognitive distortions and interpersonal dependency show significant differences according to gender.

Malignant Self-Regard in clinical outpatient samples

While the malignant self-regard construct and a corresponding questionnaire, the Malignant Self-Regard Questionnaire (MSRQ; Huprich, 2011) have been empirically evaluated in several non-clinical samples, it has yet to be evaluated in a clinical population. In this study, 139 outpatients in the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (n = 83) and Internal Medicine (n = 57) were administered the MSRQ and a number other measures to assess its construct and incremental validity. The MSRQ was internally consistent in both samples, and was positively correlated with four dimensions of levels of personality functioning, DSM-5 personality trait domains, overdependence, detachment, insecure attachment, and general perceptions of physical and mental well-being. Furthermore, the MSRQ incrementally predicated variance in levels of personality functioning, interpersonal dependency, and general perceptions of physical and mental well-being above and beyond DSM-5 traits and (where appropriate) levels of personality functioning. These findings converge with studies of the MSRQ in nonclinical samples and support the clinical utility and validity of the MSRQ for further use.

The impact of posttraumatic stress symptoms, posttraumatic stress cognitions and interpersonal dependency on psychological co-morbidities following relationship dissolution among college students

Background: Relationship dissolution is a distressing experience which can result in the emergence of posttraumatic stress (i.e. post-dissolution PTSS) and other psychological symptoms among college students. Little is known, however, whether posttraumatic stress cognitions and interpersonal dependency may influence the severity of these distress outcomes.Aims: This study examined the interrelationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), posttraumatic stress cognitions, interpersonal dependency and psychological co-morbidities following relationship dissolution.Methods: One hundred and eighty college students (M = 69, F = 111) who had experienced relationship dissolution completed the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, Posttraumatic Stress Cognition Inventory, Interpersonal Dependency Inventory and General Health Questionnaire-28.Results: Posttraumatic stress symptoms following relationship dissolution (post-dissolution PTSS) were associated with increased psychological co-morbidities. Negative view of oneself and self-blame mediated between PTSS and psychological co-morbidities. Assertion of autonomy moderated the mediational effects of negative cognitions on psychological co-morbidities.Conclusions: People can develop PTSSs and other psychological symptoms following the dissolution of a romantic relationship. Their concept of self and tendency to seek independence and control played a key role in determining the severity of distress symptoms.

ЧИННИКИ, ЯКІ ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА ЯКІСТЬ ПОВТОРНОГО ШЛЮБУ

The article presents the theoretical analysis and empirical research of factors, which influence the quality of remarriage. In the article we have investigated the topicality of the research, examined the presentation of the above mentioned problem in the modern psychological literature; analyzed the quality of the marital relationships in extended families; presented the research methodologies; described the results of the empirical study, which determined the factors which influence the success of the remarriage and outlined the possible future research of this topic. The family’s stability is influenced by the following factors, which may be divided into: internal (the way interpersonal relationships are distributed in the family, roles allocation, spouses values orientation, couple’s conflict level, etc.); and external (socio-economic environment, family’s social status, etc.). While forming stable relationships in the family the important part is played by the socio-psychological component. The psychological climate in the family should be favourable for both husband and wife, in order to successfully develop the family. While forming the family the couple should be psychologically compatible, capable of getting used to external and internal conditions, should be able to find the right solution in conflict situations and keep the positive mindset aimed at preserving the family. The questions outlined in the article are: theoretical-methodological regarding the concept base formation in social psychology and development of the appropriate research methods for the above stated problem; essential-analytical concerning the investigation assessment of the remarriage phenomenon, determination of its psychological content, investigation of psychological problems in functioning of the extended family, and determination of factors, which cause the success of the remarriage. We have concluded, that the rejection of infantile scenarios, role adequacy and overcoming the destructive family interaction models (interpersonal dependency, difference in family role expectations and rejection of ineffective reaction methods in conflict situations) are the factors, which influence the creation of mature matrimonial relationships and as a result the successful marriage.