Interpersonal Communication Skills Research Articles

Penerapan Teknik Kursi Kosong dalam Konseling Gestalt untuk Meningkatkan Kepercayaan Diri Siswa

Gestalt counseling teaches that individuals are wholes greater than the sum of their parts. In the context of self-confidence, this means recognizing and embracing all aspects of oneself, both positive and negative, as integral parts of their being. This study aims to examine the application of the empty chair technique in Gestalt counseling to enhance students' self-confidence. Gestalt counseling is an approach that emphasizes present awareness and the individual's relationship with their environment. This study employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach, using relevant literature sources as primary data, such as research findings, research reports, and scientific journals. After gathering the data sources, a content analysis of the literature review was conducted. The results of this study indicate that the empty chair technique in Gestalt counseling is effective in improving students' self-confidence. The empty chair technique helps enhance interpersonal communication skills and reduce negative behaviors. Although Gestalt counseling has advantages in increasing self-awareness and self-confidence, it also has drawbacks such as a lack of structure in counseling sessions and unsuitability for all types of issues or client conditions.

Relationship Between Interpersonal Communication and Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction refers to the extent to which employees feel content, fulfilled, and positively evaluate various aspects of their work and work environment. Interpersonal communication involves the exchange of messages, ideas, and information between individuals. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between interpersonal communication and job satisfaction among working adults of age 25-40. To measure the variables interpersonal communication and job satisfaction, standardized tests, namely Interpersonal Communication Skills Inventory and Generic Job Satisfaction Scale were used. Inferential statistics was used (Pearson correlation and linear regression) to test the hypothesis. Another objective of the present study was to see if interpersonal communication acts as a predictor of job satisfaction. The correlation between interpersonal communication and job satisfaction was studied using Pearson’s correlation. The results showed that there was a significantly positive relationship between the two variables (0.283, p = 0.001). This recommends that as interpersonal communication is upgraded, working grown-ups will quite often encounter an expanded job satisfaction, underlining the compelling job relational correspondence can play with regards to work fulfillment.

Beyond learning with cold machine: interpersonal communication skills as anthropomorphic cue of AI instructor

Prior research has explored the impact of diverse anthropomorphic interventions on the effectiveness of AI (artificial intelligence) instructors. However, the exploration of interpersonal communication skills (e.g., self-disclosure) as anthropomorphic conversational cues for AI instructors is rare. Considering the positive impact of the self-disclosure of human instructors and guided by the social penetration theory (Altman & Taylor, 1973) and computers are social actors (CASA) paradigm (Nass & Moon, 2000), this study explores the role of self-disclosure by AI instructors and the mediating role of emotional attachment between AI instructors’ self-disclosure and students’ learning experiences (learning interest and knowledge gain). Additionally, it examines the differences in students’ emotional attachment, learning interest, and knowledge gain between AI and human instructors. Through a 2 (AI instructor vs. human instructor) × 2 (self-disclosure: yes or no) experiment, this study concluded that 1) consistent with human instructors, self-disclosure by AI instructors led to higher emotional attachment, learning interest, and knowledge gain; 2) emotional attachment played an important mediating role in AI instructor self-disclosure and students’ learning interest and knowledge gain; and 3) in the context of self-disclosure, students exhibited similar levels of emotional attachment to both AI and human instructors, with no significant differences observed. Regarding learning outcomes, while students demonstrated a greater interest in learning during courses taught by AI instructors, the difference in knowledge gained from AI and human instructors was not significant. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the anthropomorphic cues of AI instructors and provide recommendations and insights for the future use of AI instructors in educational settings.

The Correlation Of Smartphone Addiction And Interpersonal Communication Ability Of Undergraduate Nursing Students

The existence of smartphones has brought both positive and negative impacts on human life. Unwise use of smartphones can lead to addiction, which affects communication. Establishing good relationships to prevent social alienation in interpersonal communication is important. This study aims to determine the relationship between smartphone addiction and the interpersonal communication skills of undergraduate nursing students and to determine the level of addiction and interpersonal communication skills at each level. The method used is correlational with a cross-sectional approach. The population consists of 464 undergraduate nursing students at the UPI Sumedang Campus with a sample of 215 students, using a stratified random sampling technique. This study uses a questionnaire instrument. Correlation data analysis uses Spearman's rank. The results of the study are that both variables are in the moderate category at each semester level, and the results of the correlation test with a p-value <0.001 (<0.005) have a significant relationship with a correlation coefficient of r -0.224, meaning the strength of the relationship is weak. The negative correlation value means that the higher the smartphone addiction, the lower the interpersonal communication skills. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between smartphone addiction and the interpersonal communication skills of undergraduate nursing students. The level of addiction and interpersonal communication skills of all respondents were in the moderate category. It is recommended for students to use smartphones moderately and more wisely to avoid negative impacts.

Реабилитация рецидивистов посредством формирования навыков межличностного взаимодействия

Introduction. The issues of re-socialization of individuals serving criminal punishment in Mongolian correctional institutions are discussed. The area of the research is the problem of reducing the number of repeat offenses due to interpersonal problems as well as interaction and communication skills of individuals being under criminal punishment. The subject of the study is to prove the importance of interpersonal interaction skills in counteracting recidivism. The statistics of repeated crimes in the Republic of Mongolia are described and social and psychological problems of this category of individuals are analyzed. Theoretical approaches to prevent recidivism are examined. The author states the necessity of empirical analysis of sociopsychological causes, including interpersonal interaction leading to recidivism. The method of research was sociological survey, and the technique is a questionnaire to study the skills of interpersonal interaction. Results. Interpersonal skills of 1.416 recidivists confined in open and closed regime prisons under the General Executive Agency of Court Decision were assessed by a special test, and the assessment results were analyzed using SPSS 26 software. Skills study revealed socio-psychological factors influencing repeated criminal behavior and offer practical recommendations to reduce the risk of recidivism. Conclusion. The findings of the study proves the need to conduct socio-psychological work with inmates to develop their interpersonal communication skills.

Focus group interviews as part of a clinical research immersion experience

Background Research is an essential component of the dental profession and should be integrated into dental education and training curricula. Opportunities to participate in clinical research studies can enrich the learning experience of those involved. Methods This paper reports a new educational method utilized to enhance the experiences of novice members of a research study team in conducting Focus Group Interviews (FGIs) as part of a double-blind clinical trial exploring an oral probiotic intervention. Study team members participated in a series of in-person FGIs conducted at the beginning and toward the end of a University-based clinical trial, which took place from October 2021 to October 2022. Results Study team members consisting of faculty, staff, and pre-doctoral dental students help plan and conduct interviews, curate, and qualitatively analyze the data. Study team members acquired experience with regard to interpersonal communication skills, organization, research subject communication, the application of human subject protection, FGI methodology, data analysis, developing presentations, and preparing scientific data presentation and publications. Conclusion Exposing dental faculty and students to clinical research studies in university settings can offer opportunities for experiential, multidimensional learning and the development of new research knowledge and skills.

The Influence of Interpersonal Communication on Student Learning Motivation in Completing Final Projects (Study on Communication Major Class of 2019 at Telkom University's School of Communication and Business)

Aspects of motivation and interpersonal communication are very important in the learning process in college, because motivation will ensure how much effort and encouragement for students in completing education. Not only that, interpersonal communication also affects how students interact with others, to be able to put themselves in a positive atmosphere, so that they can get motivation to be able to complete the final project in achieving a bachelor's degree. The influence of interpersonal communication on students' learning motivation to complete the final project is the subject of this study. This research is based on the theory of self-disclosure proposed by Sydney Marshall Jourad. Quantitative research methods are correlational; Information was collected through questionnaires and analyzed descriptively. The results of this study showed that interpersonal communication skills affected learning motivation to complete the final project by 6.1%. So it can be concluded that interpersonal communication skills have a less significant effect on learning motivation in completing the final project, so it requires other supporting aspects. Keywords: Interpersonal Communication; learning motivation; Final Project Completion

Development and psychometric evaluation of a 360-degree evaluation instrument to assess medical students’ performance in clinical settings at the emergency medicine department in Iran: a methodological study

In the Iranian context, no 360-degree evaluation tool has been developed to assess the performance of prehospital medical emergency students in clinical settings. This article describes the development of a 360-degree evaluation tool and presents its first psychometric evaluation. There were 2 steps in this study: step 1 involved developing the instrument (i.e., generating the items) and step 2 constituted the psychometric evaluation of the instrument. We performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and also evaluated the instrument’s face, content, and convergent validity and reliability. The instrument contains 55 items across 6 domains, including leadership, management, and teamwork (19 items), consciousness and responsiveness (14 items), clinical and interpersonal communication skills (8 items), integrity (7 items), knowledge and accountability (4 items), and loyalty and transparency (3 items). The instrument was confirmed to be a valid measure, as the 6 domains had eigenvalues over Kaiser’s criterion of 1 and in combination explained 60.1% of the variance (Bartlett’s test of sphericity [1,485]=19,867.99, P<0.01). Furthermore, this study provided evidence for the instrument’s convergent validity and internal consistency (α=0.98), suggesting its suitability for assessing student performance. We found good evidence for the validity and reliability of the instrument. Our instrument can be used to make future evaluations of student performance in the clinical setting more structured, transparent, informative, and comparable.

Overview of the Dunning-Kruger effect in interpersonal communication among youth organisation members

The objective of this study is to examine the portrayal of the Dunning-Kruger Effect in the context of interpersonal communication. This study employs descriptive research methodologies utilising a quantitative approach. The objective of this study is to observe a manifestation of the Dunning-Kruger Effect in the context of interpersonal communication. The data collection in this study was conducted by the utilisation of a purposive sample strategy, wherein questionnaires were distributed. Next, descriptive statistical approaches, specifically data portrait analysis, are employed to process and analyse the quantitative data. This is done using JASP (Jeffrey's Amazing Statistics Programme). Out of the 56 samples analysed in this research, it was found that 4 of them exhibited the Dunning-Kruger Effect. For Islamic Youth organisation members who display the Dunning-Kruger Effect, their interpersonal communication skills are categorised as poor.

TRAINING INTCOM (INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION) MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS ORGANISASI HIMPUNAN MAHASISWA

Communication has a very strategic place in the management of an organization. One measure of the good and bad of the organization depends on the quality of communication. Interpersonal communication as a link between communicator and communicant, is considered to be the most effective communication to change one's attitude, opinion, or behavior. The purpose of this training is to understand the concept of interpersonal communication and improve interpersonal communication skills between members to create effective performance in the organization. The method used in this training program is experiential learning which is carried out face-to-face to members of the Himpunan Mahasiswa Kedokteran Gigi Mulawarman University. The results of the training showed that there was an increase in understanding of interpersonal communication after being given training. This is evidenced based on the pre-test and post-test treatment with interpersonal communication training, the t-count result is -4.996 (&lt; t table = 1.688) with p = 0.000 (p&gt; 0.05) which means that there is a difference in the level of understanding of interpersonal communication in the Himpunan Mahasiswa Kedokteran Gigi Mulawarman University before and after being given treatment, namely with interpersonal communication training, and an increase in understanding by 10.6 percent. The Chairperson of the Dentistry Student Association provides feedback that members are more active in expressing opinions and can carry out interpersonal communication properly to improve the performance of the Himpunan Mahasiswa Kedokteran Gigi.

Joint Group Work Is an Effective Way of Organizing Practical Work in Pedagogical Disciplines

The article deals with the organization of practical work in a pedagogical university through joint group work. Collaborative group work is a type of method that develops critical thinking and interpersonal communication skills. This method can be effectively used in practical work at a pedagogical university. The author believes that the method of group work allows you to apply theoretical knowledge in practice. The article emphasizes that group work requires students to actively develop many skills. The author considers it necessary to choose the right type of joint group work in accordance with the level of education of the same group, because depending on the level of students, the learning objectives of group forms of work are different. Much attention is paid to identifying the features of the use of joint group work in teaching pedagogical disciplines with a view to a more communicative approach. Examples of the use of group work for the formation of pedagogical activity and skills are given in the classroom. Joint group work is considered a good motivation for students, as it is aimed at the overall intellectual development and communicative potential of students in various small groups. Collaborative group work develops various practical skills, in particular such abilities as creative problem solving and decision-making in a group. Joint teamwork contributes to the development of various practical skills. This can be described as creative problem solving, developing the ability to study specific situations and make decisions. Joint group work develops writing and speaking skills, improves cooperation and group work skills. Using the example of the discipline «Methods of teaching Pedagogy», the author emphasizes that joint group work teaches students business communication, preparation of presentations and organizational skills. The article reflects the advantages and difficulties of using joint group work in pedagogical classes. To determine the importance of using collaborative group work as one of the interactive teaching methods in pedagogical universities is the task of the authors of the article.

Perceptions and needs for a community nursing virtual simulation system for Chinese nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study

BackgroundVirtual simulation systems are being increasingly used in the field of nursing education. However, these systems are mostly designed based on the perspective of developers, and the needs of the end users are often neglected. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions and needs of Chinese undergraduate nursing students for the development of a community nursing virtual simulation system. MethodsThis was a descriptive qualitative study enrolling 12 undergraduate nursing students at a University in China. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The content analysis method was used for data analysis. ResultThree themes and 15 sub-themes were extracted from this study: (1) Positive perceptions regarding virtual systems: a) Provides space for trials and errors, b) Not limited by time and space, c) Provides auxiliary tools; (2) Design and use requirements: a) Performance needs, b) Contents design needs, c) Appearance design needs, d) Support Needs; (3) Competency enhancement needs: a) Community nursing practice ability, b) Critical thinking ability, c) Independent thinking ability, d) Ability to deal with emergencies, e)Teamwork skills, f) Self-efficacy, g) Resilience, h)Interpersonal communication skills. ConclusionDesigners and engineers should consider students' needs, aim to improve students' abilities, improve the diversity, the scientific and rigor of content, and enhance user immersion and interest. The system should be programmed to provide real-time feedback, timely technical and professional support, in order to optimize use experience of nursing students.

Development of an integrated milestone assessment tool across multiple early-adopter programs for breaking bad news: a pilot project

BackgroundThe transition of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to milestone assessment creates opportunities for collaboration and shared assessments across graduate medical programs. Breaking bad news is an essential communication skill that is a common milestone across almost every medical specialty. The purpose of this study was to develop and pilot an integrated milestone assessment (IMA) tool for breaking bad news using ACGME milestone criteria and to compare the IMA tool with the existing SPIKES protocol.MethodsThe IMA tool was created using sub-anchors in professionalism and interpersonal communication skills that are applicable to every specialty and to the ability to break bad news. Two cases of breaking bad news, designed to be “easy” and “intermediate” in difficulty, were used to assess basic skills in breaking bad news in first-year medical residents from six residency specialties. Eight standardized patients were trained to portray the cases in sessions held in November 2013 and May 2014. Standardized patients completed an assessment checklist to evaluate each resident’s performance in breaking bad news based on their use of the SPIKES protocol and IMA tool. Residents answered post-encounter questions about their training and comfort in breaking bad news. The association between SPIKES and IMA scores was investigated by simple linear regression models and Spearman rank correlations.ResultsThere were 136 eligible medical residents: 108 (79.4%) participated in the first session and 97 (71.3%) participated in the second session, with 96 (70.6%) residents participating in both sessions. Overall, we were able to identify residents that performed at both extremes of the assessment criteria using the integrated milestone assessment (IMA) and the SPIKES protocol. Interestingly, residents rated themselves below “comfortable” on average.ConclusionWe developed an integrated milestone assessment (IMA) that was better than the SPIKES protocol at assessing the skill of breaking bad news. This collaborative assessment tool can be used as supplement tool in the era of milestone transformation. We aim assess our tool in other specialties and institutions, as well as assess other shared milestones across specialties.

OVERCOMING THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ANXIETY AMONG UKRAINIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS DURING THE WAR

The effect on the general public's mental health is among the gravest effects of war. Prolonged stress has detrimental effects, one of which is a rise in anxiety. Students are one of the social groups that are most at risk in this regard. 96 % of Ukrainian university students, who were subjects to a Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory during the war, exhibited high trait anxiety, which led us to the conclusion that it was crucial to address the detrimental impacts of high anxiety in academic contexts. The analyses of the effects of anxiety and the most efficient strategies for overcoming it allowed identifying the areas of activity for addressing the detrimental effects of high levels of student anxiety in university settings in war conditions: creation of recommendations by psychologists, with the help of which students can independently diagnose the level of anxiety, monitor situations or triggers that provoke an increase in anxiety, understand the typical ways they react and behave when they become anxious, and choose suitable ways to combat anxiety; patriotic education with an emphasis on each student's understanding their role in society, the formation of an active life position, and engagement in volunteering; team work on collaborative tasks or projects will be beneficial for students who seek solace from anxious thoughts through cognitive techniques and real-world problem solving, as well as those who have a strong need for affiliation and mutual support; engagement in physical activity proved to be protective for anxiety symptoms and disorders and physical inactivity has been found to pose a risk for the emergence of anxiety as well as for other conditions like depression. Sporting events, the active work of sports departments and clubs, quick hikes or trips to learn about local history, civil safety events organized by higher educational institutions can be very helpful; implementation of healthy lifestyle principles, the acquisition of time management skills will help students to organize their daily routine. Free time management deserves special attention; the development of interpersonal communication skills will help students with high anxiety in overcoming a variety of communication barriers (cultural, gender, physical, emotional, perceptual, and interpersonal).

Evaluation of absenteeism and presenteeism status of factory employees

BACKGROUND: While absenteeism refers to not attending work, presenteeism is defined as not being present at work. These two conditions, which negatively affect employee health, can be indicators of work efficiency, work peace, work safety and work engagement. OBJECTIVE: Several factors were evaluated in this study concerning absenteeism and presenteeism among factory workers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among workers in a factory operating in a heavy industry in southern Turkey in 2021. A survey consisting of 57 questions was applied to 152 factory workers by face-to-face interview method. The participants’ behaviour over the last month was evaluated regarding absenteeism and presenteeism. RESULTS: It was reported that 24 (15.8%) of all employees were absent from work in the last month (absenteeism), excluding holidays and sick leave, and that 20 (13.2%) employees engaged in presenteeism, working when they should not have been at the workplace. There was a high absenteeism rate among employees who had an acute illness and were dissatisfied with their jobs. Several factors have been associated with presenteeism, including poor economic conditions, family health problems, previous unemployment, working overtime, job dissatisfaction, poor relationships with colleagues and difficulty finding a replacement, acute illness, sleep problems and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: To increase the productivity and commitment of employees, it may be useful to identify the reasons for absenteeism and present behaviours, to facilitate effective interpersonal communication skills by examining the organisational climate of employees, and to regulate workload based on a comprehensive assessment of the health status of employees.

Effects of Teaching Entrepreneurship Skills amongst Students (11 to 13 Years) on the Psychological and Mental Well-being of Adolescents

Entrepreneurship is important because it creates jobs, shows the risk taking ability of an individual, and helps in bringing new innovative ideas into action. It plays a vital role in psychological and mental development during the formative years of adolescents. The role of entrepreneurship in the overall development of adolescents is substantial. One of the biggest advantages of getting started with entrepreneurship at a young age is the opportunity to learn important skills such as teamwork, networking, problem-solving, critical thinking, innovation, self-discipline, etc. and above all Experiential Learning. All these skills can help make school performance better and later in life they are able business folks. Students not only develop a range of skills and competencies that are valuable in both their personal and professional lives but also get prepared for the ups and downs in professional web. It teaches them how to think creatively and critically, how to identify and solve problems, and how to take calculated risks. Business management skills are the better learnt when the teenagers have ever expanding horizons because of their mental development. And when the goal of learning entrepreneurship skills is PHILANTHROPY, it adds icing to the cake. The enthusiasm and thrill, adds to the experiential learning feathers in their caps. This project aimed at developing interpersonal communication skills, thinking skills, critical analytical skills, leadership skills, entrepreneurship cell skills and philanthropic skills.

Effective Communication in Providing Medication Information and Patient Satisfaction: A Cross-sectional Survey in Denpasar

Background: Pharmacy personnel should provide pharmaceutical care concerning the applicable standards. Furthermore, pharmacy management must consider patient satisfaction to ensure business continuity. Patient subjective factors strongly influence satisfaction. Meanwhile, patient perceptions of pharmaceutical services will change as their experience increases. The pharmacy must improve its services effectively and efficiently. Factors that affect patient satisfaction can assist pharmacies in improving service quality. Effective communication does not require additional resources to improve service quality. The same information can have different effects when presented in different ways.Objectives: Predict the domain of effective communication that influences patient satisfaction.Methods: The cross-sectional survey using a valid and reliable questionnaire was conducted in Denpasar. The research involved 100 pharmacy consumers and was taken with a convenience sampling technique. Data were analyzed descriptively, followed by a Chi-square test and multivariate analysis using logistic regression. The research involved four independent variables: pharmacy atmosphere, pharmacist performance, pharmaceutical technical competence, and interpersonal communication competence. Patient satisfaction is the dependent variable in this study. Results: Communication factors generally affect patient satisfaction in providing drug information. Among all the independent variables tested, interpersonal communication competence plays a significant role in predicting patient satisfaction with a p-value of 0.043 (Logistic regression with 95% confidence level).Conclusion: Patients who perceive pharmacists as having good interpersonal communication competence are 3,133 times more likely to be satisfied. Thus, pharmaceutical staff must train interpersonal communication skills to provide drug information to achieve patient satisfaction outcomes in pharmaceutical services.

The Role of Interpersonal Communication in Enhancing Teamwork Effectiveness in the Digital Era

This study explores the role of interpersonal communication in enhancing team work effectiveness in the digital era, focusing on how effective communication practices can strengthen mutual understanding, coordination, and collaboration within teams. Utilizing a qualitative method and literature review, this research collected and analyzed data from various contemporary sources to comprehend the dynamics of interpersonal communication within the context of technology-supported team work. The findings indicate that interpersonal communication characterized by openness, empathy, and support not only strengthens relationships among team members and builds trust but also reduces misunderstandings and conflicts. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of training in interpersonal communication skills to bolster team cooperation and expedite the collaboration process by leveraging appropriate digital communication tools. These findings underscore the significance of effective interpersonal communication strategies and the integration of digital communication technology to create a productive and harmonious work environment, as well as to improve job satisfaction, motivation, and employee retention in the digital era.

Role of family communication patterns as predictors of behavioral health among students of public universities in north of Iran.

Communication is one of the oldest and greatest human achievements and the basis of social life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of family communication patterns as predictors of behavioral health among students of public universities in the north of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 461 students from all the public universities of Babol, Iran, were selected in 2019. A stratified sampling random method was used to select the samples. The demographic characteristics, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, and Communication Skills Interpersonal Test were used to collect data. Simple and multi-variate linear regressions as well as Pearson's correlation coefficient were utilized for data analysis. The mean and standard deviation scores of conversation orientation and conformity orientation were 35.61 ± 0.55 and 19.31 ± 0.41, respectively. Family conversation orientation was a significant predictor of behavioral health scales of students (except for acceptance and action), predicting negatively and significantly depression, anxiety, stress, and positively self-esteem and inter-personal communication skills of students. Family conformity orientation was also a significant predictor of behavioral health scales (except for inter-personal communication skills) of students, which predicted positively and significantly depression, anxiety, stress, and negatively acceptance, action, and students' self-esteem. To prevent behavioral health problems, it is necessary to observe conformity orientation and rely on conversation orientation.

Interpersonal Communication Training To Reduce Student Aggressiveness

Aggression is a behavioral problem that often occurs in students. Aggression can be caused by various factors, one of which is a lack of interpersonal communication skills. Excessive aggressive behavior can have a negative impact on students and their environment. Aggressive students can experience problems in learning, socializing and establishing relationships with other people. Aggressive behavior can also cause problems in the school environment, such as brawls, bullying and sexual violence. Interpersonal communication training is one effort that can be made to reduce aggression in students. Students who need to reduce aggression are students who have excessive aggressive behavior or often carry out aggressive behavior. This study aims to test the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training in reducing aggression in students. The research results show that interpersonal communication training can reduce aggression in students. Students who took part in interpersonal communication training showed a significant reduction in aggression scores compared to students who did not take part in the training.