Interocular Distances Research Articles

Hallucinating Unaligned Face Images by Multiscale Transformative Discriminative Networks

Conventional face hallucination methods heavily rely on accurate alignment of low-resolution (LR) faces before upsampling them. Misalignment often leads to deficient results and unnatural artifacts for large upscaling factors. However, due to the diverse range of poses and different facial expressions, aligning an LR input image, in particular when it is tiny, is severely difficult. In addition, when the resolutions of LR input images vary, previous deep neural network based face hallucination methods require the interocular distances of input face images to be similar to the ones in the training datasets. Downsampling LR input faces to a required resolution will lose high-frequency information of the original input images. This may lead to suboptimal super-resolution performance for the state-of-the-art face hallucination networks. To overcome these challenges, we present an end-to-end multiscale transformative discriminative neural network devised for super-resolving unaligned and very small face images of different resolutions ranging from 16 $$\times $$ 16 to 32 $$\times $$ 32 pixels in a unified framework. Our proposed network embeds spatial transformation layers to allow local receptive fields to line-up with similar spatial supports, thus obtaining a better mapping between LR and HR facial patterns. Furthermore, we incorporate a class-specific loss designed to classify upright realistic faces in our objective through a successive discriminative network to improve the alignment and upsampling performance with semantic information. Extensive experiments on a large face dataset show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art.

Hypotelorism

Hypotelorism

Fetal ocular development in the second trimester of pregnancy documented by 7.0 T postmortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Few investigators have analyzed fetal ocular growth with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of high magnetic strength. Our purpose is to obtain normative biometrics for fetal ocular development in the second trimester of pregnancy. Sixty specimens with a gestational age (GA) of 12–23 weeks were scanned using a 7.0 T MRI scanner. The linear interocular and binocular distances (IOD and BOD, respectively), globe diameter (GD) and lens diameter (LD) were measured on the transverse section of the largest diameter of the eyeballs. The three dimensional (3D) visualization model of the eyeball was reconstructed with Amira software. Then, the globe and lens volumes (GV and LV, respectively) were obtained. All the measurements were plotted as a function of GA. The fetal ocular structures in the second trimester of pregnancy could be clearly delineated on 7.0 T postmortem MRI images. All the linear measurements logarithmically increased with GA, while, the volumetric measurements linearly increased with GA. Postmortem MRI of high magnetic strength can clearly document fetal ocular growth in the second trimester of pregnancy. These quantitative data may be a valuable reference for the assessment of normal fetal eyeball development in clinical settings and may be considered a supplement to anatomical investigations.

Three-dimensional OCT based guinea pig eye model: relating morphology and optics.

Custom Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT) provided with automatic quantification and distortion correction algorithms was used to measure the 3-D morphology in guinea pig eyes (n = 8, 30 days; n = 5, 40 days). Animals were measured awake in vivo under cyclopegia. Measurements showed low intraocular variability (<4% in corneal and anterior lens radii and <8% in the posterior lens radii, <1% interocular distances). The repeatability of the surface elevation was less than 2 µm. Surface astigmatism was the individual dominant term in all surfaces. Higher-order RMS surface elevation was largest in the posterior lens. Individual surface elevation Zernike terms correlated significantly across corneal and anterior lens surfaces. Higher-order-aberrations (except spherical aberration) were comparable with those predicted by OCT-based eye models.

Ophthalmology national normative database series (3): Normal ranges of interorbital anthropometric values in healthy sudanese adults

Background: The face is the most distinctive part of the human body. Of all areas on the face, the bilateral orbital regions which are located in the upper half of the face act as a strong influence in the perception of facial attractiveness, esthetic criteria, and “ideal” features of any certain nation. This fact increases the needs for interorbital anthropometry or interocular distances (IODs) which refers to the measurements of the human far interpupillary distance (FIPD), near interpupillary distance (NIPD), outer canthal distance (OCD), and inner canthal distance (ICD) among individuals of different age, sex, and ethnicity. Objective: To assess the normal ranges of interorbital anthropometric values among adult healthy Sudanese population and to define the effects of age, gender, and tribal ethnicity on interorbital anthropometry. Materials and Methods: Systematic interorbital anthropometric measurements were done in 920 Sudanese adults aged 20–85 years. Parameters included were FIPD, NIPD, OCD, and ICD across age, sex, and tribal ethnic perspective of the study subjects. Comparisons were made between their gender, age, and tribal ethnicity using the Chi-square test. Results: The study included 565 female (61.4%) and 355 male (38.6%) subjects with mean age of 48 ± 20 (range 20–85) years. Significant age, gender, and ethnical dimorphism were noted in the following parameters. OCD (male: 92.23 mm; female: 90.79 mm), FIPD (male: 63.20 mm; female: 61.57 mm), NIPD (male: 59.34 mm; female: 57.73 mm), and ICD (male: 34.30 mm; female: 33.00 mm). Conclusion: Significant interorbital measurement differences were found between Sudanese males and females in different age and ethnic groups. The present study suggests that age, gender, and ethnicity should be considered in Sudanese esthetic criteria and “ideal” features in any cosmetic or reconstructive orbital surgery. To individualize the treatment planning and diagnosis, it is important for the surgeons to have knowledge of these local Sudanese interorbital norms.

Relationship of orbital dimensions and facial angles with thumbprints ridge count among hausa ethnic group of Nigeria

Background: Higher level of uniqueness exhibited by fingerprints and face across different individuals, sex, and population may suggest that there could be some mechanisms that control the two simultaneously. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the correlation between thumbprint ridge counts with facial distances and angles and to predict the facial distances and angles from thumbprints ridge counts among Hausa Ethnic Group. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The study population comprises 457 participants. The ridged count was determined from ulnar, radial, and proximal areas of the thumbs. The facial distances and angles were measured from two-dimensional images. Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses were used for relationship and prediction, respectively. Results: It was observed that in males, a significant negative correlation was observed between left orbital height and radial ridge counts. The right and left proximal ridge counts were found to correlate negatively with interocular distances and left orbital width, respectively. The nasion angle significantly correlated negatively with right ulnar ridge counts and proximal ridge counts, whereas the left proximal ridge count correlated positively with proximal ridge counts. In females, only the right and left ulnar ridge counts correlated negatively and positively with nasomental angle and right orbital width, respectively. Facial angles were predicted from ulnar ridge counts in both sexes. In females, the left ulnar ridge count predicts the right orbital height and width. The left and right orbital heights were best predicted by left proximal ridge count. Conclusion: The thumbprint ridge count correlates with facial distances and angles. Different types of facial dimensions and angles can be predicted from thumbprint ridge counts.

Differential Processing of Vertical Interfeature Relations Due to Real-Life Experience with Personally Familiar Faces

Identification of personally familiar faces is possibly the most complex and likewise efficient task achieved by the human visual system, yet to date the mechanisms underlying this extreme proficiency remain largely unknown. Building on empirical evidence from unfamiliar face processing in healthy populations and neuropsychological patients, the present work aimed to determine the type of information processed differently due to repeated, real-life experience with faces. A modulatory effect of familiarity was observed for processing of vertical interfeature distances, which have been suggested to rely on holistic processing skills. Contrariwise, no such effect was found for processing of information that can be discriminated locally (ie featural cues, interocular distances). The results indicate that familiarity-related advantages in face processing may arise from more efficient, or increased, holistic processing.

Physical size matters in the domestic dog's (Canis lupus familiaris) ability to use human pointing cues

Researchers have reported differences between breeds of dogs in their ability to utilize human gestures (Wobber et al., 2009). These reports could either be the result of underlying differences in inherent communication abilities or differences in physical capacities amongst breeds. One physical difference between breeds which may make a difference in using visual cues is relative size. Larger dogs should, all other things being equal, have greater inter-ocular distances and this may improve their visual abilities for some tasks. This hypothesis was tested in the present study by comparing the performance of larger (>22.7kg) and smaller (<22.7kg) dogs on a pointing choice task. Larger dogs did perform better on this task than smaller dogs (P=.03). Researchers need to be careful when making comparisons between breeds to first consider physical differences before assuming any inherent cognitive differences.

New “golden” ratios for facial beauty

In four experiments, we tested the existence of an ideal facial feature arrangement that could optimize the attractiveness of any face given its facial features. Participants made paired comparisons of attractiveness between faces with identical facial features but different eye–mouth distances and different interocular distances. We found that although different faces have varying attractiveness, individual attractiveness is optimized when the face’s vertical distance between the eyes and the mouth is approximately 36% of its length, and the horizontal distance between the eyes is approximately 46% of the face’s width. These “new” golden ratios match those of an average face.

Sclerotherapy of Craniofacial Venous Malformations: Complications and Results

The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology to quantify osseous, ocular, and periocular fat changes caused by correction of orbital hypertelorism to test the hypothesis that there is a quantitatively predictable relationship between the movement of the osseous orbit and that of the ocular globe. A retrospective review was performed of 10 patients who were status post unilateral or bilateral transcranial medial orbital translocation, for whom there were archival digital data for preoperative and postoperative (mean interval = 30 months) three-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) scans. In addition to standard demographic and surgical data, the clinical preoperative and postoperative interpupillary and intermedial canthal distances were recorded. By using a computer graphics workstation, the CT digital data were registered to four surgically unaltered anatomic fiducial points to allow longitudinal quantitative comparisons. The following three-dimensional measurements were made for each patient preoperatively and postoperatively: interdacryon and interocular centroid distances, and on a standard series of three horizontal and two vertical planes, the position of the medial and lateral orbital walls, and the thickness of the medial and lateral periorbital fat (20 orbits). CT digital distances were compared with similar clinical distances when possible. The age at operation ranged from 4.0 to 12.5 years (mean, 6.6 years). The reduction in interdacryon distance exceeded the reduction in intercentroid distance (mean interdacryon change = -5.3 mm versus mean intercentroid change = -2.7 mm). Although there was a strong correlation between the amount of reduction of the lateral orbital wall and intercentroid distances, there was only a moderate correlation between the reduction in the intercentroid distance and that of the medial orbital wall. Similarly, there was a moderate correlation between the decrease in thickness of the lateral periorbital fat and the reduction of intercentroid distance but not of the medial orbital fat. In conclusion, medial translocation of the orbit does not produce equivalent movement of the ocular globe; neither the intermedial canthal nor the interdacryon distance is a useful predictor of ocular centroid position; and if the goal of hypertelorism operation is reduction of interocular distance, then CT measurement of globe intercentroid distance is essential for outcome assessment.

Waardenburg's syndrome: a comparison of biometric indices used to diagnose lateral displacement of the inner canthi.

Clinical inspection may be sufficient to diagnose Waardenburg's syndrome Type I in most individuals but in some the presence of lateral displacement of the medial canthi may not be apparent. In such instances biometric indices are used to determine whether or not this feature is present. In this paper the discriminant ability of 7 biometric indices are examined and compared and the most efficient are identified. The results showed that indices based upon the three interocular distances: inner canthal, interpupillary and outer canthal measurements, were the more accurate indicators.

Waardenburg's Syndrome: A Comparison of Biometric Indices used to Diagnose Lateral Displacement of the Inner Canthi

Clinical inspection may be sufficient to diagnose Waarden-burg's syndrome Type 1 in most individuals but in some the presence of lateral displacement of the medial canthi may not be apparant. In such instances biometric indices are used to determine whether or not this feature is present. In this paper the discriminant ability of 7 biometric indices are examined and compared and the most efficient are identified. The results showed that indices based upon the three interocular distances: inner canthal, interpupillary and outer canthal measurements, were the more accurate indicators.

Biological Activity of Azadirachtin, Component of the Neem Tree1 Inhibiting Molting in the Face Fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae)

The possible effects of azadirachtin, a component of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, in inhibiting molting in larvae of the face fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, were studied. Apart from delayed lethal action, effects on the pupation, adult emergence, and size of pupae or adults have been considered. A baseline exposure for 10 or 20min, ranging from 0.00001 to O.1μg/ml, was used, causing about 20 or 22.5 to 83.5 or 97.6% inhibition (inhibition of adult-concentration-probability lines). Doses required to inhibit the emergence of 50% of the adults (IC50) were found to be very low (0.0024 and 0.000039 μg/ml for the 10- and 20-min exposure times, respectively. The compound is characterized by its inhibition or prevention of formation of adult morphology. The effects on pupae (basedon proportion of undeveloped individuals) and adults (based on incomplete development, attachment to puparia, or inability to fly) were dose-dependent. The development from third larval instar to adult was completely inhibited by exposure to 0.1 μg/ml for 20 min(97.58%). No adults were obtained at doses of 1.10, 10.0, and 100.0 μg/ml. These concentrations caused about 100% mortality of larvae or developed pupae. Results showed a reduction in M. autumnalis size as a function of azadirachtin exposure. There seemed to bea direct relationship between the size of the resulting pupae or adult males and females, since treatment of larvae with 0.00001 to O.1μg/ml azadirachtin caused significant reductions in the pupal weights and dimensions, adult weights, wing dimensions, or interocular distances. Treatments with 0.00001 and 0.001 μg/ml resulted in an insignificant increase(0.8–1.6%) in female wing length/width. Concentrations 0.001, 0.01, and O.1μg/ml also did not significantly affect the wing dimensions of females.

Improvements in the measurement of interocular distances using ultrasound: Gigliv, E.J., Ludlam, W.M., Wittenburg, S., Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol 44, No 5 (November 1968) pp 1395–1365 (1437)

Improvements in the measurement of interocular distances using ultrasound: Gigliv, E.J., Ludlam, W.M., Wittenburg, S., Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol 44, No 5 (November 1968) pp 1395–1365 (1437)