Interoceptive Reflexes Research Articles

Effect of copper, manganese, and cobalt ions on chemical sensitivity of interoceptors

Acute experiments were conducted on 82 cats; a study was made of the influence of copper, manganese and cobalt on the chemical sensitivity of interoceptors. Administration of copper chloride caused inversion of the reflex reactions of the blood pressure and respiration to acetylcholine, cobalt chloride weakened these reactions, and manganese chloride intensified them. It is supposed that changes in the interoceptive reflexes observed depended chiefly on the direct action of microelements on the functional condition of the interoceptors.

Interoceptive and nociceptive pressor reflexes to the action of potassium chloride on tissues of the hind limb

Interoceptive and nociceptive pressor reflexes to the action of potassium chloride on tissues of the hind limb

The Corticovisceral Theory of the Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer

Pavlov's teachings that autonomic functions are integrated in the cerebral cortex and that cortical result in the development of various diseases have significantly influenced physiology and medicine, particularly Russian medicine. In this volume data are reviewed, mainly from Russian sources, bearing on such aspects of Pavlovian physiology exteroceptive and interoceptive reflexes, the relationship between them, their integration in the cerebral cortex, and how functional of the cortex lead to pathological processes. The authors then apply these principles to ulcer disease, concluding that peptic ulcer develops when we have disturbances of the higher regulatory mechanism which appear either a result of collision between extero- and interoceptive stimulations of the cortex or a result of in interoceptive signalization. This seems equivalent to the term psychosomatic disease used in this country. The most interesting consequence of this idea is the authors' strong advocacy of sleep therapy as

Adaptation of the interoceptive reflexes from the mechanoceptors of the small intestine

Adaptation of the interoceptive reflexes from the mechanoceptors of the small intestine

Adaptation of interoceptive reflexes from intestine to the stimulating effects of tetracyclines

Adaptation of interoceptive reflexes from intestine to the stimulating effects of tetracyclines

Regional vascular reactions of the internal organs in response to interoceptive stimuli in normal conditions and in experimental hypertension

The results of experiments Indicate that the reflex changes appearing in the esserial pressure are competed or varied (by renifestation and combinntion) segional vsertiular rascrios, often oppesire in direnion. The simalading comprative ondy of vascular reactions in several internal orgars, namely in the kidney, live amall intestine, and spleen, may shed light on the peculiarity of each of the interoceptive reflexes studied. As distinct from normal animals, in the animals with experimental hypertension, vasoconstrictor reactions developed in internal organs (particularly in the kidneys and liver) in response to reflex influences from the receptor zones.

Effect on gastric and intestinal interoceptive conditioned reflexes after extirpation of the cortical representation of the vagus nerve

The experiments were pertormed on three dogs. The extero- and interoceptive conditioned reflexes were studied before and after extirpating the vagal cortical areas. The extirpation caused a disturbance of coditioned reflexes associated with gastric stimulation, but had no effect on those which depended on stimulation of the intestine, which is innervated by the splanchnic nerve. A control operation, in which a portion of a parietal lobe was extirpated, was performed on one of the dogs, and caused no changes in the conditioned reflexes in which an association was made between stimulation of the extero- and interoceptors. Removal of the sensory vagal cortical centers in dogs in which the stomach had been denervated caused a prolonged and flucuating disturbance of the gastric interoceptive reflexes.

The use of cysteine to normalize interoceptive reflexes altered by the action of toxic substances of ascarides

In acute experiments on cats under urethane anesthesia the author studied the change of the vascular and respiratory reflexes from the chemoceptors of a humorally isolated intestine following the action of ascarides toxic substances (Ascarissuum water extracts or the metabolites of these parasites produced in vitro), as well as the normalizing effect of cysteine. As established, the vascular and respiratory reflexes, altered as a result of the toxic products of ascarides, become normalized after the administration of cysteine. In the presence of marked ascariasis in cats, the interoceptive reflexes from the chemoceptors of the isolated intestine are similarly changed; cysteine administration also normalizes the reflexes in natural Ascaris infestation.

The effect of reserpine on the vegetative reflexes

Experimental investigations ascertained the selective nature of reserpine action on the interoceptive reflexes. The reflexes from the carotid sinus and the central section of the vagus were the least resistant to the effect of this preparation. In a series of experiments the reflex from the tibial nerve not only shows no inhibition, but becomes markedly intensified.

The effect of chlortetracycline on interoceptive reflexes from the intestine

Interoceptive reflex action on arterial blood pressure and respiration is caused by chlortetracycline administered for a short time into the perfusion flow of the isolated intestinal section. Its prolonged administration produces a temporary depression of the interoceptive response to acetylcholine and chlortetracycline in the threshold doses.

In teroceptor influence of the urinary system on lymph flow during development

The author studied the development of the interoceptive reflexes from the organs of the urinary system on the lymph flow in acute experiments upon puppies of various ages. The reflex changes of the lymph flow occurring in stimulation of the urinary bladder, renal pelvis and renal vein were revealed from the first days of the puppies' life. The value and the character of the reflex shifts of the lymph flow differed with the age. The changes in the lymph flow were independent of the arterial blood pressure and respiration.

Changes in the interoceptive reflexes in dogs under the influence of narcotics

Experiments were performed on dogs without their preliminary narcotization. The author studied the effect of various anesthetics on the reflex changes of the blood pressure occurring in interoceptive stimulation. Phasic changes were noted in interoceptive reflexes with the increase of the doses of anesthetics (at first they increased and later decreased, became depressed and inversed).

The effect of amino acids on unconditioned interoceptive reflexes

The aim of this work was the study of the effect of amino acids on the unconditioned interoceptive reflexes. The work was conducted on fasting cats and on those which were fed in condition of urethane anesthesia. Neutralized solutions of glutamic acid, cysteine and alanine were injected intravenously in the 1 : 10−3 concentration. The author studied the changes of the reflex reactions in response to the stimulation of duodenal mechanoreceptors, the chembreceptors of the perfused section of the small intestine, the baroreceptors of carotid sinus and in response to the electric stimulation of the central end of the femoral nerve. After the intravenous administration of amino acids to fasting animals a change of the blood pressure pressor reactions into depressor was noted, while in animals which were fed the depressor reactions changed into pressor. The pressor reflex to stimulation of the femoral nerve was depressed both in fasting cats and in those which were fed. In stimulation of the baroreceptors of carotid sinus in these conditions the reflexes did not follow any definite laws.

The selective effect of certain chemical stimultants on the interoceptive reflexes

Experiments on cats have shown that the selective inhibitory effect of streptomycin on the chemoreceptive afferent paths is accomplished at the level situated below the mesencephalon.

Interoceptive reflexes of dogs during hypoglycemia and subsequent restoration of the blood sugar level

Nonnarcotized dogs were employed in a study of hypoglycemic states. There was observed in these series experiments, first, an increased reflex response from both interoceptive stimuli from the rectum and stomach and also the baroceptive reflex from the carotid sinus. This was succeeded by a second phase of diminution and even total repression of the reflexes.

The effect of parenteral administration of PAS on unconditioned interoceptive reflexes

Studies of the effect of PAS on interoceptive reflexes have shown that intramuscular injections of PAS inhibit mostly reflexes elicited by stimulation of chemoreceptors. On the other hand, reflexes from mechanoreceptors were mostly enhanced. The inhibiting effect of PAS on chemoreceptors may also be elicited in the decerebrate animal.

Changes in the interoceptive reflexes at an increased ammonia level in the blood

Changes in the interoceptive reflexes at an increased ammonia level in the blood