Development Of Internet Of Things Systems Research Articles

SVIoT: A Secure Visual-IoT Framework for Smart Healthcare.

The advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transfigured the overlay of the physical world by superimposing digital information in various sectors, including smart cities, industry, healthcare, etc. Among the various shared information, visual data are an insensible part of smart cities, especially in healthcare. As a result, visual-IoT research is gathering momentum. In visual-IoT, visual sensors, such as cameras, collect critical multimedia information about industries, healthcare, shopping, autonomous vehicles, crowd management, etc. In healthcare, patient-related data are captured and then transmitted via insecure transmission lines. The security of this data are of paramount importance. Besides the fact that visual data requires a large bandwidth, the gap between communication and computation is an additional challenge for visual IoT system development. In this paper, we present SVIoT, a Secure Visual-IoT framework, which addresses the issues of both data security and resource constraints in IoT-based healthcare. This was achieved by proposing a novel reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme based on One Dimensional Neighborhood Mean Interpolation (ODNMI). The use of ODNMI reduces the computational complexity and storage/bandwidth requirements by 50 percent. We upscaled the original image from M × N to M ± 2N, dissimilar to conventional interpolation methods, wherein images are upscaled to 2M × 2N. We made use of an innovative mechanism, Left Data Shifting (LDS), before embedding data in the cover image. Before embedding the data, we encrypted it using an AES-128 encryption algorithm to offer additional security. The use of LDS ensures better perceptual quality at a relatively high payload. We achieved an average PSNR of 43 dB for a payload of 1.5 bpp (bits per pixel). In addition, we embedded a fragile watermark in the cover image to ensure authentication of the received content.

Wearable Circular Polarized Antennas for Health Care, 5G, Energy Harvesting, and IoT Systems

Novel circular polarized sensors and antennas for biomedical systems, energy harvesting, Internet of Things (IoT), and 5G devices are presented in this article. The major challenge in development of healthcare, IoT, 5G and communication systems is the evaluation of circular polarized active and passive wearable antennas. Moreover, a low-cost wearable sensor may be evaluated by printing the microstrip antenna with the sensor feed network and the active devices on the same substrate. Design considerations, comparison between simulation and measured results of compact circular polarized efficient sensors for wireless, 5G, energy harvesting, IoT, and medical systems are highlighted in this article. The electrical performance of the novel sensors and antennas on and near the user body were evaluated by employing electromagnetic software. Efficient passive and active metamaterial circular polarized antennas and sensors were developed to improve the system electrical performance. The wearable compact circular polarized passive and active sensors are efficient, flexible, and low-cost. The frequency range of the resonators, without Circular Split-Ring Resonators CSRRs, is higher by 4% to 10% than the resonators with CSRRs. The gain of the circular polarized antennas without CSRRs is lower by 2 dB to 3 dB than the resonators with CSRRs. The gain of the new passive antennas with CSRRs is around 7 dBi to 8.4 dBi. The bandwidth of the new circular polarized antennas with CSRRs is around 10% to 20%. The sensors VSWR is better than 3:1. The passive and active efficient metamaterials antennas improve the system performance.

A study on IoT application in the Food Industry using Keywords Analysis

The Internet of Things is an interconnected system of computing devices, both mechanical and digital, that uses sensors applied to machines, animals and people to create unprecedented amounts of important and detailed data about systems in order to improve them. From a supply chain management perspective, the Internet of Things can enable machines to undertake the decision making process with little or no human intervention through autonomous coordination between “things” as they are transported between different entities in the supply chain. In particular, the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) enables visualization of supply chain operational processes, information gathering, and control of business development in real time. As far as the food industry is concerned, IoT helps to maintain safety standards, limit food waste, manage unpredictable variations, track and monitor the quality of foodstuffs. The solutions proposed by IoT are expected to not only influence the way food is produced, but also to assess social, environmental, and economic concerns. For this reason, IoT systems applied to the food industry are widely investigated in the extant literature. This article aims to identify and organize the main research topics regarding the development of IoT systems in the food sector, through a keyword analysis. The methodology adopted allows to identify the concepts that persist over time, those that emerge with high frequency and those that, instead, have disappeared over the years. The results allow us to make predictions about topics of future interest to researchers, outlining avenues for promising research.

Performance evaluation of the SRE and SBPG components of the IoT hardware platform security advisor framework

The applications of Internet of Things (IoT) and associated technologies have been spreading rapidly across a wide range of domains, including environmental monitoring, home automation, and supply chain, having a significant bearing on the social and economic well-being of humans as well as enhancing environmental sustainability. In recent years, however, there have been several data breaches and other security and privacy incidents involving IoT devices, which have attracted significant attention from the research community in both academia and industry. This has resulted in a surge of proposals put forward by many researchers, including IoT blockchain-based security solutions, IoT intrusion detection systems, IoT authentication systems, and IoT security analytics. While these proposals are aimed at addressing various IoT security and privacy-related issues, many of these solutions arguably seem not to focus on helping designers and developers with little or no security expertise in start-up companies to produce secure IoT systems. To this end, the IoT Hardware Platform Security Advisor (IoT-HarPSecA) framework was proposed to foster the design and implementation of secure IoT systems. In this paper, we present the performance and usability evaluation of the Security Requirements Elicitation (SRE) and Security Best Practice Guidelines (SBPG) component tools of IoT-HarPSecA, which are two of the three component tools of the security framework. Results show that the two components of the IoT-HarPSecA framework can facilitate the development of secure IoT systems and that the SRE and SBPG tools are easy to use.

Iot Based System to Avoid Open Spitting and Defeacation

This project discusses about splitting and defecation at public places or in open environment that impact environmental or the health. So to avoid this case study is to be made by Examining the existing literature, legislation, case law, and other sources of information practise, as well as analysing and proposing remedies is a far more prevalent practise than is often acknowledged. The most important attempts have been concentrated on preventing these as a tool to evade the environmental impact assessment EIA, but it is a much more complex subject, with many ways of dividing or defecating as well as reasons for doing so. Increasing the effectiveness of strategic environmental assessments For example, a higher engagement of the approving authority, precise laws, case-by-case investigations rather than thresholds, required scoping, and the avoidance of project components being excluded during the EIA are all actions that should be taken to avoid this practise. Defecation and open splits can pollute the environment and cause health issues. So the project is designed using moisture sensors that are place at a location along with ESP 32 WiFi module with camera to send picture images of the person doing so of either splitting or defecation. The system immediately takes the picture image of the person doing so and sends it to the concern authorities through IOT to the BLYNK app of the mobile. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical items that employs sensors, electronics, software, and connections to share data. There is no need for humans to interface with these systems. The way real-world systems are interconnected through the internet has been transformed by Internet of Things (IoT)-based solutions. At this time, the use of IoT-based systems has expanded to include real-time detection and warning systems. Cost, on the other hand, has been a major consideration in the development and deployment of IoT systems.

A Collaboration-centric Taxonomy of the Internet of Things: Implications for Awareness Support

The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to become a new collaboration modality. Building on this proposition, we developed a taxonomy to explore how the IoT can enable collaboration, and conversely, how current knowledge on collaboration systems can guide IoT system development and research. The taxonomy is grounded in IoT use cases and bridges the technical and human aspects by drawing on collaboration and computer network theories. Our preliminary analysis of a subset of the taxonomy suggested that providing awareness support to IoT system users is likely to be a fundamental challenge in IoT system design. Our subsequent conceptualization of the entire taxonomy—what we present in this paper—applies awareness theory to arrive at a novel, comprehensive, and structured understanding of the awareness needs of IoT system users. This understanding can be leveraged as a formative tool by system developers to identify requirements and by researchers to develop design guidance for effective collaboration in IoT systems.

Big Data Analysis of Internet of Things System

The study aims at exploring the Internet of things (IoT) system from the perspective of data and further improving the performance of the IoT system. The IoT data energy collection and information transmission system model is constructed by combining IoT and wireless relay cooperative transmission technology. Moreover, the energy efficiency, outage probability (OP), and accuracy of the model are evaluated by simulation experiments. The results show that, in the energy efficiency analysis, with the increase of power split factor ρ, the information transmission ability of the system increases. Whereas, the energy collection ability decreases, so the energy efficiency is reduced. Thus, choosing a more suitable power split factor for the energy efficiency of IoT is important. By analyzing OP and bit error rate (BER), as the values of m (Nakagami, the fading index of the fading distribution) and multi-hop paths increase, the OP and BER are reduced while the system performance is increased. Therefore, this article uses wireless relay cooperative transmission technology to integrate big data analysis into the IoT system. Finally, by adding multi-hop path and other methods to reduce the OP and BER of system, the system performance is improved. It provides experimental basis for the development of IoT systems.

Development and Validation of Internet of Things (IoT) based Automated System for Controlling the Environmental Factors in Tunnel Farming

| Tunnel farming is getting popular in the farmer’s community of Pakistan due to the possibility of growing off-season vegetable crops with high yield in a controlled environment. In the current study, the development and validation of IoT system consisting of monitoring and control units were carried out for controlling the environmental factors in tunnel farming. Three tunnels were set for monitoring the environmental factors using temperature, humidity and soil moisture sensors. Two of three tunnels were fit with control units of exhaust fans and air heaters and a water pump for controlling the temperature and soil moisture. During the testing and validation of the system, temperatures recorded through DHT-21 sensor and thermometer in tunnel 1, 2 and 3 had strong correlations of 0.9986, 0.998 and 0.9978 respectively. Similarly, strong correlations of 0.9987, 0.9994 and 0.998 were found for RH (%) measured through DHT-21 sensor and RH meter for tunnel 1, 2 and 3 respectively. For soil moisture measurement, similar correlations were observed for resistive soil moisture sensor and oven dry method. It was explored that an increase in temperature through an air heater decreases the RH in tunnel 1 and 2 compared to tunnel 3 which has higher RH because it was not installed with air heater and exhaust fan. System controlled the temperature and soil moisture within adjusted limits of 22-27 °C, 17-23 % for tunnel 1 and 19-22 °C, and 19-23 % for tunnel 2.

Multifaceted infrastructure for self-adaptive IoT systems

Abstract Background: Internet of Things (IoT) enables the interaction among objects to provide services to their users. Areas such as eHealth, smart energy, and smart buildings have been benefiting from the IoT potential. However, the development of IoT systems is still complex because it deals with a highly dynamic, volatile, and heterogeneous environment. These characteristics require discovering devices, managing these devices’ context, and self-adapt their behavior. Goal : In this work, we propose a self-adaptive IoT infrastructure to support multiple facets, i.e., the contextual discovery of smart objects, the context management, and the self-adaptation process of the development of these systems. Methods : We evaluated the proposed infrastructure by developing a smart building application with and without it. The evaluation focused on four issues: the feasibility of integrating the context management through middleware platforms with adaptation based on workflows in a request/response communication model, the impact of our infrastructure on the development of self-adaptive IoT systems considering cyclomatic complexity and coupling code metrics; the impact of using contextual filters on the orchestrator of self-adaptation; and the impact on the quality of the self-adaptation. Results : The results suggest that: (i) it is feasible to use the proposed infrastructure in the development of self-adaptive IoT systems; (ii) there is a reduction in the cyclomatic complexity and the coupling with our approach, (iii) there is a considerable decrease in the number of rules evaluated at runtime, (iv) our infrastructure reduces the execution time of the adaptations when using contextual filters, and (v) the self-adaptation process was effective when using the orchestrator of self-adaptations. Conclusion : With these results, we observed that the proposed multifaceted infrastructure could reduce the complexity related to the development of IoT systems, in addition to optimizing their self-adaptation process.

Streamlining IoT system development with open standards

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is bringing Internet connectivity to a wide range of devices which results in an increasing number of products for smart home, industry 4.0 and/or smart cities. Even though IoT has the ambition to reach an increasing amount of devices and be scalable across different domains, lack of interoperability inhibits this scope to be attained. Recent standardization efforts by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) are addressing the interoperability problem by the means of Thing Description (TD) that allows humans and machines to understand the capabilities and communication interfaces of IoT devices. In this paper, we show a more systematic and streamlined development of IoT devices and systems that relies on the TD standard. We introduce three different complementary methods that can be applied independently in the different stages of the development, or as a framework to streamline the development of IoT devices and systems. As a result of using the TD standard, interoperability between IoT devices of various stakeholders is ensured from early stages and the time to market is reduced.

FireNot – An IoT based Fire Alerting System: Design and Implementation

Internet of Things (IoT) based systems have revolutionised the way real world systems are inter-connected through internet. At present the application of IoT based systems is extend to real time detection and warning system. However, cost has been a major factor for development and implementation of IoT systems. Considering the cost, ease of implementation, this paper proposes a low cost yet efficient IoT system called FireNot for warning and alerting fire incidents. FireNot is a cloud based system that uses sensors (hardware) to detect fire and alert the user through internet and is maintained and monitored using a simple Android app. The FireNot system uses Raspberry Pi programmed through Python language and utilises Google API for location detection. The FireNot system is also intended to provide an expandable platform for additional daily monitoring tasks and more importunately, resiliency against most cyber-attacks and hi-jacking that targets IoT-based system lacked in most of similar IoT-based designs. This paper practically demonstrates the FireNot system through extensive testing on various operations and the FireNot system is proven to be efficient.

New Compact Wearable Metamaterials Circular Patch Antennas for IoT, Medical and 5G Applications

The development of compact passive and active wearable circular patch metamaterials antennas for communication, Internet of Things (IoT) and biomedical systems is presented in this paper. Development of compact efficient low-cost wearable antennas are one of the most significant challenges in development of wearable communication, IoT and medical systems. Moreover, the advantage of an integrated compact low-cost feed network is attained by integrating the antenna feed network with the antennas on the same printed board. The efficiency of communication systems may be increased by using efficient passive and active antennas. The system dynamic range may be improved by connecting amplifiers to the printed antenna feed line. Design, design considerations, computed and measured results of wearable circular patch meta-materials antennas with high efficiency for 5G, IoT and biomedical applications are presented in this paper. The circular patch antennas electrical parameters on the human body were analyzed by using commercial full-wave software. The circular patch metamaterial wearable antennas are compact and flexible. The directivity and gain of the antennas with Circular Split-Ring Resonators (CSRR) is higher by 2.5dB to 3dB than the antennas without CSRR. The resonant frequency of the antennas without CSRR is higher by 6% to 9% than the antennas with CSRR. The computed and measured bandwidth of the stacked circular patch wearable antenna with CSRR for IoT and medical applications is around 12%, for S11 lover than −6dB. The gain of the circular patch wearable antenna with CSRR is around 8dBi.

Fuzzy logic-based emergency vehicle routing: An IoT system development for smart city applications

Reducing the travel time of an Emergency Vehicle (EV) is essential to increase the chance of casualty’s survival. An efficient vehicle routing solution can avoid instantaneous road blockages such as construction works, strikes, and accidents. This paper proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) network model for an EV routing using fuzzy logic-based data fusion technique. The data fusion process estimates the location-specific congestion by considering sensory data and human inputs from the crowd. Further, an open source routing engine (Open Source Routing Machine (OSRM)) computes the shortest congestion-aware route by responding to live traffic updates in a road network. Moreover, a sensor node has been designed for gathering the emissions and speeds of moving vehicles on the road. An Android application is developed to collect road blockage information from the crowd. Leveraging the Android application service, a driver in the EV is guided towards a medical center through the shortest congestion-aware route.

Towards the adoption of OMG standards in the development of SOA-based IoT systems

A common feature of the Internet of Things (IoT) is the high heterogeneity, regarding network protocols, data formats, hardware and software platforms. Aiming to deal with such a degree of heterogeneity, several frameworks have applied the Model-Driven Development (MDD) to build IoT applications. On the software architecture viewpoint, the literature has shown that the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a promising style to address the interoperability of entities composing these solutions. Some features of IoT make it challenging to analyze the impact of design decisions on the SOA-based IoT applications behavior. Thus, it is a key requirement to simulate the model to verify whether the system performs as expected before its implementation. Although the literature has identified that the SOA style is suitable for addressing the interoperability, existing modeling languages do not consider SOA elements as first-class citizens when designing IoT applications. Furthermore, although existing MDD frameworks provide modeling languages comprising well-defined syntax, they lack execution semantics, thus, are not suitable for model execution and analysis. This work aims at addressing these issues by introducing IoTDraw. The framework provides a fully OMG-compliant executable modeling language for SOA-based IoT systems; thus, its specifications can be implemented by any tool implementing OMG standards.

Security-Driven hybrid collaborative recommendation method for cloud-based iot services

The rapid development of IoT (Internet of Things) systems and cloud techniques has paved the way for recommender systems to facilitate the daily life of users. However, the accompanying cybersecurity risks, such as environmental attacks and software attacks, must not be ignored. Thus, the security problem in recommender systems becomes a serious challenge for cloud-based IoT services. Moreover, most of existing collaborative recommendation algorithms mainly focus on user-item interaction relationships but seldom consider user-user or item-item co-occurrence relationships, which may affect prediction accuracy. To overcome the above shortcomings, this paper proposes a security-driven hybrid collaborative recommendation method to deal with the large-scale IoT services accessible by clouds in a more scalable and secure manner. Our proposal integrates the factorization-based latent factor model with the neighbor-based collaborative model to mine not only user-service interaction relationships but also user-user and service-service co-occurrence relationships. Moreover, the local sensitive hash (LSH) technique is adopted to speed up the neighbor searching and preserve users’ sensitive information for security concerns based on hash mapping. Finally, experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method can improve prediction accuracy while guaranteeing information security.

An Empirical Study on System Level Aspects of Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT) is an integration of the Sensor, Embedded, Computing, and Communication technologies. The purpose of the IoT is to provide seamless services to anything, anytime at any place. IoT technologies play a crucial role everywhere, which brings the fourth revolution of disruptive technologies after the internet and Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The Research & Development community has predicted that the impact of IoT will be more than the internet and ICT on society, which improves the well-being of society and industries. Addressing the predominant system-level design aspects like energy efficiency, robustness, scalability, interoperability, and security issues result in the use of a potential IoT system. This paper presents the current state of art of the functional pillars of IoT and its emerging applications to motivate academicians and researches to develop real-time, energy-efficient, scalable, reliable, and secure IoT applications. This paper summarizes the architecture of IoT, with the contemporary status of IoT architectures. Highlights of the IoT system-level issues to develop more advanced real-time IoT applications have been discussed. Millions of devices exchange information using different communication standards, and interoperability between them is a significant issue. This paper provides the current status of the communication standards and application layer protocols used in IoT with the detailed analysis. The computing paradigms like Cloud, Cloudlet, Fog, and Edge computing facilitate IoT with various services like data offloading, resource and device management, etc. In this paper, an exhaustive analysis of Edge Computing in IoT with different edge computing architectures and existing status are deliberated. The widespread adoption of IoT in society has resulted in privacy and security issues. This paper emphasizes on analyzing the security challenges, privacy and security threats, conventional mitigation techniques, and further scope for IoT security. The features like fewer memory footprints, scheduling, real-time task execution, fewer interrupt, and thread switching latency of Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) enables the development of time critical IoT applications. Also, this review offers the analysis of the RTOS’s suitable for IoT with the current status and networking stack. Finally, open research issues in IoT system development are discussed.

A Hybrid Approach for Digital Representation of Sensors in Real-Time Applications

We propose a hybrid approach for peripheral device emulation of sensors on hardware platforms as well as hardware virtualization platforms. The proposed approach stems from challenges faced in IoT (Internet of Things) application development, namely, hardware selection and evaluation, software development for the hardware under consideration, and reliable reproducibility of application tests. The hybrid approach provides strong support for all development phases of IoT products and system development in the absence of physical peripheral sensor hardware. We also present an event-driven software architecture for different components and a modular workflow for implementing the emulator. Within the approach, a peripheral device emulator is conceivable by using the event-driven software architecture and modular workflow. Finally, we introduce the term Simulatable Datasheet, which is realizable by configuring the emulator as per technical documentation like datasheets or application notes. The Simulatable Datasheet provides an interactive interface to improve decision-making during the product development phase. The Simulatable Datasheet thus relaxes the need for hardware availability and eases testing scenarios during IoT real and non-real-time application development without modification in the firmware. Additionally, these datasheets can reduce efforts for hardware and software integration and enable faster debugging, which in turn reduces the overall time to deploy IoT applications in various fields.

Investigating Messaging Protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT)

As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices proliferates, the magnitude and velocity of data continues to increase rapidly. IoT systems rely primarily on using messaging protocols for exchanging IoT data and there exists several protocols or frameworks that support distinct types of messaging patterns. Given that IoT devices typically have limited computational resources and processing power, choosing a lightweight, reliable, scalable, interoperable, extensible and secure messaging protocol becomes a very challenging task. As a result, it is not uncommon that IoT systems may employ multiple messaging protocols for supporting device heterogeneity and different message exchange patterns. In addition, basic similarities among existing several messaging protocols or frameworks that exist today for exchanging IoT data within IoT systems suggest the potential of interoperability. Given that IoT systems help facilitate the interconnectivity among distributed, heterogeneous entities, interoperability among existing messaging protocols will play an increasingly important role in simplifying the development and deployment of IoT systems. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the existing messaging protocols that can be used in deploying IoT systems. Throughout this paper, we highlight the protocols' distinctive approaches and applicability of using them across various IoT environments. In addition, we highlight challenges, strengths and weaknesses of these messaging protocols in the context of IoT.

A Lightweight Authentication Method in Perception Layer of IoT Through Digital Watermarking

Introduction of IoT (Internet of Things) has enjoyed vigorous support from governments and research institutions around the world, and remarkable achievements have been obtained till date. IoT systems collect the voluminous amount of data in real time from hospitals, battlefield and daily living environment which is related to privacy and security of people. So, securing collected sensitive data is one of the major challenges in the development of IoT systems. Authenticating the source of collected data is utmost important because the adversary may act as a source which may lead to a breach in security and privacy of people using the IoT network. IoT devices are resource scarce so lightweight methods for network security and privacy need to develop to achieve future development goals. In this paper, a novel lightweight node to node authentication scheme based on watermark is proposed to solve the contradiction between the security and restricted resources of perception layer. To improve the security, Proposed scheme usage node identity and the number of neighbours as input to generate the watermark and use the watermark to calculate the embedding positions which makes node authentication based on temporal dynamics of sensing network. The generated watermark is embedded in fixed size message digest generated using the variable message as input into a low-cost one-way hashing algorithm LOCHA. The embedded bits of watermark extracted at the receiving node and matched to check the authenticity of the sender node. The security analysis and simulations of the proposed scheme show that it can be a good candidate to ensure the authentication of the resource constraint devices which are integral part of Internet of Things at low cost.

On the challenges novice programmers experience in developing IoT systems: A Survey

The co-existence of various kinds of devices, protocols, architectures, and applications make Internet of Things (IoT) systems complex to develop, even for experienced programmers. When novice programmers are learning to implement these systems, they are required to deal with areas in which they do not have a deep knowledge. Furthermore, besides becoming proficient in these areas separately, they should integrate them and build a system whose components are heterogeneous from both software and hardware perspectives.The accurate understanding of the most challenging issues that novices face is fundamental to envision strategies aimed at easing the development of IoT systems. This paper focuses on identifying such issues in terms of software development tasks that novice programmers encounter when working on IoT systems. To this end, a survey was conducted among 40 novice developers that worked in groups developing IoT systems during several years of a university course. Based on their own experiences, individually and as a group, the most challenging development tasks were identified and prioritized over a common architecture, in terms of difficulty level and efforts. In addition, qualitative data about the causes of these issues was collected and analyzed. Finally, the paper offers critical insights and points out possible future work.