Internet Of Things Communication Research Articles

Safe MQTT-SN: a lightweight secure encrypted communication in IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology trend that has been evolving in recent years. With the development of sensing technology and communication technology, the various applications of IoT are integrated into our lives gradually. Various security issues also need to be resolved with the convenience brought to us by IoT. MQTT or MQTT-SN is a lightweight communication protocol in IoT, which is more compactly on sensor nodes with limited resources. This paper provides a secure connection and end-to-end encrypted communication method which is based on MQTT-SN. By using digital signature (ECDSA), hash function, key exchange (ECDHE), AEAD (ChaCha20-Poly1305) to achieve a safe version of MQTT-SN called Safe MQTT-SN. The Safe MQTT-SN enables an end-to-end encrypted communication between the subscriber and publisher. The implementation of these algorithms enable the Safe MQTT-SN to have good performance on sensor nodes with limited computing power. Comparing with mosquito MQTT-TLS, the handshake time of MQTT-TLS is about 56.12ms and Safe MQTT-SN is about 24.78ms on Zedboard.

LightIoT: Lightweight and secure communication for energy-efficient IoT in health informatics.

Internet of Things (IoT) is considered as a key enabler of health informatics. IoT-enabled devices are used for in-hospital and in-home patient monitoring to collect and transfer biomedical data pertaining to blood pressure, electrocardiography (ECG), blood sugar levels, body temperature, etc. Among these devices, wearables have found their presence in a wide range of healthcare applications. These devices generate data in real-time and transmit them to nearby gateways and remote servers for processing and visualization. The data transmitted by these devices are vulnerable to a range of adversarial threats, and as such, privacy and integrity need to be preserved. In this paper, we present LightIoT, a lightweight and secure communication approach for data exchanged among the devices of a healthcare infrastructure. LightIoT operates in three phases: initialization, pairing, and authentication. These phases ensure the reliable transmission of data by establishing secure sessions among the communicating entities (wearables, gateways and a remote server). Statistical results exhibit that our scheme is lightweight, robust, and resilient against a wide range of adversarial attacks and incurs much lower computational and communication overhead for the transmitted data in the presence of existing approaches.

Data Protection Mechanisms in IoT: A Vital Challenge

The Internet of Things (IoT) associated with life is a budding real-time environment paradigm. Smart Users can control and analyze Things through Smart gadgets connected through the network. As gazillions of devices are connected and communicated via a complex, distributed network, the number of potential threats and attacks has grown drastically against protection and privacy. Security must be provided continuously for IoT service. Exploring the issues to be improved in IoT setup includes Information Secrecy, Access Control, Authentication, Integrity, Privacy, and Trust. The paper summarizes the issues with IoT device security and the efficiency of the existing security solutions. This paper analyses the schemes to guard IoT communications and the methods adopted by the researchers while providing security of data in IoT.

Metamaterial‐loaded multiband antenna for embedded automotive Internet‐of‐Things communications

SummaryThis study presents the design of a multiband monopole antenna using the metamaterial (MTM) loading technique for embedded automotive Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) communications. The proposed antenna consists of a simple microstrip line monopole loaded with a novel E‐slotted MTM. The unit cell MTM consists of a central transmission line loaded with parasitic patches that are deployed with “E”‐shaped slots. The MTM is symmetrically loaded to either side of the monopole antenna to achieve miniaturization through frequency reduction and to realize multiple resonances. The proposed monopole antenna has a footprint of 10 × 30 mm2 and operates at 2.45, 3.3, and 3.8 GHz suitable for Industrial Scientific and Medical applications (ISM), Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications that are exploited in IoT communications. The prototype antenna is fabricated, and the simulation results are validated using experimental measurements. The prototype antenna offers the measured impedance bandwidth of 6%, 7%, and 10% at the said frequencies. The measured gain of the antenna is greater than 3.2 dBi, and the simulated efficiency is close to 86% throughout the operating bandwidth. The performance of the proposed antenna in the vicinity of the vehicle is tested, and the results are presented.

Robust Hybrid Precoding Design for Securing Millimeter-Wave IoT Networks Under Secrecy Outage Constraint

Hybrid precoding architecture, as a cost-effective approach for millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications, can achieve an excellent tradeoff between spectrum efficiency and hardware implementation complexity. However, the design of a robust hybrid precoding for improving the physical layer security (PLS), which is insensitive to the uncertainty of eavesdropper's channel state information (CSI), has not been well studied. This article for the first time designs a probabilistically robust hybrid precoding scheme for securing broadcast communications in Internet of Things (IoT) with eavesdropper's imperfect CSI. Specifically, considering the Gaussian CSI error model, we maximize the minimum secrecy rate of multiple IoT devices (IoDs) by jointly designing analog and digital precoders under the constraints in terms of secrecy outage probability and per IoD's information rate. The optimization problem is challenging due to the coupling of the analog and digital precoders, and the secrecy outage constraint. To handle these challenges, we first employ a conservative probability inequality to transform the secrecy outage probability constraint into a deterministic one. Then, by employing the penalty dual decomposition (PDD) method, we develop a novel iterative algorithm to convert the resultant nonconvex problem into a sequence of convex problems, which can guarantee the convergence to its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) solution. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve significant secrecy performance gains compared with the benchmark algorithm.

Design and Realization of an UHF Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Hybrid Connectivity LPWAN and LEO Satellite Networks.

UHF satellite communication for Internet of Things (IoT) technology is rapidly emerging in monitoring applications as it offers the possibility of lower-costs and global coverage. At the present time, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) solutions offer low power consumption, but still suffer from white zones. In this paper, the authors propose an UHF frequency reconfigurable Antenna for hybrid connectivity LoRaWAN (at 868 MHz) and UHF satellite communication (Tx at 401 MHz and Rx at 466 MHz) with the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Kineis constellation. The antenna is based on a meandered line structure loaded with lumped components and a PIN diode to control the antenna resonant frequencies. It resonates at 401 and 868 MHz when the PIN diode is forward-biased (ON state) and 466 MHz in reverse-biased configuration (OFF state). The antenna is designed inside the enclosure with the presence of all the parts of the connected device. The results of EM simulations and parametric studies on the values of the lumped components and the PIN diode equivalent model, which are obtained with HFSS, are presented. The antenna is prototyped and has dimensions of 78 mm × 88 mm × 1.6 mm. The paper proposes a fast and practical method to reduce time development and compensate the frequency shift between measurement and simulation.

Guest Editorial: Massive Machine-Type Communications for IoT

Future wireless cellular networks are envisioned to not only enhance broadband access for human-centric applications, but also offer massive connectivity across tens of billions of devices for machine-centric applications empowered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies (e.g., smart factory and smart city). To embrace the forthcoming era of IoT, the fifth-generation (5G) cellular communication standard has already identified massive machine-type communications (mMTC) as a key use case in future networks. Contrary to human-type high-speed communications, the focus of IoT communications is on providing connectivity to tens of billions of devices with high energy efficiency, low latency, and high reliability. Consequently, 5G and beyond cellular communication technologies call for radically innovative solutions to support mMTC. Motivated by the crucial role of mMTC in IoT and the dramatically new challenges arising from mMTC as compared to human-type communication, this Feature Topic aims to bring together researchers, industry practitioners, and individuals working on the related areas to share their new ideas, latest findings, and state-of-the-art results.

Design and implementation of bi-directional converter with internet of things control based reading

In this paper, a new technique to monitor and control bidirectional DC-DC converter was designed and implemented precisely. A prototype of a complete system is verified with efficient communication capabilities. This system is realized by integrating the internet of things (IoT) operating system and the bidirectional DC-DC converter. The IoT communication facilities further develop and extend the platform for this system. The DC-DC converter with the soft switching technique will then convert the battery voltage to a high voltage of 380V inverter bus in emergencies via boost converter mode. High-frequency toroidal transformer has been used for power level shifting and isolation between the primary and secondary sides of the transformer. The closed-loop control scheme is implemented in software by using a high-performance 32-bit STM32 micro controller. IoT technique is used to find current, voltage and perform the communication smoothly through Wi-Fi sensors to complete the design of the system. The results of the proposed system prove the effectiveness of the proposed system with high-performance specifications.

A Survey on Exchanging Data Using MQTT Protocol in Arduino

In the coming years, sensors will likely grow in every aspect of our lives. Several activities explain how the Internet of Things (IoT) will have an impact on almost all aspect of our lives and why security is at the top of the list of IoT challenges. Device to Device communications (D2D) in IoT are forecast and another major concern within the use of IoT is to make sure device security, D2D connectivity and high quality data. Therefore, a proper communication protocol is required to fix this issues. To address this, we purpose the use of Message Queue Telemetry Transport(MQTT)protocol to transfer data between devices, as it is more secured. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a publish/subscribe messaging protocol which works on top of the TCP/IP protocol. The key feature of MQTT is its light weight, adds flexible authentication and bandwidth efficiency. The result of this study is transferring high quality data securely using MQTT protocol.

Internet of Things for Agricultural Applications: The State of the Art

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) inspired various new and enhanced sets of applications in multiple domains including agriculture. The recent drive in the adoption of IoT technologies offers a major enhancement for the agricultural sectors in terms of efficiency and scalability. In this article, we investigate the specific issues and challenges associated with IoT, and review various IoT architectures, communication, middleware, and information processing technologies. We, then, discuss few IoT applications for agriculture-presenting various case studies to thoroughly analyze the solutions along with their design and implementation related parameters. Consequently, we provide a comprehensive review of the available simulation tools, data sets, and testbeds which provisions experimentation with IoT in agriculture. We enumerate open issues and challenges present in enabling IoT for agriculture. Finally, this article concludes while giving directions for future research.

Effective policies to overcome barriers in the development of smart cities

The world is facing substantial challenges related to population growth and the derived pressure on environment, energy, and other natural resources. Cities contribute to these problems due to the ever-increasing urbanization. As a solution, smart cities are managed and optimized across traditional boundaries and through the exchange of information between physical objects, citizens, and stakeholders. However, there are barriers in the development of smart cities that should be overcome in order to meet these challenges through smart cities. The main barriers identified in this work are poor private-public participation, utilization of fossil fuels, lack of attention to the environment, insufficient internet technology (IT) infrastructure, and old technology throughout the cities. To overcome these barriers, policies must be implemented to improve private-public participation by encouraging public investments and a wider adoption of electrical vehicles that may act as storage device and provide ancillary services to the electricity grid; reduce the use of private cars; strengthen IT infrastructure, deployment of smart technology to allow residents to monitor and control their energy consumption, installation of roof-top solar panels, and better mobility and efficient public services supported by smart technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things) and information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance the interconnection among smart city systems.

DAM-SE: A Blockchain-Based Optimized Solution for the Counterattacks in the Internet of Federated Learning Systems

The rapid development in network technology has resulted in the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT). This trend has led to a widespread utilization of decentralized data and distributed computing power. While machine learning can benefit from the massive amount of IoT data, privacy concerns and communication costs have caused data silos. Although the adoption of blockchain and federated learning technologies addresses the security issues related to collusion attacks and privacy leakage in data sharing, the “free-rider attacks” and “model poisoning attacks” in the federated learning process require auditing of the training models one by one. However, that increases the communication cost of the entire training process. Hence, to address the problem of increased communication cost due to node security verification in the blockchain-based federated learning process, we propose a communication cost optimization method based on security evaluation. By studying the verification mechanism for useless or malicious nodes, we also introduce a double-layer aggregation model into the federated learning process by combining the competing voting verification methods and aggregation algorithms. The experimental comparisons verify that the proposed model effectively reduces the communication cost of the node security verification in the blockchain-based federated learning process.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Creating Security Modelling Framework Analysing in Internet of Things Using EC-GSM-IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) placed a vital role in making effective communication because it consists of several interconnected smart devices. In IoT, device communication started via different communication protocols like Wi-Fi, ZigBee. During the communication process, smart devices are affected by intermediate attacks, which causes several communication vulnerabilities. Therefore, successful communication protocols have to be developed to reduce intermediate attacks like insider attacks, DDoS. To achieve this goal in this work, Extended Coverage-GSM-IoT protocol has been integrated with the wide-mouth frog protocol for making the secure communication process. This protocol improves the overall IoT device integrity protocol and enables mutual authentication while making the communication process. The WMFP protocol validates the user identity that leads to reduce the replay and eavesdropping attacks. Thus, the process ensures a feasible and secure IoT communication environment with minimum complexity.

Energy aware cloud‐edge service placement approaches in the Internet of Things communications

SummaryIn recent years, applying Internet of Things (IoT) applications has significantly increased to facilitate and improve quality of human life activities in various fields such as healthcare, education, industry, economics, etc. The energy aware cloud‐edge computing paradigm has developed as a hybrid computing solution to provide IoT applications using available cloud service providers and fog nodes for the smart devices and mobile applications. Since the IoT applications are developed in the form of several IoT services with various quality of service (QoS) metrics which can deploy on the cloud‐edge providers with different resource capabilities, finding an efficient placement solution as one of challenging topics to be measured for IoT applications. The service placement issue arranges IoT applications on the cloud‐edge providers with various capabilities of atomic services though sufficient different QoS factors to support service level agreement (SLA) contracts. This paper presents a technical analysis on the cloud‐edge service placement approaches in IoT systems. The key point of this technical analysis is to identify substantial studies in the service placement approaches which need additional consideration to progress more efficient and effective placement strategies in IoT environments. In addition, a side‐by‐side taxonomy is proposed to categorize the relevant studies on cloud‐edge service placement approaches and algorithms. A statistical and technical analysis of reviewed existing approaches is provided, and evaluation factors and attributes are discussed. Finally, open issues and forthcoming challenges of service placement approaches are presented.

REERS: Reliable and energy‐efficient route selection algorithm for heterogeneous Internet of things applications

SummaryMachine‐type communication (MTC) such as device‐to‐device and machine‐to‐machine communication is a technology used to realize the concept of Internet of things (IoT). The fifth generation (5G) IoT is composed of large density of wireless sensor device. The massive roll out of the MTC devices is a serious challenge for wireless communication networks from operational and management perspective, including massive access, route selection, energy efficiency and network congestion. Many proposals have been put forward by the research community to cater to the issues and difficulties of massive MTC (mMTC) access in large density sensor network‐enabled IoT communication environment. Recently, data aggregation with efficient route selection has attracted a lot of research attention owing to its robust ability to resolve the above‐mentioned challenges. Existing data routing and aggregation methodologies are not efficient when adopted to heterogeneous IoT applications as they fail to bring trade‐off between energy efficiency and latency minimization. This research work proposes reliable and energy‐efficient route selection (REERS) scheme to reduce energy dissipation and latency for catering both real‐time and non‐real‐time applications. Experiment outcomes shows the REERS schemes achieves much superior performance than existing routing and aggregation methodologies over latency reduction and energy efficiency.

The application of artificial intelligence technology of 6G internet of things communication combined with drama language art

The application of artificial intelligence technology of 6G internet of things communication combined with drama language art

A Review on existing IoT Architecture and Communication Protocols used in Healthcare Monitoring System

Nowadays, due to modernization or advancement in the Internet of Things (IoT) especially in the Healthcare area, we want to take care of our elders with some monitoring equipment, and the Internet of Things can play a significant role in it. The motivation of writing this paper is to collect the information of various existing Internet of Things Architecture and Communication Techniques used in Healthcare Monitoring System to observe that how efficiently, different researchers have used it. So we have studied different real-time health monitoring system based on diseases which are common in elderly people like diabetes, blood pressure, heart disease, sleep apnea, and cancer, etc. In this real-time health monitoring system, researchers introduced many new measures, communication techniques like ZigBee, Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRawan), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Apart from this, it was also observed that remote monitoring system in Healthcare is incomplete without data processing and early prediction in such diseases. Though, Machine learning provides efficient techniques to extract knowledge from diagnostic medical datasets collected from the patients. That is why we highlighted the current role of various Machine Learning algorithms like Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbor, Random Forest, etc., for processing of Healthcare data and also helpful to predict the output more precisely.

Interference management for coexisting Internet of Things networks over unlicensed spectrum

The main building block of Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is providing low-cost scalable connectivity for the radio/compute-constrained devices. This connectivity could be realized over the licensed spectrum like Narrowband-IoT (NBIoT) networks, or over the unlicensed spectrum like NBIoT-Unlicensed, SigFox and LoRa networks. In this paper, performance of IoT communications utilizing the unlicensed band, e.g. the 863–870 MHz in the Europe, in indoor use-cases like smart home, is investigated. More specifically, we focus on two scenarios for channel access management: (i) coordinated access, where the activity patterns of gateways and sensors are coordinated with neighbors, and (ii) uncoordinated access, in which each gateway and its associated nodes work independently from the neighbor ones. We further investigate a distributed coordination scheme in which, devices learn to coordinate their activity patterns leveraging tools from reinforcement learning. Closed-form expressions for capacity of the system, in terms of the number of sustained connections per gateway fulfilling a minimum quality of service (QoS) constraint are derived, and are further evaluated using simulations. Furthermore, delay-reliability and inter network interference-intra network collision performance tradeoffs offered by coordination are figured out. The simulation results highlight the impact of system and traffic parameters on the performance tradeoffs and characterize performance regions in which coordinated scheme outperforms the uncoordinated one, and vice versa. For example, for a packet loss requirement of 1%, the number of connected devices could be doubled by coordination.

Improved Reliability of Communication in Cellular Internet of Things through Consensus

Improved Reliability of Communication in Cellular Internet of Things through Consensus

Improved Image Security in Internet of Thing (IOT) Using Multiple Key AES

Image is an important digital information that used in many internet of things (IoT) applications such as transport, healthcare, agriculture, military, vehicles and wildlife. etc. Also, any image has very important characteristic such as large size, strong correlation and huge redundancy, therefore, encrypting it by using single key Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) through IoT communication technologies makes it vulnerable to many threats, thus, the pixels that have the same values will be encrypted to another pixels that have same values when they use the same key. The contribution of this work is to increase the security of transferred image. This paper proposed multiple key AES algorithm (MECCAES) to improve the security of the transmitted image through IoT. This approach is evaluated via applying it on RGB bmp images and analyzing the results using standard metrics such as entropy, histogram, correlation, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MES) metrics. Also, the time for encryption and decryption for the proposed MECCAES is the same time consumed by original single key AES is 12 second(the used image size is 12.1MB therefore time is long). The performance experiments show that this scheme achieves confidentiality also it encourages to use effectively in a wide IoTs fields to secure transmitted image.