Internet Of Things Cloud Services Research Articles

Use of wireless technologies in IoT projects

When it comes to creating projects based on the use of the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks are often used. Edge computing in IoT technology reduces system response delays to sensor output signals and increases the network throughput. At the same time, a short-range sensor network can work locally without access to the Internet, while long-range networks, as a rule, require access to the Internet and use both edge and cloud computing. The paper shows the features of the application of both peripheral and cloud computing in the practical implementation of IoT projects with various methods of wireless data transmission. Specific examples show the possibility of data transmission over a short distance using ESP-NOW technology, nRF24L01 radio modules and creating a local Wi-Fi access point. The range of sensor data transmission between microcontrollers is practically determined for each proposed option. The calculation of the range of the LoRa radio line is carried out for the actual sensitivity values of the receiver. The Okamura-Hata radio wave propagation model is proposed to estimate the LoRa radio line’s total loss. The operational range of LoRa modules with different types of signal modulation is practically determined. The essence of edge computing combined with digital and analogue sensors is shown. Peculiarities of peripheral computing during the implementation of IoT projects for remote control of blood saturation of patients using wireless technologies are considered. An example of data transmission of the air quality control system through a gateway based on an ESP8266 microcontroller with a graphical display of measurements in the IoT cloud service ThingSpeak and Blynk was provided.

IoT-Based Monitoring, Communication, and Control of Small Wind Turbines Using IoT Cloud Service

Addressing global climate change requires a shift to sustainable and renewable energy sources. Utilizing wind power via wind turbines presents a viable remedy. However, because wind patterns are unpredictable and these turbines are located in remote areas, effectively operating wind farms continues to be a difficulty. In this work, we present an integrated system that uses IOT Cloud Service to monitor, connect with, and manage small wind turbines utilizing IoT (Internet of Things) technology. We solve the issues with data collection and control those older turbines without supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems confront by fusing cloud-enabled IoT hubs with on-site sensing units. Our method guarantees effective control of wind energy devices, two-way communication, and real-time monitoring. With an emphasis on utilizing IoT cloud services, this paper offers a thorough examination of the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology for the monitoring, communication, and control of tiny wind turbines. In decentralized and off-grid energy applications, small wind turbines are vital, and maximizing energy output and guaranteeing long-term sustainability requires optimizing their performance and maintenance. The scalability, flexibility, and real-time capabilities required to efficiently operate small wind energy projects are sometimes absent from traditional monitoring and control systems.

Securing Iot Data Transmission: A Comprehensive Approach Integrating Two-Fish Encryption With Wireless Smart Energy Systems And Iot Cloud Services

This work addresses the challenges posed by the interconnected nature of the Internet of Things (IoT). This paradigm, facilitating the seamless connectivity of diverse devices, gives rise to issues such as addressability, confidentiality, and data management. The proposed solution advocates for the integration of the robust Twofish encryption algorithm into wireless smart energy systems, creating a holistic approach that capitalizes on the capabilities of IoT cloud services. Twofish, recognized for its strong encryption capabilities, becomes an integral part of the IoT framework to ensure the security of communication and data confidentiality. Through the amalgamation of Twofish encryption with wireless smart energy systems and IoT cloud services, the approach provides a comprehensive solution for the secure transmission and management of data. This integration enhances system scalability, flexibility, and accessibility, thereby safeguarding the confidentiality of information exchanged over the internet. The paper establishes the superiority of Twofish over lightweight cryptography for low-power devices within IoT systems through a thorough analysis of critical factors. These factors encompass the robust security strength of Twofish, its effective encryption capabilities guaranteeing data confidentiality, the algorithm's maturity validated by extensive scrutiny from the cryptographic community, compatibility and interoperability with diverse platforms, resource efficiency in maintaining a balance between security and device capabilities, and the crucial long-term security assurance required for the extended operational lifetimes of IoT devices. The research findings affirm that the incorporation of Twofish into wireless smart energy systems and IoT cloud services offers a secure and efficient solution for safeguarding sensitive information within IoT environments. This consolidated approach contributes significantly to advancing secure communication and data management in the continually evolving landscape of the Internet of Things.

Design of a Smart Portable Farming Kit for Indoor Cultivation Using the Raspberry Pi Platform

The global crisis and climate change have resulted in severe food shortages worldwide. One of the solutions is self-farming by using smart farming technology. Smart and efficient agricultural production or smart farming using IoT sensors, big data, and cloud service has proven its value for a decade, but the effect depends on the agricultural environment of the country or society. Hence self-farming is likely the most feasible solution to avoid food scarcity. The smart farming system monitors and maintains essential growth parameters like light, temperature, and humidity to ensure maximum yield. In this paper, we propose a Smart Portable Farming Kit design, which is simple, lightweight, and durable to be placed indoors in an urban area. This prototype design uses the Internet of Things (IoT) based system for cultivating short-duration vegetables and mushrooms in an urban area with minimal user attention. The proposed design proved better than the traditional setup by increasing the mushroom yield. With Smart Portable Farming Kit, urban farming becomes a more viable alternative to increase food security, making oyster mushroom cultivation in the urban area easier and more profitable.

Disaster emergency response framework for smart buildings

Building evacuation is critical in saving human lives in case of an emergency resulting from natural or human-made attacks and disasters. The efficiency of evacuation can be enhanced by integrating the internet of things, fog computing, cloud computing, and other communication technologies. In this study, we present an intelligent evacuation system that combines Internet of Things (IoT), fog layer, and cloud layer. First, this system applies IoT technologies to capture environmental information, and the location of occupants to track their movements. Second, the Fog layer is employed to detect emergency events using Support Vector Machine (SVM), perform real-time Spatio-temporal processing based on the data collected, and dimension reduction with the energy-saving mechanism. Third, the Cloud layer facilitates an evacuation algorithm to compute a fast and safe route using environmental and occupant information gleaned from the fog and generate an evacuation map to direct evacuees to the exit. Our model considers the current location of evacuees as well as environmental information gained from intelligent building sensors and personal mobile platforms to recommend the optimal evacuation route for each traced evacuee. The results of simulations show that our framework can efficiently and accurately guide evacuees to a safer location while significantly reducing direct fire exposure. Further, performance parameters are evaluated by comparing fog-cloud deployments and cloud only deployments for more clarity. This study acknowledges that the proposed paradigm is efficient in utilizing IoT devices, fog, and cloud services to build an energy-efficient, cost-effective, and scalable evacuation platform for smart building advancements.

Applications of Integrated IoT-Fog-Cloud Systems to Smart Cities: A Survey

Several cities have recently moved towards becoming smart cities for better services and quality of life for residents and visitors, with: optimized resource utilization; increased environmental protection; enhanced infrastructure operations and maintenance; and strong safety and security measures. Smart cities depend on deploying current and new technologies and different optimization methods to enhance services and performance in their different sectors. Some of the technologies assisting smart city applications are the Internet of Things (IoT), fog computing, and cloud computing. Integrating these three to serve one system (we will refer to it as integrated IoT-fog-cloud system (iIFC)) creates an advanced platform to develop and operate various types of smart city applications. This platform will allow applications to use the best features from the IoT devices, fog nodes, and cloud services to deliver best capabilities and performance. Utilizing this powerful platform will provide many opportunities for enhancing and optimizing applications in energy, transportation, healthcare, and other areas. In this paper we survey various applications of iIFCs for smart cities. We identify different common issues associated with utilizing iIFCs for smart city applications. These issues arise due to the characteristics of iIFCs on the one side and the requirements of different smart city applications on the other. In addition, we outline the main requirements to effectively utilize iIFCs for smart city applications. These requirements are related to optimization, networking, and security.

Security Requirements and Solutions for IoT Gateways: A Comprehensive Study

The need for improving the security level of Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems is growing. Users may refrain from using such systems if they realize that security measures are not in place. In this context, one of the most important IoT components has not received the necessary attention by the community: the gateway. IoT gateways play a central role in an IoT system as they solve heterogeneity issues. However, if compromised, gateways can be a source of security threats, and these threats become more relevant due to the gateway's central role. Gateways connect IoT devices and cloud services, and successful attacks on this component may exploit this fact. Using a well-known security requirements (SRs) engineering approach, this article evaluates and prioritizes SRs specifically for IoT gateways. The prioritization highlights a set of SRs that must be observed when evaluating and improving the gateway security level. Also, current solutions are detailed to support the enforcement of such SRs. Finally, a set of open challenges are discussed to highlight current research gaps that must be addressed to support SRs.

Routing optimization for cloud services in SDN-based Internet of Things with TCAM capacity constraint

Distributed in-network cloud architecture is a promising solution to efficiently host next generation internet-of-things (IoT) services. With the rapid increase of IoT devices and applications, the backhaul or backbone networks, which transmit IoT traffic to various in-network clouds, will experience a predicted explosion in the volume of carried traffic. To guarantee the QoS of IoT cloud services and improve the network performance, it is crucial for network operator to implement efficient routing optimization strategies for IoT traffic. As a promising networking paradigm, software-defined networking (SDN) has flexible and programmable control capability for fine-grained flows. The emergence of SDN paves a way for implementing high-performance routing optimization in networks. In SDN networks, the routing strategies are realized through flow rules, which are usually stored in TCAM with very limited capacity. However, the number of IoT flows are enormous. Thus, in this paper, we address the routing optimization problem in SDN-based IoT with TCAM capacity constraint. We first formulate the problem as a mixed integer linear programming problem and prove the problem is NP-hard. Then to solve the problem efficiently, we propose several approximate algorithms, which solve the problem in two stages. In the first stage, the algorithms calculate the routing strategies for flows without considering the TCAM capacity constraint. To meet the TCAM capacity constraint, the algorithms using different strategies to adjust the paths of some flows in the second stage. Extensive simulations are conducted on both real ISP and synthetic topologies to evaluate the performance of the algorithms. The simulation results verify that the algorithms can achieve promising load balancing performance in SDN-based IoT, where the capacity of TCAM in SDN switches is very limited.

The Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IoT)

The cloud is a huge, interconnected network of powerful servers that performs services for businesses and people. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. IoT has evolved with the greater generation of data. Internet of Things Cloud Service creates excessive communication between inexpensive sensors in the IoT which means even greater connectivity. Billions of connected devices and machines will soon join human-users. IoT generates lots of data while on the other hand, cloud computing paves way for this data to travel. In this paper we try to focus on cloud providers who take advantage of this to provide a pay-as-you-use model where customers pay for the specific resources used. Also, cloud hosting as a service adds value to IoT startups by providing economies of scale to reduce their overall cost structure.

Internet of Things: Architectural Components, Protocols and Its Implementation for Ubiquitous Environment

Ubiquitous data processing of the sensing nodes has revolutionized the development of electronic industries manufacturing. The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) is the connectivity of distributed sensing and processing nodes from anywhere rather than fixed computing. For the Implementation of Ubiquitous smart environment, anything and everything can be converted to smart IO Things, and where things have sensing and processing abilities for automation and analysis of environmental processes. Sensors, actuators, embedded processing systems, networking gateways, and IoT Cloud Services are the building blocks of IoT implementation. This paper presents a brief discussion on the connectivity of building blocks with various enabling technologies for the implementation of the Internet of Things. Moreover, many of data link standards and the internet of things data communication protocols will be in the discussion.

A Sidecar Object for the Optimized Communication Between Edge and Cloud in Internet of Things Applications

The internet of things (IoT) is one of the most disrupting revolutions that is characterizing the technology ecosystem. In the near future, the IoT will have a significant impact on people’s lives and on the design and developments of new paradigms and architectures coping with a completely new set of challenges and service categories. The IoT can be described as an ecosystem where a massive number of constrained devices (denoted as smart objects) will be deployed and connected to cooperate for multiple purposes, such a data collection, actuation, and interaction with people. In order to meet the specific requirements, IoT services may be deployed leveraging a hybrid architecture that will involve services deployed on the edge and the cloud. In this context, one of the challenges is to create an infrastructure of objects and microservices operating between both the edge and in the cloud that can be easily updated and extended with new features and functionalities without the need of updating or re-deploying smart objects. This work introduces a new concept for extending smart objects’ support for cloud services, denoted as a sidecar object. A sidecar object serves the purpose of being deployed as additional component of a preexisting object without interfering with the mechanisms and behaviors that have already been implemented. In particular, the sidecar object implementation developed in this work focuses on the communication with existing IoT cloud services (namely, AWS IoT and Google Cloud IoT) to provide a transparent and seamless synchronization of data, states, and commands between the object on the edge and the cloud. The proposed sidecar object implementation has been extensively evaluated through a detailed set of tests, in order to analyze the performances and behaviors in real- world scenarios.

A Self-Powered PMFC-Based Wireless Sensor Node for Smart City Applications

Long power wide area networks (LPWAN) systems play an important role in monitoring environmental conditions for smart cities applications. With the development of Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSN), and energy harvesting devices, ultra-low power sensor nodes (SNs) are able to collect and monitor the information for environmental protection, urban planning, and risk prevention. This paper presents a WSN of self-powered IoT SNs energetically autonomous using Plant Microbial Fuel Cells (PMFCs). An energy harvesting device has been adapted with the PMFC to enable a batteryless operation of the SN providing power supply to the sensor network. The low-power communication feature of the SN network is used to monitor the environmental data with a dynamic power management strategy successfully designed for the PMFC-based LoRa sensor node. Environmental data of ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are monitored in real time through a web application providing IoT cloud services with security and privacy protocols.

An IR Sensor Based Smart System to Approximate Core Body Temperature.

Herein demonstrated experiment studies two methods, namely convection and body resistance, to approximate human core body temperature. The proposed system is highly energy efficient that consumes only 165mW power and runs on 5 VDC source. The implemented solution employs an IR thermographic sensor of industry grade along with AT Mega 328 breakout board. Ordinarily, the IR sensor is placed 1.5-30cm away from human forehead (i.e., non-invasive) and measured the raw data in terms of skin and ambient temperature which is then converted using appropriate approximation formula to find out core body temperature. The raw data is plotted, visualized, and stored instantaneously in a local machine by means of two tools such as Makerplot, and JAVA-JAR. The test is performed when human object is in complete rest and after 10min of walk. Achieved results are compared with the CoreTemp CM-210 sensor (by Terumo, Japan) which is calculated to be 0.7°F different from the average value of BCT, obtained by the proposed IR sensor system. Upon a slight modification, the presented model can be connected with a remotely placed Internet of Things cloud service, which may be useful to inform and predict the user's core body temperature through a probabilistic view. It is also comprehended that such system can be useful as wearable device to be worn on at the hat attachable way.

A survey of IoT cloud platforms

Internet of Things (IoT) envisages overall merging of several “things” while utilizing internet as the backbone of the communication system to establish a smart interaction between people and surrounding objects. Cloud, being the crucial component of IoT, provides valuable application specific services in many application domains. A number of IoT cloud providers are currently emerging into the market to leverage suitable and specific IoT based services. In spite of huge possible involvement of these IoT clouds, no standard cum comparative analytical study has been found across the literature databases. This article surveys popular IoT cloud platforms in light of solving several service domains such as application development, device management, system management, heterogeneity management, data management, tools for analysis, deployment, monitoring, visualization, and research. A comparison is presented for overall dissemination of IoT clouds according to their applicability. Further, few challenges are also described that the researchers should take on in near future. Ultimately, the goal of this article is to provide detailed knowledge about the existing IoT cloud service providers and their pros and cons in concrete form.