Internet Gateway Research Articles

Frozen Base Gateway Discovery Algorithm for Mobile Ad-Hock Network with Internet Connectivity Using AODV + Routing Algorithm

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-organized, auto-configured network and the mobile nodes have been free to move. To enable the MANET to connect to the internet it uses an intermediate bridge called a gateway. The MANET and the internet gateway is a heterogeneous network, which needs a gateway discovery. There are three types of gateway discovery mechanisms: proactive, reactive, and hybrid gateway discovery mechanism. The main challenge in the integration of the MANET and the Internet is, that there are high link disconnection results from node mobility and limited energy. In addition link disconnection, packet drop, and end-to-end delay. This study examines the impact of node mobility and energy in the frozen path from the source node to the destination node of MANET In this study, the Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV) routing protocol is used and modified to examine the gateway selection for MANET and the Internet. Moreover, the AODV+ control message RREQ and RREP and the routing table are improved to store the energy factor, path queue length, and frozen factor of the path. The proposed gateway discovery algorithm is known as frozen-based gateway AODV+ (F_AODV+), The stability factors of the path from the source node to the gateway, are calculated using a simple additive weighting method of the energy factor, average path queue node, and the path with the Maximum energy factor and minimum queue length is the more Frozen to select Frozen gateway from the source node to distension node.A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-organized, auto-configured network and the mobile nodes have been free to move. To enable the MANET to connect to the internet it uses an intermediate bridge called a gateway. The MANET and the internet gateway is a heterogeneous network, which needs a gateway discovery. There are three types of gateway discovery mechanisms: proactive, reactive, and hybrid gateway discovery mechanism. The main challenge in the integration of the MANET and the Internet is, that there are high link disconnection results from node mobility and limited energy. In addition link disconnection, packet drop, and end-to-end delay. This study examines the impact of node mobility and energy in the frozen path from the source node to the destination node of MANET In this study, the Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV) routing protocol is used and modified to examine the gateway selection for MANET and the Internet. Moreover, the AODV+ control message RREQ and RREP and the routing table are improved to store the energy factor, path queue length, and frozen factor of the path. The proposed gateway discovery algorithm is known as frozen-based gateway AODV+ (F_AODV+), The stability factors of the path from the source node to the gateway, are calculated using a simple additive weighting method of the energy factor, average path queue node, and the path with the Maximum energy factor and minimum queue length is the more Frozen to select Frozen gateway from the source node to distension node.

A load-balanced algorithm for Internet Gateway placement in Backbone Wireless Mesh Networks

The placement of Internet Gateways (IGWs) is crucial in designing Backbone Wireless Mesh Networks (BWMNs) as it establishes the connection between the BWMN and the wired backbone. Efficient placement ensures high-bandwidth network coverage and utilization of the BWMN architecture. Despite considerable research efforts devoted to the IGW placement problem in WMNs, further research is still needed to tackle IGW reduction, improve Quality of Service (QoS), and achieve load balancing among IGWs and Wireless Mesh Routers (WMRs). In this paper, we propose a Load-balanced Algorithm for IGW placement in BWMN to achieve high-bandwidth network coverage while satisfying QoS constraints. The algorithm distributes WMRs among IGWs based on their location and computation degree, considering the load balance between IGWs and WMRs in each cluster. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms existing algorithms in terms of the number of IGWs placed in various scenarios. Our algorithm achieves an impressive reduction of more than 20% in the number of IGWs required in small typologies, and the improvement further escalates in larger topologies. To accomplish this, we utilize the innovative IGW Reallocation() algorithm, which accurately calculates the load ratio for each WMR within each cluster, facilitating the selection of the most suitable WMR to be designated as the new IGW. Additionally, our algorithm effectively addresses traffic load balancing for both IGWs and the entire network system by skillfully leveraging the relay links and delay hops present within WMRs forming the clusters. The outcomes of our research conclusively demonstrate that our Load-balanced Algorithm significantly enhances IGW placement efficiency, network coverage, and traffic load balancing, leading to improved performance, scalability, and a noteworthy contribution to the design and optimization of BWMNs.

Analytical Study of Different Parameters of Antenna for Wireless Networks

In this paper, we studied about Wireless networks which is a relatively new and promising key technology for next generation wireless networking that have recently attracted both the academic and industrial interest. Their popularity comes from the fact that they are self-organized, self-configurable and easily adaptable to different traffic requirements and network changes. The high-capacity needs of the access nodes which have to forward the accumulated traffic of their underling users. They have to cope with the delay and other strict quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of the end user applications. They must provide a large enough effective communication range to ensure that no APs (or groups of APs) are isolated from the Internet gateways. In order to satisfy the above requirements, a range of novel techniques has to be exploited. Such technology enablers include but not limited to multi-hopping, various multiple antennas techniques and novel medium access control (MAC) and routing algorithms.

An Efficient Mobile Gateway Selection and Discovery Based-Routing Protocol in Heterogeneous LTE-VANET Networks

Coupling cellular communication networks with vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) can be a very interesting way out for providing Internet access to vehicles in the road. However, due to the several specific characteristics of VANETs, making an efficient multi-hop routing from vehicular sources to the Internet gateways through Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is still challenging. In this paper, an Internet mobile gateway selection scheme is proposed to elect more potential vehicles to behave as gateways to Internet in VANETs. Therefore, the discovery and the selection of route to those mobiles gateways is carried out via an efficient multiple metrics-based relay selection mechanism. The objective is to select the more reliable route to the mobile gateways, by reducing the communication overhead and performing seamless handover. The proposed protocol is compared with one recent protocol based on packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and overhead. The results show that the proposed protocol ameliorates significantly the network performance in the contrast of the other protocol.

Prevention of False Data Injection in Dataset using ML and DL

IoT is an interconnected and allotted network of embedded systems communicating through wired and wireless communication technology. It is defined as network of physical objects or things empowered with limited computation storage and conversation capabilities as well as embedded with electronics (sensors and actuators). Nowadays there are literally masses of hundreds of Internet of things (IoT) gadgets easily available to the customers. those consist of security cameras, smart home and smart speaker systems, smart toys and infant monitors, drones, domestic appliances, routers and internet gateways, and basically some other hardware products which can transmit information and be controlled over the net. FDIA is an attack this will result in a catastrophic outcomes. False information injection attack can be executed in each dynamic and static datasets, as a present device we easily discover and prevent in a static environment. in which with the present machine even the dynamic records is made static after which detects FDIA’s. FDIA in a static environment is the existing machine, in which we seek to have few solutions for the FDIA in a dynamic environment or for time collection information. So, to enhance protection in dynamic environment is our proposed challenge towards FDIA and we create a brand-new version known as “PdD” model – Predictive Dynamic version. Proposed framework performs crucial role in live streaming records in terms of heterogeneous environment (dynamic nature). So, we use GRU set of rules because it offers better RMSE value than different AI algorithms. This detects every time there may be a few FDI attack.

Energy Saving Optimization Technique-Based Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network with IoT Environment

The Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a self-configuring decentralized network, where the network topology is dynamically modifiable. The IoT (Internet of Things) based Wireless Sensor Network contains more sensors and shares information over the Internet to a cloud server. However, the IoT-based wireless sensor network channel has moderate security is poor compared to MANET and packet loss is increased due to attackers. In IoT, all the sensors forward the detected data frequently to the internet gateway, so the energy saving in the network is low compared to MANET. In this work, the smart environment of IoT, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and MANET make a great heterogeneous network in IT Technology; the combination of this heterogeneous network has new challenging issues. In this heterogeneous network, MANET provides a trusted route between the sensor to gateway nodes into the IoT environment using Energy Saving Optimization Techniques [MANET-ESO in IoT]. It saves energy for each node and reduces the economic level. The results of the ns-3 simulation show that the proposed method provides better results in Alive node counts, residual Energy, throughput, packet delivery ratio and routing overhead.

Fuzzy Fruit Fly Optimized Node Quality-Based Clustering Algorithm for Network Load Balancing

Recently, the fundamental problem with Hybrid Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (H-MANETs) is to find a suitable and secure way of balancing the load through Internet gateways. Moreover, the selection of the gateway and overload of the network results in packet loss and Delay (DL). For optimal performance, it is important to load balance between different gateways. As a result, a stable load balancing procedure is implemented, which selects gateways based on Fuzzy Logic (FL) and increases the efficiency of the network. In this case, since gateways are selected based on the number of nodes, the Energy Consumption (EC) was high. This paper presents a novel Node Quality-based Clustering Algorithm (NQCA) based on Fuzzy-Genetic for Cluster Head and Gateway Selection (FGCHGS). This algorithm combines NQCA with the Improved Weighted Clustering Algorithm (IWCA). The NQCA algorithm divides the network into clusters based upon node priority, transmission range, and neighbour fidelity. In addition, the simulation results tend to evaluate the performance effectiveness of the FFFCHGS algorithm in terms of EC, packet loss rate (PLR), etc.

A Semantic Gateway for Internet of Things Interoperability at the Application Layer

Abstract Due to the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), researchers have demonstrated various IoT solutions, which are used to interconnect a wide range of IoT devices through the Internet. However, IoT stumbled into vertical silos; the available solutions provide specific IoT infrastructure, devices, protocols, data formats and models. This diversity and heterogeneity lead to interoperability issues. Heterogeneity happens at all IoT layers, especially at the application layer; devices often adopt mutually incompatible application-layer communication protocols to connect devices to IoT services. Furthermore, in order to integrate semantics to raw data, each system uses its one domain-specific ontology to make data more understandable and interpretable by adding semantic annotations. Working in isolation reduces the interoperability among IoT devices and systems, things across domains need to internetwork and collaborate to provide high level IoT services. Therefore, to alleviate the problem of both communication protocol interoperability and semantic interoperability across vertical silos of systems at the application layer, this paper proposes a semantic gateway (SGIoT) that acts as a bridge between heterogeneous sink nodes at the physical level and IoT services. SGIoT enables interconnectivity between communication protocols such as CoAP and MQTT regardless of their communication model, meanwhile it enables semantics integration throu gh cross-domain ontology (CDOnto) for semantic annotation, in order to provide interpretation of messages among IoT applications across domains. Our approach focuses on modularity and extensibility.

Voice Recognition Control System Based on Cloud Computing and IoT Sensors

In order to meet the increasing demand for accuracy, stability, and response speed of the voice recognition function of smart home products, the author proposes a smart home voice control system scheme based on the use of smart home Internet gateways to complete remote voice control and environmental monitoring tasks. This method firstly tests the existing home appliance network of the smart home voice control system to verify the feasibility of the author’s design. Then, the voice recognition task is transferred to the cloud server, and the smart home Internet gateway only needs to perform data upload, command execution, and protocol analysis. Then, the test set tests the speech enhancement algorithm in the Aishell library. Experimental results show that the processing speed of the voice enhancement method designed by the author is much higher than that of DNN-noise classification, and its processing speed can reach 0.179 s, which is more suitable as a voice enhancement method for smart home voice control systems. Using this method for voice recognition control can meet the increasing demands of the voice recognition function of smart home products for accuracy, stability, and response speed and make people’s lives more convenient and comfortable.

Rancang Bangun Alat Penghitung dan Pemilah Ikan Berdasarkan Berat Menggunakan Sensor Ultrasonik dan Load Cell Berbasis Arduino Uno

Nowadays, weather monitoring is indispensable. The data obtained in the present or past can be a reference to predict future weather, can be used to determine the condition of the antenna on ground stations in the face of extreme weather. It is necessary to have a tool that can read the parameters of the weather, because the importance of weather monitoring. Automatic Weather Station (AWS) This type of ADS-WS1 is a tool that can read several parameters of weather quantities such as rainfall, wind direction, wind speed, temperature, humidity, and pressure. It has equipped with sensors to read the number of weather parameters. ADS-WS1 not using internet networks, but use radio frequencies for sending a sensor data that has connect to the transceiver. With that frequency the signal will be transmitted and received via satellite or terrestrials with Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) through radio frequency and Internet gateway or known as (iGate). The result from the sensor that have been installed at the PUSTEKSAT ground station can be monitored both on Radio Frequency (RF) and Internet, the purpose of this research is to send weather data station with APRS format via Radio frequency, this a proof of concept for sending weather information via APRS format system. Keywords- AWS, APRS, Radio, ADS-WS1, Frequency

Utilization of Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) for Weather Station Monitoring

Nowadays, weather monitoring is indispensable. The data obtained in the present or past can be a reference to predict future weather, can be used to determine the condition of the antenna on ground stations in the face of extreme weather. It is necessary to have a tool that can read the parameters of the weather, because the importance of weather monitoring. Automatic Weather Station (AWS) This type of ADS-WS1 is a tool that can read several parameters of weather quantities such as rainfall, wind direction, wind speed, temperature, humidity, and pressure. It has equipped with sensors to read the number of weather parameters. ADS-WS1 not using internet networks, but use radio frequencies for sending a sensor data that has connect to the transceiver. With that frequency the signal will be transmitted and received via satellite or terrestrials with Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) through radio frequency and Internet gateway or known as (iGate). The result from the sensor that have been installed at the PUSTEKSAT ground station can be monitored both on Radio Frequency (RF) and Internet, the purpose of this research is to send weather data station with APRS format via Radio frequency, this a proof of concept for sending weather information via APRS format system. Keywords- AWS, APRS, Radio, ADS-WS1, Frequency

Coalitional Dynamic Graph Game for Aeronautical Ad Hoc Network Formation

Aeronautical <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ad hoc</i> networking (AANET) of the air vehicles is envisioned to support future enhanced applications, such as free flight and in-flight Internet, and AANET serves as the middle layer of the air–space–ground integrated network, bridging the space and the ground components. However, intermittent connectivity is the greatest challenge to an AANET. To deal with the intermittence, the air vehicle acts as a relay in an AANET using the buffer onboard to temporally cache the data when an interruption occurs, known as opportunistic transmission. For the highly dynamic topology of an AANET, we use a sampled dynamic graph to capture significant variations while ignoring trivial changes for avoiding extra complexity. And thus we formulate a coalitional game incorporating with the dynamic graph for the AANET to obtain the optimal transmission schedule in terms of the effective throughput with limited transmission delay. The corresponding coalitional dynamic graph game algorithm will then generate an approximately optimal AANET formation, which converges to Nash equilibrium within finite iterations. The simulations conducted with the real flight data show that 700 Mb of buffer size onboard and 1400 Mb of buffer in the Internet gateway station (IGS) are the optimal settings for the opportunistic transmission, and the coalitional dynamic graph game algorithm outperforms the geographic location-based greedy perimeter stateless routing algorithm in terms of the total received data amounts.

MidSiot: A Multistage Intrusion Detection System for Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) has been thriving in recent years, playing an important role in a multitude of various domains, including industry 4.0, smart transportation, home automation, and healthcare. As a result, a massive number of IoT devices are deployed to collect data from our surrounding environment and transfer these data to other systems over the Internet. This may lead to cybersecurity threats, such as denial of service attacks, brute-force attacks, and unauthorized accesses. Unfortunately, many IoT devices lack solid security mechanisms and hardware security supports because of their limitations in computational capability. In addition, the heterogeneity of devices in IoT networks causes nontrivial challenges in detecting security threats. In this article, we present a collaborative intrusion detection system (IDS), namely, MidSiot, deployed at both Internet gateways and IoT local gateways. Our proposed IDS consists of three stages: (1) classifying the type of each IoT device in the IoT network; (2) differentiating between benign and malicious network traffic; and (3) identifying the type of attacks targeting IoT devices. The last two stages are handled by the Internet gateways, whereas the first stage is on the local gateway to leverage the computational resources from edge devices. The evaluation results on three popular IDS datasets (IoTID20, CIC-IDS-2017, and BOT-IoT) indicate our proposal could detect seven common cyberattacks targeting IoT devices with an average accuracy of 99.68% and outperforms state-of-the-art IDSs. This demonstrates that MidSiot could be an effective and practical IDS to protect IoT networks.

A Gateway Selection Mechanism for Internet-assisted MANETs

Internet-assisted MANETs architecture is an emerging solution, strongly introduced in recent years. In fact, MANETs are self-configurable wireless network models for convenient communication between mobile nodes in the network. Because of simplicity, MANETs are applied in a series of domains to serve humanity, such as intelligent agriculture, intelligent transport system, and IoT ecosystem. To extend the ability of MANETs, the integration of Internet and MANETs to form Internet-assisted MANETs architecture was introduced in many studies. However, one of the biggest problems of this solution is how to choose the optimal Internet gateway. This study proposes a gateway selection mechanism based on parameters, including hop number and gateway traffic. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism, we compare the proposed solution with previous solutions. The simulation results demonstrated that our solution improved end-to-end delay, routing overload, and loss packet ratio compared to previous protocols.

Enhance Security of the Field Flight Polytechnic Network and the Speed of the Internet Gateway in Virtual Box

The development of information technology (IT) is currently growing rapidly, many from the lower middle class to businessmen and even entrepreneurs need internet network access. An internet network is a form of communication between computer networks around the world, wherewith the internet each computer located at a distance can communicate with each other, exchange information and resources. Currently, many networks are built using different network devices, one of which is a router. A router is a device for sending data packets between networks through a process called routing. In the market, many companies produce routers, one of which is Mikrotik with its product in the form of Mikrotik RouterOS which has been widely used to handle existing networks. So far, Mikrotik configuration has been a problem for some people because of ignorance in managing the network used so that many errors and fraud occur on the network used, even though products from Mikrotik have configuration programs based on GUI (Graphical User Interface) but still require long and confusing steps even if only to do configurations such as internet gateways.

Dynamic Graph Optimization and Performance Evaluation for Delay-Tolerant Aeronautical Ad Hoc Network

With the growing interest in providing internet access and cellular connectivity in the commercial aircraft, the compatibility between Air-to-Air (A2A) communications and current Air-to-Ground (A2G) macro-cellular communications is necessary to form an Aeronautical Ad hoc Network (AANet). Due to the typical features of airborne communications, such as high mobility, long transmission range and three-dimensional macro-cells, AANet is affected by intermittent links, which results in variant delayed data transmissions. To this end, we exploit a dynamic graph approach to model such an AANet with rapidly changing topology under a realistic airborne scenario. Targeting the problem of intermittent transmissions, by employing A2A, an AANet can bear three transmission modes: direct transmission, connected relay transmission and opportunistic transmission. To investigate the potential gain of A2A transmissions in terms of the end-to-end data flow transmission delay and the data traffic amount, we formulate an integer non-linear programming problem that minimizes the average end-to-end delay from Internet Gateways (IGWs) on shore to the aircraft receivers through multiple options of the transmission modes. Through solving this minimization problem based on the realistic dynamic graph model, the tradeoffs between the end-to-end transmission delay and other key network factors related to AANet formation and resource allocation can be obtained without much compromise on the transmission delay. The results show that the average end-to-end delay of the AANet is comparable to the direct transmission delay when having a tradeoff with the data traffic amount, buffer size and the spectrum sharing.

A Review on Parameters of Internet Gateway Discovery in MANETS

&lt;p class="0abstract"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Mobile ad hoc Networks researchers need to apply specific parameters in the simulation tools chosen to analyze and discuss their results. The challenge faced by multiple authors is on how to decide on the choice of particular parameters. A wrong choice could lead to a no credible result and a doubtful result by other researchers. A best practice is to follow what other authors are using as input parameters in their paper. This review analyses 72 proceeding papers and articles in different digital libraries: google scholar, IEEE Xplore, Elsevier, Springer, and snowball from 2010-2020. We present the result of our survey in this paper. We recommend the input parameters research should use base on the high utilization. Our review will also help the community in MANET and Internet gateway to improve the credibility of the input parameters.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Construction of Black Box to Detect the Location of Road Mishap in Remote Area in the IoT Domain

In recent years, both developed and developing countries have witnessed an increase in the number of traffic accidents. Aside from a significant rise in the overall number of on-road commercial and non-commercial vehicles, advancements in transportation infrastructure and on-road technologies may result in road accidents, which generally result in high mortality. More than half of these fatalities are the result of delayed response by medical and rescue personnel. If an accident site receives quick medical treatment, an accident victim's chances of survival may improve considerably. Based on the IoT-based multiple-level vehicle environment, this study proposes a low-cost accident detection and alarm system. Vehicles are equipped with a "Black Box" board unit and an accident location identification module for the Global Positioning System (GPS), in addition to mechanical sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope) for accurate accident detection. This study has evaluated the proposed system with average packet delivery ratio (PDR) vs. relay nodes. Our simulation results have evaluated the evolution of relay nodes in the mobile / sensor node through internet gateway. It has also been demonstrated that the packet delivery ratio is inversely related to the incremental number of relay nodes.

Technoflâneurs e faquires: Arte do outro lado da fractura digital

In this article we look at four international artists whose art has its origin in common civilian life and its concerns. The story of this art should be re-written in terms of a historiography of the average underprivileged common person, who does not reap the benefits of a discriminatory economy. Artists discussed here, namely, Daniel Cruz (Chile), Gilbert Prado (Brazil), Kausik Mukhopadhyay (India) and Probir Gupta (India) have been creating art on the impoverished side of the digital innovation divide, in their own niche and horizons of belief. Discarded gadgets, scraps, broken circuits or sensors, microphones and other junk are incorporated to create fragile but impactful installations. Junk animism and low-fi artificial intelligence often inform their work. Such artists do not inhabit traditionally known borders of nation, class or identity but only a space across fault lines which divide and exacerbate human society from within. Cruz’ project titled Surfonic exists on the margins of internet gateways. Mukhopadhyay uses scrap media for his installations. They exploit so much technology as just to animate their art. This commitment to voluntary defeatism upends a culture of spectacle. The artist is like a flaneur or technological fakir, quintessentializing human experience against the greed and pretensions of a global market of art.

A Review on Parameters of Internet Gateway Discovery in MANETS

The input parameters are very crucial in simulation tools for the analysis of data after the implementation. Authors in Mobile ad hoc Networks and particularly in Internet gateway discovery, face some challenges on how to decide on the choice of specific parameters. A wrong choice of input parameters could lead to a doubtful result by other researchers. A best practice is to follow what other authors are using as input parameters in their paper. This review analyses 72 proceeding papers and articles in different digital libraries: google scholar, IEEE Xplore, Elsevier, Springer, and snowball from 2010-2020. We present the result of our survey in this paper. We recommend the input parameters research should use base on the high utilisation as reference. Our review will help the community in MANET and Internet gateway to improve the credibility of the input parameters.