Internet Addiction Scale Research Articles

The relationship between personality traits of education students and the degree of their Internet addiction

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of identifying predictors of the formation of digital addiction in future teachers. The purpose of the article is to examine the factors underlying the formation of Internet addiction, as well as to substantiate and identify the relationship between personality traits and the degree of digital dependence among students of a pedagogical university. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the scientific works by leading experts representing various aspects of digital addiction (S. Chen, S. D. Neverkovich, K. Kawabe, O. Zahiruddin, A. K. Gudboy, etc.). The ‘Internet Addiction Scale’ developed by S. Chen was used in order to identify signs of addictive behavior in the Internet space: the desire to be constantly online, a state of frustration when unable to use the Internet, an increase in the amount of time spent online, physiological signs of deterioration of health after a long time on the Internet, difficulties with time management. In order to study the ‘light’ personal characteristics, the ‘Light Triad Scale’ by S. B. Kaufman was used, which allowed to identify positive personality qualities including Kantianism, humanism and faith in humanity. The ‘Short Questionnaire of the Dark Triad’ by D. Polhus and K. Williams was used as a diagnostic tool for studying ‘dark’ personality characteristics (narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy). The study involved 47 undergraduates majoring in Education aged between 19 and 20 years. Results. The results of the study showed that the majority of students demonstrated the symptoms of pronounced Internet addiction and a tendency to excessive use of digital devices. According to the results of the empirical study, the authors revealed a correlation between the high level of digital addiction and some parameters of personal characteristics (manipulation of people, cynicism, deceitfulness, a reduced level of empathy, low social anxiety, a tendency to impulsive behavior). At the same time, a low level of digital addiction correlates to a pronounced respectful attitude towards people as individuals. Conclusions. The article concludes that the formation of Internet addiction among Education students is determined by peculiarities of virtual space and emotional and communicative factors. The study revealed a statistically significant relationship between the indicators of digital dependence and some parameters of personality traits.

The Effectiveness of Game Coding Education on Problematic Internet Gaming.

Problematic internet gaming in adolescents is associated with various negative outcomes, such as low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and attention problems. We hypothesized that game coding education, by improving adolescents' self-esteem, would be more effective than game literacy education in mitigating problematic internet gaming. A total of 126 adolescents who voluntarily applied for the game coding education and game literacy education program of the "Visiting Game Class" project operated by the Game Cultural Foundation participated in this study. We collected data on demographics, gaming patterns, and psychological status, including positive or negative perceptions of online games, depression, and anxiety. We designated those with scores higher than 40 on Young's Internet Addiction Scale as the "problematic internet gaming" group. Only game coding education was significantly effective in decreasing internet use, lowering depressive symptoms, and improving self-esteem. In the hierarchical logistic regression analysis, more frequent education time, coding education, stronger negative perceptions of gaming, and high self-esteem predicted decreased internet gaming among participants exhibiting problematic internet gameplay. Game coding education effectively mitigates problematic gaming by improving adolescents' self-esteem. Thus, it may be beneficial to increase education time and devise game education programs tailored to adolescents' psychological status.

Sleep quality and internet addiction among junior college students; The mediating role of depression: A cross-sectional study

This study investigated the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between sleep quality and internet addiction in Taiwanese junior college students. We recruited 590 (53 males, 537 females) students, aged from 15 to 22 years from a day school of a junior college in northern Taiwan. We used a cross-sectional study design. The Chen Internet Addiction Scale, Chinese Version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Adolescent Depression Scale were used as measurement instruments. Using the IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software package, descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the participants' demographics and relationships between the study variables. The mediation model was tested using the Z test. The prevalence of internet addiction in junior college students was 21.2 %. The indirect effects were determined using Sobel's test and bootstrapping confirming that depression completely mediated the relationship between sleep quality and internet addiction. The findings would help to build holistic and comprehensive prevention and intervention programs that should be developed to reduce the addictive behaviors of adolescents.

Identifying clinical risk factors correlated with addictive features of non-suicidal self-injury among a consecutive psychiatric outpatient sample of adolescents and young adults.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an issue primarily of concern in adolescents and young adults. Recent literature suggests that persistent, repetitive, and uncontrollable NSSI can be conceptualized as a behavioral addiction. The study aimed to examine the prevalence of NSSI with addictive features and the association of this prevalence with demographic and clinical variables using a cross-sectional and case-control design. A total of 548 outpatients (12 to 22years old) meeting the criteria for NSSI disorder of DSM-5 were enrolled and completed clinicalinterviews by 4 psychiatrists. NSSI with addictive features were determined by using a single-factor structure of addictive features items in the Ottawa self-injury inventory (OSI). Current suicidality, psychiatric diagnosis, the OSI, the revised Chinese Internet Addiction Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale were collected. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to explore associations between risk factors and NSSI with addictive features. This study was conducted from April 2021 to May 2022. The mean age of participants was 15.93 (SD = 2.56) years with 418 females (76.3%), and the prevalence of addictive NSSI was 57.5% (n = 315). Subjects with addictive NSSI had a higher lifetime prevalence of nicotine and alcohol use, a higher prevalence of current internet addiction, suicidality, and alexithymia, and were more likely to have physical abuse/neglect, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse than NSSI subjects without addictive features. Among participants with NSSI, the strongest predictors of addictive features of NSSI were female (OR = 2.405, 95% CI 1.512-3.824, p < 0.0001), alcohol use (OR = 2.179, 95% CI 1.378-3.446, p = 0.001), current suicidality (OR = 3.790, 95% CI 2.351-6.109, p < 0.0001), and psysical abuse in childhood (OR = 2.470, 95% CI 1.653-3.690, p < 0.0001). Nearly 3 out of 5 patients (12-22years old) with NSSI met the criteria of NSSI with addictive features in this psychiatric outpatients sample. Our study demonstrated the importance of the necessity to regularly assess suicide risk, and alcohol use, as well as focus more on females and subjects who had physical abuse in childhood to prevent addictive NSSI.

Influence of Locus of Control on Internet Addiction among Kwara State Colleges of Education Students

The study investigated the influence of locus of control on internet addiction among undergraduate students in Kwara State. A descriptive survey design with one research question guided the study. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested in the study. The population comprises all full-time undergraduate students at Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin. The samples consist of 500 full-time undergraduates. The researcher randomly selected 200 males and 300 females undergraduate students. Data were collected using the adopted locus of control scale and internet addiction scale to measure the level of internet addiction among undergraduate students at Kwara State College of Education. The collected data were analyzed using frequency, mean, percentage, standard deviation and t-test. It was revealed that there is a significant difference in the locus of control and internet addiction among Kwara State College of Education students. The result further shows that gender does not affect the internal and external locus of control of the male and female respondents. It was concluded that there is gender influence on the locus of control and internet addiction while there is no gender influence in the way both internal and external locus of control students are addicted to the internet. It was recommended that strategies and activities that would build students’ locus of control and reduce internet addiction be put in place to assist students generally.

Sexual stigmas among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals with problematic internet use and depression.

Sexual stigma causes psychological distress among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. LGB individuals are more likely to exhibit both problematic Internet use (PIU) and significant depression than are heterosexual individuals. Whether the severities of sexual stigma varied among LGB individuals with various statuses of comorbid PIU and depression warrants study. The present study aimed to investigate the differences in the experiences of familial sexual stigma (FSS), internalized sexual stigma (ISS), and sexual orientation microaggressions (SOMs) among LGB individuals with various statuses of comorbid PIU and depression. In total, 1,000 self-identified LGB young adult individuals participated in the study. The level of PIU was assessed using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale, depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, the experience of FSS was assessed using the Homosexuality-Related Stigma Scale, the experience of ISS was assessed using the Measure of Internalized Sexual Stigma for Lesbians and Gay Men, and the experience of sexual orientation microaggression was assessed using the Sexual Orientation Microaggression Inventory. The differences in the levels of FSS, ISS, and SOMs among the four groups [i.e., the groups with both PIU and depression (comorbid group), only depression, only PIU, and neither PIU nor depression (neither group)] were investigated using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results indicated that LGB individuals with comorbid PIU and depression reported higher levels of ISS and SOMs than did those with depression only and PIU only, respectively. Moreover, LGB individuals with PIU or significant depression had higher levels of FSS and SOMs than did those with neither PIU nor depression. The results of this study supported that the experiences of FSS, ISS, and SOMs were significantly associated with various levels of PIU and depression in LGB individuals.

The relationship between internet addiction and peer bullying level of sixth and seventh grade secondary school students.

The research aimed to determine the relationship between internet addiction and peer bullying in sixth and seventh-grade students. The population of the study consisted of students in the sixth and seventh grades of secondary schools in a province in eastern Turkey. The data were collected throughout the 2021-2022 academic year from 1201 sixth and seventh graders who voluntered to participate in the research. The data were collected using the Bullying Scale and the Internet Addiction Scale for Adolescents (IAA). It was determined that gender, grade level, status of having a mobile phone, and age influenced children's participation in peer bullying. Also, variables of gender, grade level, and status of having a mobile phone affected internet addiction levels. Furthermore, when the correlation between the two scales was analyzed, a strong positive correlation was determined. In line with the findings of this study, interventions that may lower levels of bullying include delivering training on bullying and internet addiction to families, encouraging children to participate in activities that would reduce the amount of time they spend on the internet, and investigating the reasons for bullying.

Adult ADHD and internet addiction among undergraduate medical college students

Attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was originally defined in children but is now recognized to persist into adulthood or is independently diagnosed in some adults. It is associated with impairment across multiple domains, including home, college and, work and can lead to excessive internet usage, social withdrawal, substance abuse disorders, fatigue, job loss, mood changes, and distress. To look for adult ADHD and Internet Addiction among undergraduate medical college students. Designed as a cross-sectional study conducted on undergraduate medical college students. This is a cross-sectional study involving 501 undergraduate medical college students between 18-25 years of age. The Adult ADHD Self-report scale (ASRSv1.2) was applied to screen for adult ADHD. Young’s internet addiction scale (IAT) was applied to look for internet addiction. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25. The mean age of the participants was 20.3 years. Most of the participants (54.9%) who screened positive for adult ADHD belonged to the younger age group (20-21 years). Mild internet addiction was seen in 34.5% of the participants, moderate in 6.4%, severe in 0.2 % and 58.9% had no internet addiction. Students who had screened positive for adult ADHD reported more addictive tendencies. Higher levels of ADHD symptoms were associated with increased Internet addiction among undergraduate medical college students. This study shows that adult ADHD can be one of the reasons leading to internet addiction among students. An understanding of the magnitude of the problem is essential for early screening and timely psychiatric intervention for the better functional outcome for the students.

INTERNET ADDICTION AND LEVEL OF ANXIETY AMONG SCHOOL STUDENTS

Internet Addiction is a rising problem among the Indian school students. The purpose of this research was to find out the extent of internet addiction among higher secondary level school students and the anxiety of higher secondary level school students having different levels of internet addiction. The research was conducted on 600 students of CBSE schools in Bhopal. The information was collected by Internet Addiction Scale and General Anxiety Scale. The findings revealed that 10% had normal level of internet addiction, 56% had mild level of internet addiction, 33% had moderate level of internet addiction and just 1% had severe level of internet addiction, the lower the level of internet addiction the lower will be the anxiety of the higher secondary level school students and girls are found to have significantly higher anxiety than boys.

Indicators of the psycho-emotional status of adolescents khakassia with different online behavior

Excessive use of the Internet in adolescents is often accompanied by a violation of their psychoemotional state, often in combination with other comorbid psychosomatic disorders and a high risk of their transformation into chronic types of pathology, which indicates the relevance of this problem. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the features of psycho-emotional characteristics of teenagers in Khakassia with different online behavior. Materials and methods. In the period from April to October 2021, random samples of students from 3 schools in the city of Abakan were examined in the amount of 393 people (46.3% boys and 53.7% girls) aged 12-18 years (average age 14.5±1, 3). The type of online behavior was verified by the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) by the value of the total CIAS score. The level of distress, depression, anxiety and somatization was determined according to the 4DSQ questionnaire, personal and reactive anxiety — according to the questionnaire of Ch.D. Spielberger — Yu.L. Khanin. The indicators were analyzed in 3 groups of adolescents: with adaptive Internet use (AIU), non-adaptive Internet use (NIU) and pathological Internet use (РIU). The data were processed in the program «Statistica 12».Results. According to the study, it was found that AIU is typical for 53.2% of adolescents in Abakan, NIU — for 32.8% and Internet addict (РIU) — for 14.0%. The structure of psycho-emotional status disorders includes the presence of low levels of distress (76.8%), depression (75.8%), anxiety (85.2%) and somatization (81.7%) in the examined adolescents; moderately elevated levels of distress (16.0%), depression (12.5%), anxiety (6.9%) and somatization (16.0%); high levels of distress (7.1%), depression (11.7%), anxiety (7.9%) and somatization (2.3%). Psycho-emotional state disorders of adolescents are associated with the peculiarities of their online behavior. PIU and NIU are associated with a higher incidence of high levels of distress, depression, anxiety and somatization, a higher level of personal and reactive anxiety. Conclusion. Assessing the prospects for using the obtained results, we came to the conclusion that it is expedient to assess the psycho-emotional state and correct its disorders in adolescents with maladaptive network behavior in order to reduce the risk of developing psychosomatic disorders in this group.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACADEMIC RESILIENCE AND INTERNET ADDICTION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF PURULIA DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL: A STUDY

Academic resilience is defined as the capacity to cope with academic problems, such as academic stress, academic failure, and academic boredom. Internet addiction is defined as the compulsive use of the internet that has negative effects that interfere with daily life. The present study aims to explore the relationship between academic resilience and internet addiction of undergraduate students of Purulia district of West Bengal. It is a Descriptive survey type research. Data for the study has been collected randomly from 100 undergraduate students from randomly selected two colleges (J. K. College &amp; Nistarini College) of Purulia district of West Bengal applying Academic Resilience Scale (2016) including 30 items by Cassidy and Internet Addiction Scale (1998) including 20 items by Dr. Kimberly S. Young. The collected data has been analyzed using descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and inferential statistics like ‘t’ test and Mann Whitney U test. The result revealed that academic resilience and internet addiction have no significant relationship. A significant difference has been observed in internet addiction between boys and girls, but no difference has been observed in academic resilience. Locality has no significant impact in both academic resilience and internet addiction. KEYWORDS: academic resilience, internet addiction, undergraduate students, academic failure.

Predictors of Internet Addiction in Middle Adolescence

The research aims to determine how much Internet addiction, an important problem in middle adolescence, is explained by social and emotional loneliness and digital game-playing duration. For this purpose, 283 (108 females+175 males) middle-adolescent individuals participated in the study. “Personal Information Form,” “Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale (SELSA),” and “Internet Addiction Scale (IAS)” were used as data collection tools in the research. The data collected online were coded and transferred to the SPSS program, and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and Regression techniques were used in statistical analysis. In the study, the level of significance was taken as p&lt;.05. According to the results of the analysis, there is a low, significant, and positive correlation between SELSA and IAS and a low, significant, and positive correlation between SELSA and digital game playing duration and a low, significant, and positive correlation was found between IAS and the duration of playing digital games. It was determined that the statistical analysis results did not show a significant difference in the gender variable of the IAS and SELSA scores. As a result of the regression analysis, it was seen that SELSA and digital game-playing duration significantly predicted addiction. SELSA and digital game-playing duration explain 9.6% of the total variance regarding Internet addiction. As a result, it can be said that individuals in middle adolescence experience social and emotional loneliness at a moderate level and are connected to the Internet at a low level.

The Relationship Between Internet Usage Style and Internet Addiction and Food Addiction in Obese Children Compared to Healthy Children.

The frequency of using the internet and social media increases in childhood, which leads to a decrease in physical activity. We aimed to investigate the effects of such technological applications on the internet and food addiction in obese and nonobese children. A total of 180 obese and 180 nonobese children were included in this study. Turkish version of the Parent-Child Internet Addiction Scale and Dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 for Children were applied. The frequency of internet addiction in the sample was 1.7%. The mean internet addiction scores of males were found to be significantly higher than females (34.9 ± 20.6, 26 ± 17.2; P < .001). Children, who used the internet for information and homework had significantly lower internet addiction scores and food addiction scores, respectively (P = .002, P = .009). Watching movies, TV series, or sports events (P < .001, P = .009); following food recipes, campaigns, or advertisements (P = .04, P < .001); and eating snacks in front of the screen (P < .001, P < .001) were found to cause higher internet addiction scores and food addiction scores. It was observed that body mass index showed a positive and significant correlation with internet addiction scores and food addiction scores. Internet addiction and social media applications were found to be significantly related. Considering the relationship between body mass index and addiction, the effect of internet usage style and internet addiction and food addiction on obesity is striking.

ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF CHRONOBIOLOGICAL PERSONALITY TYPE IN THE FORMATION OF INTERNET-ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR IN SCHOOLCHILDREN

The purpose of the study. To evaluate the role of chronobiological personality type in the formation of Internet-addictive behavior in schoolchildren.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study involved 25 students of both sexes of the 6th grade of secondary school No. 84 in Krasnoyarsk. The chronobiological personality type was determined using the Morningness-Evningness Questionnaire. The Chen Internet addiction Scale was used to assess the level of Internet addiction.&#x0D; Results. The most common chronobiological type among students was the daytime chronotype. A pronounced and stable pattern of Internet addictive behavior on the CIAS scale was detected in 8,0% of the surveyed schoolchildren, among whom there were only girls. The frequency of gaming addiction was higher in boys, while the frequency of social media addiction was 3 times higher among girls compared to boys. Internet addiction was observed mainly in adolescents with a daytime chronotype. The frequency of gambling addiction was twice as high among the representatives of the evening chronotype, while dependence on social networks was twice as common among schoolchildren of the daytime chronobiological type.&#x0D; Conclusion. It was found that Internet addiction was observed mainly in students with a daytime chronobiological type.

Facebook addiction and its related factors among medical students; a cross- sectional study in Bangladesh.

There is mounting evidence that Facebook Addiction is associated with poor mental health, physical symptoms, social dysfunction, and despair among the adolescent and youth population. The current study set out to identify the prevalence of Facebook Addiction among Bangladeshi medical students as well as its influencing factors. This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 720 randomly selected medical students from eight public medical colleges from January to June 2022. Data were obtained using a semi- structured, self-reported questionnaire and analyzed using the SPSS v.23 programs. The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale BFAS was used to assess Facebook Addiction, while the Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD-7, Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-9, Perceived Stress Scale PSS10, Chen Internet Addiction Scale CIAS, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index PSQI was used to assess anxiety, depression, perceived stress, internet addiction, and sleep quality. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the influence of several demographic, psychological, and behavioral characteristics on the likelihood of respondents being addicted to Facebook. Facebook Addiction was observed in 29.4% of medical students. According to data, 63.7% of medical students reported mild to severe anxiety, 29.3% moderate to severe depression, and 84.9% moderate to high perceived stress. Lack of personal income [OR with (95% CI), 1.82 (1.13, 2.96)], poor academic performance [2.46 (1.45, 4.15)], moderate anxiety [2.45 (1.22, 4.92)], moderate perceived stress [5.87 (1.92, 17.95)], and moderately severe depression [2.62 (.97, 7.08)] were all found to play a significant role in the development of Facebook Addiction. However, living with parents [OR with (95% CI), .37 (.14, .95)] and positive family relationships [.40 (.18, .87)] reduces the likelihood of becoming addicted to Facebook. An integrated participative Behavioral and psychological intervention should be devised to reduce the risks of Facebook addiction in medical students while also improving their mental health-related quality of life.

Association between digital literacy, internet addiction, and cyberloafing among higher education students: A structural equation modeling

The current study aims to examine the association between digital literacy (DL), Internet addiction (IA) and cyberloafing (CL) levels of higher education students in Turkey. In addition, the study examined the correlation between “daily Internet use,” “initial Internet usage,” and “purpose of Internet use” with the variables of DL, IA, and CL. The study groups consisted of 1220 higher education students including all faculties and all grades of a state university. The “Digital Literacy Scale,” “Internet Addiction Scale,” and “Cyberloafing Scale” were used as data collection instruments. The study’s findings revealed initial Internet usage to be a predictor of DL, IA, and CL. Similarly, participants who spent more than 6 h using the Internet during a day have a higher level of DL, CL, and IA. Results from structural equation modeling reported a positive association between DL and IA, a negative association between DL and CL, and a positive relationship between IA and CL. Moreover, an indirect effect was revealed from DL to CL through IA. The study suggests improving students’ DL skills, as they form the basis of avoiding CL behavior, and using the Internet mostly for educational purposes.

Physical activity reduces internet addiction among "post-00" college students: The mediating role of coping styles.

To explore the role of coping styles (CS) in mediating the relationship between physical activity (PA) and internet addiction (IA), and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of IA among Chinese "post-00" college students. A total of 410 university students from five universities in Anhui Province were surveyed using the Chinese Internet addiction scale, the Coping Styles Scale for Chinese University Students, and the International Physical Activity Scale Short Form. (1) Boys are better than girls in PA. However, there was no significant difference between male and female students on CS and IA. (2) PA was positively correlated with CS (r = 0.278, p < 0.01), PA was negatively correlated with IA (r = -0.236, p < 0.01), CS was negatively correlated with IA (r = -0.560, p < 0.01). (3) PA was negatively predicted IA (B = -0.198, p < 0.01), PA was positively predicted CS (B = 0.986, p < 0.01), CS was negatively predicted IA (B = -0.065, p < 0.01). (4) CS plays a partially mediating role between PA and IA, with a mediating effect proportion of 48.33%. PA can improve IA not only directly for university students, but also indirectly by increasing CS. The intervention for IA of "post-00" college students can start by increasing PA and improving CS.

Internet addiction and psychopathology among adolescents

Internet use has increased rapidly and has become a major part of daily life. However, the advancement of internet technology not only brings benefits, but also negative results. Of these negative aspects, excessive internet use is increasing dramatically. Some Psychologists and educators have indicated the potential negative impact from excessive use and related physical and psychological problems. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand the difference in psychopathology between adolescents with internet addiction and without internet addiction. A between group research design with purposive sampling was opted for the study. The sample consisted of adolescent students aged between 19-21 years pursuing their degree course in Government College. Initially the adolescents were administered internet addiction scale to screen for internet addiction and then two groups were considered i.e. one with internet addiction and the other without internet addiction (average use of internet). Further both the groups were administered Symptom Checklist 90-R a self-report questionnaire that is designed to select the psychological symptom patterns across 9 dimensions. The analysis of data was done by computing t test. The results indicated that the group with internet addiction had significantly high pathology on 6 dimensions of Somatisation, Obsessive-compulsive, Interpersonal sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety and Hostility when compared to the group without internet addiction. The study concludes that internet addiction may lead to many psychopathologies and hence a check on usage time, purpose of surfing internet etc. is needed.

Construction And Standardization Of Internet Addiction Scale

The main aim of this study is to describe the method of construction and standardization of a tool to measure internet addiction. The researchers reviewed as much as research studies on internet addiction and explored the various components of the internet addictions. Based on the review of literature, the first draft of the internet addiction scale was developed by the researchers consisting of 12 items, further it was given to ten experts in the field. Based on their inputs, some of the statements in the scale were revised and two items were discarded. The modified scale was further processed and a pilot study was conducted among 100 participants. After reviewing and analyzing the items, the number of items were the same because all the items in the scale met the requisite criteria of item analysis and item selection. The researchers of the study also established the reliability and validity, statistical norms for internet addiction scale.

Anxiety predicts internet addiction, which predicts depression among male college students: A cross-lagged comparison by sex.

Internet addiction has become an increasingly serious public health issue, putting young people at particular risk of psychological harm. This study aimed to analyze the interactions between college students' depression, anxiety, and Internet addiction and explore how these interactions differ between men and women. A 6-month follow-up study was conducted on 234 college students using the Self-Rating Depression Scale, Self-rating Anxiety Scale, and Revised Chen Internet Addiction Scale. Depression, anxiety, and Internet addiction were positively correlated (p < 0.01). Anxiety can predict Internet addiction and that Internet addiction can predict depression. Moreover, anxiety had a significant predictive effect on Internet addiction among men. Anxiety predicts Internet addiction, and Internet addiction predicts depression among male college students. These findings may better inform future Internet addiction intervention strategies. Particularly, interventions may better address Internet addiction by focusing on the role of anxiety, especially among men.