International Business Activities Research Articles

Visual Network Mapping Supported Biometric Analysis of Studies on Accounting and Auditing Standards

Internationalization of business activities; Standards that play a critical role in the accurate, honest, reliable and comparable presentation and reporting of transactions to information users are of great importance for businesses. Purpose:: This study aims to conduct a visual network mapping supported bibliometric analysis of international studies on accounting and auditing standards. Method: Research on international literature was conducted and Web of Science database was used. As a result of the database search, 5,029 studies were identified. The interrelationships of the data obtained through the "VOSviewer" program were presented by creating visual network maps. Findings: According to the results of the analysis, studies on both accounting standards and auditing standards were conducted within the field of “Economics”. The most cited author on accounting standards was ”Rutherford B.A.”. The most cited authors on auditing standards are “Bagshaw K. and Selwood J.” The majority of the studies on accounting standards are articles. It was determined that the maximum number of studies on accounting standards was carried out in 2020. It was determined that the most studies on auditing standards were carried out in 2014. The concept of “IFRS” has been used as the keyword in the studies on accounting and auditing standards. Originality: This study is of great importance in terms of determining the level at which the standards that businesses need in order to carry out their activities in the international dimension are addressed in the academic environments of the countries.

Public credit institutions, export activities, and global value chain participation: Evidence from China's credit demonstration city construction program

This paper examines how credit information sharing affects firms' export performance and participation in the global value chain (GVC). We exploit a natural experiment in China, where the government launched the Credit Demonstration City Construction (CDCC) program in 2015–2016 to improve credit information sharing and usage based on big data. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the CDCC program improved credit market outcomes and enhanced firms' export activities. Moreover, we show that the CDCC program increased the foreign value added of exporters and facilitated their integration into the GVC. We provide some suggestive evidence for the mechanism that the CDCC program eased firms' financial constraints. Our findings demonstrate the potential benefits of big-data-based policy interventions in improving credit market outcomes and fostering firms' international business activities.

FINANCIAL FLOWS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS (UKRAINE – EU)

The article is devoted to the international trade and economic relations of Ukraine with the countries of the world. Considerable attention is paid to relations between Ukraine and the European Union (EU). Ukraine considers the way to EU membership. Attention is drawn to the European integration progress of our country, which is a natural consequence of Ukraine's independence. The most acceptable ways for regulation of relations in the area of international business activity are considered. The main goal of Ukraine is to create conditions for joining the community of developed European countries by means of large-scale internal transformations. Trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union became an inevitable political reality. European guidelines became a practical reflection of a number of decisions and actions of official bodies of the Ukrainian state and the European Union. The fact that the European choice of Ukraine does not change is explained by the fact that it is a community of European nations. Integration into the European political, financial, economic and humanitarian space is a strategic orientation of the state development and a factor of systemic development. The components of the rapprochement process of Ukraine with the European Union are the deepening of the political dialogue, the strengthening of the European security space and the improvement of the effectiveness of cooperation tools in the priority areas of "integration". In the current foreign and domestic political situation, Ukraine's relations with the European Union are extremely important in this aspect. It is not only about more or less active relations with a more powerful foreign partner, but also about Ukraine's ability to make strategic decisions for the future, which depends on the position and role of the state in the new international order of financial and economic relations.

Structure and principles of international commercial contracts

The presented article describes in detail the main conditions, content, obligations of the seller and the buyer, according to the concluded international commercial contracts. International commercial agreements mediate the international business activities of the parties and differ from similar internal transactions, as well as transactions that, although complicated by a foreign element, are concluded with the participation of the consumer. The first stage refers to the period of the emergence of medieval law as a law merchant, representing a set of international trade customs that regulated the political community of merchants who traveled from port to port and from fair to fair. The second stage was marked by the emergence of national legal systems under the influence of the understanding of law as a national phenomenon and the approval of the idea of national sovereignty. The modern third stage, was marked by a movement from national isolation to universal unification, which allowed, on the basis of multilateral negotiations, to develop and adopt uniform legal norms.

An empirical analysis of dynamic network model of international trade by using enterprise sample simulation and improved ANN algorithm

With the support of enterprise intelligence system, an intelligent modeling method based on synthesizing various data sources and complex metabolic networks is adopted to provide technical support for the practical application of complex large-scale dynamic models. Academic research on international trade networks relies to a large extent on network models based on macro-national data and static analysis of international trade patterns, which are usually based on charts for trade flows and economic globalization. This paper presents an improved neural network algorithm for analyzing the complex dynamic meta-network model of international trade. By using a BP neural network to adjust the weighted values of the best neural network model, the need for continuous adjustment of neural network values is reduced, which may be an effective means to improve the efficiency of intrusion testing applications. The simulation results demonstrate that the model has good explanatory power. The globalization of enterprise markets, as the main driver of international business activities, has a significant impact on the establishment and development of national or regional international trade networks. Therefore, there is a need to study international trade networks using data at the micro level. This paper suggests an interdisciplinary approach to the study of international trade networks and a micro-level study of international trade networks. The model based on complex meta-network dynamic model elements, introduce the dynamic network representation, and use temporary labels to define the network boundary characteristics.

Export Policy Initiatives: Conceptualization of Valid Measurement Scales and Constructs for Empirical Assessment

Firms view export policies as an external change agent that stimulates international business activities. In the past decades, developing countries have witnessed significant changes in their export policies to reduce financial and infrastructural barriers to international trade. India, with an objective to double its market share at the global level by 2020, has initiated a mix of policy measures in its Foreign Trade Policy since 2009. However, to measure the effectiveness of these policy initiatives on export business, no valid measurement scales or constructs have been developed for empirical assessment. Moreover, there is very little agreement in the literature about a conceptual definition of government export assistance as well as its operational definition. Hence, the objective of this study is to identify relevant policy initiatives and develop sub-dimensional constructs with valid measurement scales. This conceptualization is explored empirically with data from 400 exporters. The data identified four sub-dimensional measurement models that can be considered for future operations. The findings also provide useful practical guidelines and recommendations to exporters, policymakers and researchers.

Students’ Perception of English Learning toward Their Current Professions

Abstract
 Globalization era demands employees who have a proficient English skill so that international business activity can run well. University as a place which provides a skillful employee is forced to create a practical English learning. However, it is not an easy task to bridge the demand and reality of teaching and learning in the classroom. Based on pre-observation, it was revealed that some of students were not able to implement the knowledge that they have learnt into their current work. Related to the issue, researchers conducted research to find out students’ perception on what they learn related to English study and how it affects their current job or profession. The participant of this research were the seventh semester students of English Literature of Pamulang University. They were chosen as participants using purposive sampling. This research itself was conducted at English Letters Department of Pamulang University from December 2020 to January 2021. In conducting this research, qualitative research was chosen as research design. There was one type of data collecting techniques which is questionnaire. The data were analyzed simultaneously using Creswell’s (2007) theory called data analysis spiral in order to get a strong and comprehensive conclusion toward the issue.
 Key words: current profession, English learning, students’ perception

Process of the Study on The Influencing Factors of Airlines Stock Market

The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has brought a huge shock to the world stock markets, especially to the airlines in the service industry. It can be seen that the occurrence of public emergencies is an important factor affecting the airline stock market, which will have a significant negative impact in the short term. In addition to that, due to the international business activities of airlines, exchange rates, and international fuel prices will also have a greater impact on the airline stock. Although airlines can reduce the impact of these factors through active control, the depreciation of domestic currency or the rise of international oil prices will still have a negative impact on the airline stock market in the short term.

Compassion in the international business studies – prospects for future research

PurposeThis paper aims to introduce the concept of compassion to the field of international business studies. As international business activities continuously intensify and hence generate a work environment characterized by cultural heterogeneity and pluralism, the notion of compassion in a cross-cultural context can be regarded a key skill for employees in internationally operating firms to enable coping with potential cross-cultural conflicts.Design/methodology/approachIn this narrative-oriented type of review, the authors discuss compassion in a cross-cultural context by drawing on the literature in the management and international business studies. By connecting prior research on compassion with the typical research interests in the IB domain, the authors identify and define potential future research foci for a research agenda centering on the role that cross-cultural compassion plays.FindingsThe authors argue that the conventional approach to learning about other national cultures, their value and norm systems, needs to be complemented by the acquisition of compassion skills. In todays culturally diverse business environment where employees increasingly work in virtual teams, cultural complexity is hardly manageable alone by developing expert knowledge about respective cultural contexts to prevent cross-cultural conflicts.Originality/valueBy drawing on extant research on compassion conducted in neighboring disciplines of the social sciences, the authors conceptualize compassion in the context of international business research. Because compassion in a cross-cultural context is new to international business research, this study suggests directions for future research consisting of four research streams to guide future research on compassion in a cross-cultural context in international business studies.

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and International Negotiations in a Non-Profit Organization, Lima – Peru

The development and application of ICTs are becoming relevant in the human being; its diffusion has been extended in business organizational sectors that seek to increase new alternatives and ideas of high impact in the international business activity. The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between ICT and International Negotiations in a non-profit organization, Lima. For which reason, the study has been conducted with non-experimental quantitative transversal approach, with a descriptive correlational style. The instrument applied was the questionnaire, asked to a finite population of 30 direct collaborators in relation to the variables in a non-profit organization, Lima, Peru. As a result, there is a perfect positive significant relation was obtained with a value of 0.985 and a significance level of 0.000 being less than 0.05. In such a way it is demonstrated that the variables ICT and international negotiations in a non-profit organization – Lima, has a direct relation. Therefore, the better interaction and application of ICT, the greater efficiency in international negotiations. To conclude, ICT is effective in a non-profit organization Lima. It is estimated and recommended that organizations must implement this tool to facilitate decision making. In the same way, it can generate greater results in terms of efficiency, dynamics, and effectiveness on international negotiations.

Research on Cross-Cultural Management in International Business Activities

The promotion of cross-cultural management work can provide strong support for the high-level promotion of international business activities of enterprises. The article first summarizes the main roles and impacts of cross-cultural management in international business activities of enterprises, believing that cross-cultural management plays a role in the cultural differences between East and West in terms of personal relationships, cooperative norms, time awareness, and cultural conflicts, propose cross-cultural management strategies in international business activities of enterprises, by strengthening cultural construction, optimizing negotiation methods, adjusting strategic decisions, and adjusting market choices, to ensure the high-level operation of cross-cultural management related work.

The State Regulation as a Factor of the Organizational-Economic Mechanism of Management of the Foreign Economic Activity of Enterprise

It is defined that ensuring the sustainable functioning of the organizational-economic mechanism for managing the foreign economic activity (FEA) of an enterprise involves taking into account and evaluating all its structural elements. It is argued that the activation of foreign economic activity of domestic enterprises is impossible without the active participation of the State in creating an effective mechanism for stimulating and regulating foreign economic activity. The main purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of functioning of the State regulation as a factor of the organizational-economic mechanism for managing foreign economic activity of enterprise. The major trends and features of regulation of FEA under martial law are analyzed. The application of the hybrid model of separation of the economy and a number of important regulatory innovations introduced by the Government of Ukraine for the period of martial law are characterized. The study proves that further improvement of the instruments of the State regulation of foreign economic activity remains relevant today in order to reproduce the country’s export potential and increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian goods in world markets. The study analyzes the dynamics of export-import activity indicators for 2021-2022 in Ukraine. It is proved that the resumption of international business activity is possible due to the State regulation of FEA. It is determined that the State regulation of foreign economic activity of an enterprise should consist in creating conditions and promoting the development of its relations with foreign partners. It is determined that the enterprise should take into account the internal factors of influence on the efficiency of economic activity, and the task of the State as an external factor is to provide a perfect legislative framework.

Управлінські рішення в умовах невизначеності міжнародного бізнес-середовища

The article is aimed at developing a methodical approach to assessing the favorability of the business environment in the process of making managerial decisions under conditions of uncertainty. The necessity of making sound managerial decisions when an enterprise carries out international activities is proved. It is noted that from the point of view of studying the conditions of international business activity, the concept of uncertainty characterizes a situation in which there is no reliable information about the possible state and trends in the factors of the business environment of the host country. A thorough analysis of the current state and trends in the transformation of business environment factors in foreign markets contributes to minimizing uncertainty. It is underlined that the use of such common global analytical systems for rating economic processes as the Global Competitiveness Index, the Ease of Doing Business Index and the Index of Countries’ Involvement in International Trade to assess the business environment is currently impossible. The author proposes to use the KOF Globalization Index, the Index of Economic Freedom, the Global Innovation Index, and the Human Development Index, which are the result of global studies of the business environment of countries. The general characteristics of each of the indices are provided, development trends are determined, the five leading countries and Ukraine’s positions are presented according to the results of the published ratings for 2022–2023. To assess the country’s favorability in carrying out international activities in terms of uncertainty and instability of its business environment, an approach to calculating the aggregated indicator based on indicators of the KOF Globalisation Index, the Index of Economic Freedom, the Global Innovation Index, the Human Development Index, combined by the PEST analysis methodology, has been developed. The use of the proposed methodological approach will help to increase the thoroughness of managerial decision-making in the implementation of international activities by the enterprise.

Factors affecting Vietnam's handicrafts export

With the rapid development of international business activities and internationalization, export plays an important role in the existence and growth of businesses. Handicrafts, despite not being an essential product, have always been rated as a potential product for sustainable development and export. In Vietnam, a country with a lot of long-existing traditional handicraft villages, the export of handicrafts has always been considered as an advantageous activity that largely contributes to the economy as well as the society. According to statistics from the Vietnam Handicraft Exporter Association, every 1 million USD worth of handicraft export creates profit 5 to 10 times higher than that of the exploitation industry; as well as provides work for three to five thousand employees. Despite this fact, in the last few years the handicraft export in Vietnam has been modest and not fulfilled fully to its potential. In comparison with other export products, the export turnover of handicrafts still accounts for a low proportion. Recognizing this issue, the present study developed a model to analyze the effects of some certain factors to the handicraft export activity in Vietnam. The results of this paper will contribute to current literature as well as propose some solutions to promote the handicraft export in Vietnam.

Spatial and temporal distances in a virtual global world: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic

The experience of COVID-19 prompted us to rethink the imperatives of distance for the organization of value-creating activities globally. We advance a conceptualization of distance as representing separation in both space and time and posit that these distance dimensions represent different kinds of separation and require varied theoretical attention. We delineate the intrinsic qualities of spatial and temporal distances and theorize the impact of this extended conceptualization of distance on major tenets of international business theory and their predictions regarding the patterns of international business activity. We illustrate the ways by which varying configurations of spatial and temporal distances serve different value-creating activities and draw their implications for countries’ global integration. We advance a call for more attention to time and temporal distance and their impact on the ways firms organize their value-creating activities in an increasingly virtual world.

Implikasi Other Comprehensive Income IFRS pada Perpajakan Indonesia

In Indonesia, the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (PSAK) 1 does have guidelines about other comprehensive income (OCI). Tax issues usually arise when an entity seeks to reconcile any type of OCI with the definition of income under Income Tax Law Article 4 paragraph (1). This research aims to analyze the implication of OCI on the income tax environment in Indonesia. This study use a qualitative methodology with the data mainly acquired from literature and in-depth interviews. To guarantee that the principle of ability to pay is upheld, each components of OCI demand separate treatments. According to the findings, Indonesian income tax regulations on OCI components could be based on realization, mark-to-market, or a hybrid of these approaches. Gains and losses from financial statement translation of international business activity might be taxed through realization taxation. Hybrid taxation better serve the unrealized gains and losses of fixed assets and intangible asset changes in revaluation surplus. It is preferable to use the mark-to-market approach if the tax authorities has given its consent for the revaluation to be carried out. Realization taxation should be imposed on the remaining components as well. Some policy recommendations, as a result of our findings, for the development of future tax policies are highly encouraged.

A new shape of the supply chain during the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic has created a new normal for international business (IB) activities, leaving them pondering their next steps. The decreasing effectiveness of current vaccines to protect individuals against new variants have created uncertainty on how to respond to the new waves of the COVID-19 infection. This study aims to empirically assesses how IBs perceive the unfolding challenges in the supply chain due to the pandemic and the solutions.Design/methodology/approachThe survey data is obtained from 166 logistics professionals in Hong Kong and India.FindingsThe results reveal that returns on investment, logistics, delays and imports are the most affected areas. The most often recommended solutions for supply chain management (SCM) include using local manufacturing capabilities, analytics and automation, offering better customer service, providing more effective transportation means, ensuring diligence around optimization and focusing on sustainability.Originality/valueThe findings of this study help to improve supply chain operations. This study also provides recommendations for changes to SCM in response to the new normal.

A GLOBAL RESEARCH TREND ON FRANCHISEE IN FRANCHISING LITERATURE REVIEW: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Franchising has become a worldwide international business activity. Companies have moved from conventional business models to multinational ones since the beginning of the twenty-first century to leverage their profitable performance and improve their competitive edge. Franchising is the best method for businesses to broaden into new areas. Franchisees play an important role in supporting franchise companies in expanding into new markets by providing valuable resources. This paper aims to provide an overview of academic research on franchisees in the franchise literature. An extensive bibliometric analysis, including bibliometric performance analysis and a graphic mapping of the references in this area, was carried out to achieve this. This research investigates journals, documents, authors, organizations/ institutions, and countries. The study employs various bibliometric metrics, such as the number of publications and citations to conduct the franchisee research. In addition, the VOS viewer is used to map the bibliographic content graphically. The graphical analysis uses co-citation, bibliographic coupling, and keyword co-occurrence. The findings of both studies are consistent, indicating that the United States is the most influential country in franchisee research, as it is home to the most influential authors and institutions in the field. Furthermore, the field's global growth has been observed and is expected to continue. Our study is insightful and complimentary since it covers most of the important aspects of franchisee research.

Institutions and competition: does internationalisation provide advantages for the family firms in a transition economy?

PurposeKosovo has experienced a radical shift from a centrally planned economy to a market economy and built institutions from scratch. During the institutional building process, due to inconsistencies in institutional reforms, firms faced several challenges in competing in the domestic market and engaging in exporting activities. The purpose of the study is threefold. First, to examine how institutional settings influence family firms’ success; second, how and which types of strategic behaviours family firms pursue in response to institutional deficiencies and third, whether and how internationalisation helps the firms overcome the difficulties resulting from deficiencies of the institutions.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs a qualitative document analysis technique using secondary and primary data to examine the impact of institutional settings on firm internationalisation and related firm reactions.FindingsFindings suggest that fiscal policy, weak protection of property rights and contractual enforcement negatively influenced family firms because of unfair competition, unpredictable business environment and additional costs due to deficient institutions. The authors found that internationalisation provided benefits for the firms in handling the problems posed by the institutions. The firms focused on three main strategies to respond to weak institutions: improving product quality, diversifying and differentiating products and setting competitive prices.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature and explains how and which economic institutions influence firm internationalisation and how engagement in international business activities provides an advantage in responding to deficient institutions in the home country.

Environmental Regulation and MNE’s Resource Commitment: Considering Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented exogenous shock in the global economy and has caused noticeable disruptions to international business activities. In this study, we attempt to investigate how COVID-19 influences multinational enterprises' (MNE) strategic decisions in global markets. More specifically, we examine how MNE’s resource commitment is linked to a target market’s environmental regulation. We find that MNEs commit more resources in host countries with more stringent environmental regulations. This paper’s findings also reveal that MNE’s environmental capability and multiple dimensions of institutional distance, including environmental regulation distance and cultural distance, positively moderate the relationship between MNE’s resource commitment and the degree of environmental regulation in foreign markets. Finally, we underscore a significant impact of COVID-19 on MNE’s responses to cross-border activities. An analysis of 3,679 by 1,135 MNEs from 30 countries offers support for the hypotheses.