Internationalization Process Research Articles

UN Assistance to African countries in building climate-resilient agriculture

Relevance. Africa is the mirror and quintessence of modern international processes. The continent faces a gigantic number of challenges, some of an existential nature. But at the same time, there is an active search for ways to solve them.The purpose is to consider the experience of forming climate-resilient agriculture on the example of individual African countries and the role of the UN in this process.Objectives: to characterize the conditions and reasons for the formation of climate-resilient agriculture in the African region; assess the policies of the governments of Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Rwanda on the development of climate-resilient agriculture.Methodology. The comparative research method was used in the study of agricultural development programs in African countries. Chronological and historical methods of studying legal documents, programs of the United Nations, FAO, NEPAD, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Rwanda aimed at the formation of climate-resilient agriculture. A statistical research method for operating with data from the statistical databases of Globaleconomy and the World Health Organization.Results. The introduction of new technologies in agriculture is a condition for saving the environment, which is under pressure from two sides: global climate change and unprecedented growth in the population and its needs. One of the most important areas is to increase the productivity of agriculture, the solution of this urgent task will depend on the introduction of new technologies: seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, plant protection, etc.Conclusions. The introduction of programs and technologies for the formation of climate-resilient agriculture in African countries requires significant funding and institutional and legal preparation.

Whose war is it anyway? Proportionate reparations in wars of aggression

Abstract This article proposes a hybrid legal framework combining jus ad bellum and jus in bello to govern the attribution of State responsibility for reparations at the end of a war of aggression. To this end, the article considers former international mass claims processes and proposes a complementary approach that, on the one hand, acknowledges the role of the aggressor State in waging the war, and on the other, takes a cautionary approach to prevent a disproportionate burden of compensation being imposed on the aggressor State as a form of collective punishment. The consequences of respective violations of the prohibition of the use of force and the law of war are blurred in a war of aggression, resulting in complexities around liability for aggressor States. In response, this article concludes with a nuanced proposal to calculate compensation based on (1) the aggressor party's capacity to comply with jus in bello; (2) the extent of damage caused by the war of aggression, factoring in jus ad bellum considerations if a party is found to be intentionally maximizing destruction; and (3) the incorporation of tort law principles for equitable attribution of responsibility.

The influence of institutional void and socio-cultural factors on the internationalization of emerging multinationals

The process of firm internationalization involves critical decisions regarding location, entry mode, investment levels, and the management of foreign operations. This paper examines the effects of institutional voids and socio-cultural factors on the internationalization of Emerging Multinationals (EMNCs) from the BRICS and MENA regions. We draw on institutional and internationalization theories to explain how socio-cultural factors influence the internationalization of EMNCs. Using the two-step system GMM over a ten-year period (2012–2021), we find that institutional voids, religious diversity, power distance, and a firm’s ESG practices at home positively impact internationalization. These findings contribute to the literature by quantifying key variables related to internationalization, cultural diversity, institutional voids, power distance, and ESG engagement.

Crimp Height influence over Resistivity in Wiring Crimping Process

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to present the influence between the crimp height and the resistivity for a crimp joint between a copper contact and a wire copper stranded cable using statistical relevant analysis. The experiment followed the analysis of 45 crimped assemblies grouped in 3 main categories to simulate a potential validation procedure according to the international validation process requirements from: DIN (“Deutsches Institut fu r Normung”) with the corresponding Romanian standard SR EN 60352-2:2006 and SAE/USCAR-21 REVISION 3. The baseline used was the behaviour of the resistivity versus the pre-set crimp height of the crimped joints before and after thermal shock test to enable us to conclude if we have a significant relation between the crimp height of the assembly joint and the resistivity.

Topical issues of the development of integration in EU

The article examines the current trends in the development of international integration processes. The key point in the development of the global economy is the growth of interdependence and the intensification of fierce competition among participants in the global economic system. The last decades of the existence of the European Union, which have passed since its last large-scale expansion, allow us to conclude that since 2004 the era of rapid development and unprecedented successes of European integration has ended, and a new era of its development has begun. Therefore, it seems appropriate to study the processes of market transformation, integration priorities and the results of integration adaptation of the economies of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, for which aspirations and hopes for entering the mainstream of modern civilization are associated with the European Union. The purpose of the study is to study the issues of European integration, taking into account an analytical assessment of the economic transformations taking place in the EU countries during the pandemic period. In this regard, the authors of the article explore the economic development of Poland, which is the sixth largest in the European Union. Keywords: integration, integration process, Eurasian Union, economy, export, import.

Legal analysis of the risks in art exhibition contracts from the perspective of international law

International art exhibitions can lead to disputes between multiple parties due to their transnational and complex nature, unlike domestic art exhibitions. The “Kiefer” Chinese painting exhibition triggered a series of controversies that should not be overlooked. Professionals in the art industry should reflect on these controversies to gain insights and promote the development of the field. This article focuses on the “Kiefer” incident to discuss the major risk points in the international art exhibition process. The article is divided into three parts. The first part concerns the selection and application of the law, where parties must carefully consider which laws and international rules to apply. The second part addresses the nature of the contract and liability, examining how the applicable law affects the legal nature of the contract and the obligations of the parties involved. The third part deals with unauthorized disposition and judicial seizure, focusing on issues of good faith acquisition when a party receiving artwork illegally disposes of it without the owner’s permission, as well as the problem of judicial seizure and immunity from judicial seizure of artworks (including cultural relics) involved in litigation.

La internacionalización a contrapelo: una etnografía y dos estudiantes vargastorrinos en Jaén, España

This work narrates a somewhat peculiar encounter between two students from the Technical University "Luis Vargas Torres" of Esmeraldas (UTLVTE) who wish to share their experience of internationalization, being the result of an agreement between the UTLVTE and the University of Jaén (UJA), managed by the International Research Group ALMARGEN, to which both universities belong. This alliance has made it possible to present two research proposals: i) "When the scissors do not mark the margins: Greñas, University and Dissident Realities". ii) "Artivism: What is it?: Freedom, Feeling-thinking, and Political Position with a soundtrack of counter-power". Through an ethnographic analysis, a journey has been made through the stages of this internationalization process from its beginnings with the elaboration of the proposals, as well as their development and the results obtained from them during and after their execution. Likewise, the feelings, approaches and expectations of the Vargastorrino students are shared.

Exploratory research on the internationalization speed of small and medium-sized enterprises

ABSTRACT The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs) and their impact on the post–World War II economy has led to studies on the internationalization of companies, including MNCs. Traditional theories, such as internalization theory and the stage model, have explained internationalization processes. However, some companies, known as “born globals,” adopt a leapfrog strategy, rapidly entering international markets. This study, focusing on Thai MNCs, examines how these companies, despite limited resources, achieve growth through effective timing, pace, and the process of internationalization. Findings suggest that strategic partnerships significantly accelerate the timing and pace of internationalization. Considering internationalization, company managers should join formal networks to learn about the international market and export operations to find strategic partners. In promoting networking, the government should try to incorporate companies and organizations that can serve as strategic partners. The government should also provide small and medium-sized enterprises with information from this perspective and foster international entrepreneurial orientation.

Ireland’s Approach to Universal Design in Tertiary Education is Maturing: An Introduction to this Special Issue

There has been a marked change in the demographics of students and learners engaging with further education and training (FET) and higher education (HE) in Ireland in the last ten years. The twin processes of internationalisation and a greater collective awareness regarding human rights and inclusivity has led to a multi-cultural, diverse student body and a need to reassess practices in the teaching and learning space in Irish tertiary education accordingly.

Dilemmas of Proximity: Motives Influencing Portuguese Firms’ Internationalization to Morocco

This study aims to identify Portuguese firms’ motives for internationalizing to Morocco. To achieve this objective, we used a mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative) approach, obtaining data from a questionnaire survey and interviewees from Portuguese enterprises involved in this internationalization process. From exploratory factor analysis (EFA), firms’ reasons for entering the Moroccan market were categorized into five dimensions: (a) Price and Business Infrastructure, (b) Regional Hub and Business Environment, (c) Financial Incentives and Raw Material, (d) Skilled Labour Force and (e) Weak Competition and International Business Partners. The study shows that the factors/dimensions identified are associated both with firms’ resources and capacities and with the characteristics that sometimes define the entrepreneur–manager’s perceptions. In addition, our study provides inside knowledge of this topic through small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) managers’ views on key aspects of their presence in Morocco, which leads to a more robust portrayal of this type of process.

The effect of standardized advertising, managerial ties and born global orientation on export performance

PurposeGiven the contradictory findings of standardization/adaptation of marketing strategy in explaining export performance in the extant research, this study aims to examine the contingent effects of managerial ties and born global orientation in the standardized advertising-export performance conceptualization.Design/methodology/approachThe study used two-respondent method in the survey research by a sample of 155 exporting firms operating in the industrial marketing based in Australia and New Zealand and applied hierarchical regression analysis to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe findings demonstrate that standardized advertising has a significant effect on export performance and this relationship is positively moderated by business ties. Such effect is particularly enhanced for born global firms (than nonborn global firms). However, political ties negatively influence the impact of standardized advertising on performance and such effect is stronger for born global firms.Research limitations/implicationsA broader perspective of contingent variables should be included to examine the underlying relationship between standardized advertising and export performance in capturing the dynamism in international marketing contexts, such as institutional frameworks or sociocultural environments in host countries.Practical implicationsStandardized advertising is critical for born global firms’ export performance as it can increase efficiency and speed up internationalization processes. Such positive impact of standardized advertising on export performance is further enhanced if born global firms allocate resources to develop strong business ties with host country partners instead of building political ties with host country governments, because smooth business networking can facilitate standardized advertising on industrial marketing, yet justifiable political relations require intricate negotiations that often prolong internationalization progress.Originality/valueThis study incorporates managerial ties and born global orientation as contingent factors in fixing the theoretic interlock between standardization advertising strategy and export firm performance.

Development of Internationalization Process Model of Thai Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Emerging Markets: A Study of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS)

According to modern organizational theory, the growth of companies in developing nations is due to the coming together of public and private sector interorganizational networks and globalization. Within an open system and a very dynamic environment, a corporation cannot work autonomously. Here are the objectives of the study: The goals of this research are threefold: first, to learn how Thai SMEs expanded into BRICS countries; second, to find out what kinds of inter-organizational networks Thai SMEs relied on when going global; and third, to give some advice to Thai SMEs that want to expand internationally in BRICS and to the Thai government on how to set up management networks that help with investment and internationalization. Documentary analysis of the database from the office of small and medium enterprise promotion and in-depth interviews were among the qualitative approaches employed in this study. This study examined 76 individuals from Thailand who were considered significant informants due to their extensive understanding of developing markets, namely those in the BRICS countries. A total of 63 executives responsible for overseeing their businesses' activities in the BRICS nations, together with 10 operational officers and 3 government officials, were chosen as key informants. In order to get trustworthy information for this study, the researcher used the triangulation method. Executives and government officials with operational responsibilities inside government agencies were interviewed in-depth, and their data was cross-referenced with that from pertinent papers. Thai SMEs were affected by the BRICS countries' political, legal, and socio-cultural frameworks, according to the study. Companies in the BRICS countries went global for three main reasons: to tap into untapped markets, to boost operational efficiency, and to secure access to critical resources. For Thai SMEs looking to grow their business in BRICS nations, the following factors were crucial to their success: 1) The network between different organizations; 2) the capacity to adjust to political and legal changes in BRICS countries; 3) non-formal ties; 4) the capability of local employees; 5) the appropriateness of the entrance method approach; and 6) knowledge gained from past mistakes.

Parental Stress Associated with International Migration Processes: A Systematic Review

The aim of this systematic review was to analyze scientific articles about the Parental Stress (PS) construct associated with people in international migration processes. Searches were carried out in seven databases: Scopus, Web of Science, PsycInfo, VHL Portal, MEDLINE/CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, considering publications between 2012-2021. Initially, 2193 documents were found and after the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 articles were analyzed according their theoretical-methodological aspects and main Parental Stress results. The critical appraisal of the studies indicates high methodological quality of the articles, since most of them (n = 12) got from 10 to 12 points in the 12 scale-score evaluation criteria. There was a predominance of articles that investigated the relationship between PS and social support, acculturative guidelines, parent-child relationship, mental health of caregivers, and interventions to reduce PS in caregivers. We discuss the dimensions of social support as protective factors for families who are in international migration process. The evidences suggest that government policies and interventions are necessary to mitigate psychosocial impacts on these populations.

Currency Internationalization, payment infrastructures and central banks: An institutional analysis of renminbi internationalization

This study explores the role of central banks in designing cross-border payment infrastructure as part of a broader agenda of currency internationalization, focusing on the Chinese experience from 2008 to 2023. Based on primary data- including descriptive statistics and interviews with senior officials from the People's Bank of China and staff from Chinese commercial banks – and triangulating information from secondary literature and official documents, the article traces the evolution of the renminbi's cross-border payment network comparing these developments with the early internationalization stages of the U.S. dollar. China's strategy is characterized as 'imitate and innovate,' where the renminbi's payment network development mirrors, to some extent, the institutional frameworks underpinning the dollar's global use. However, it also exhibits notable differences in public sector involvement and pace of development. This comparison indicates that, for late- industrializers, central bank plays a more pronounced role in jumpstarting a currency internationalization process. Moreover, this article also contributes to the international currency literature by demonstrating how payment infrastructures can aid in enhancing a country's external resilience through currency internationalization, without necessitating the complete liberalization of the capital account.

Mirror Class as a Teaching-Learning Strategy to Enhance the Internationalization Process between Universities of Ecuador and Bolivia

Introduction: The Mirror Class as an innovative strategy, mediated by communication technologies that reduces costs and that allows exchange between teachers and students from different countries just a click away, is considered a strength to enhance the Internationalization Process in Education Superior.Objective: to document the process to carry out a mirror Pharmacology class between the Domingo Savio Universities of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia and San Gregorio de Portoviejo in Ecuador and evaluate the teacher-student perception of this methodology.Methods: The research is exploratory and descriptive with a non-experimental design and a qualitative approach. Theoretical methods (analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction) and empirical methods were used with the application of a questionnaire and the action research method)Results: the acceptance of the students to the Mirror Class is evident, both in the answers to open and closed questions asked.Conclusion: The experience of the Mirror Class between the USGP universities of Ecuador and the UPDS of Bolivia highlights the importance of meticulous prior planning as a fundamental pillar for its success.

Cross-Cultural Communication: A Study of Chinese International Students' Interactions with Malaysian Lecturers

An increasing number of Chinese international students are choosing Malaysia as their destination for higher education. Their unique communication habits and educational approaches significantly impact their interactions with lecturers and their self-management of studies. By analyzing these communication patterns through case studies, this research provides a partial perspective on the internationalization process of Malaysian higher education. However, it delves deeply into the life of eight Chinese international students, with a particular focus on their communication methods and relationships with Malaysian lecturers. This paper aims to enhance our understanding of how communication practices between students and teachers in Malaysia and other international universities worldwide affect the learning experiences of Chinese international students.

Drawback And Its Contributions To Exports: Analysis Of The Special Regime In Brazilian Companies In The Piracicaba/Sp Region

Background: The drawback is a special customs regime designed to allow companies to exempt or defer taxes and fees on imported raw materials, inputs, packaging materials, and intermediate products that are used in the production of goods intended for export. This mechanism helps lower the cost of finished products, thereby enhancing their competitiveness in the global market. As an export incentive, the drawback plays a significant role in alleviating the tax burden on manufacturers. This study sought to explore the concept of drawback, its different modalities, and the key benefits it offers. Materials and Methods: The research methodology included a literature review and a case study involving two companies located in the Piracicaba/SP region that utilize this customs regime. Data was gathered through a questionnaire with open-ended questions directed at the Foreign Trade managers of these companies. Results: The findings reveal that the companies studied leverage the drawback regime to significantly reduce the prices of their export products, taking advantage of the tax benefits to lower costs and enhance product competitiveness Conclusion: Both theory and practice show that this special customs regime serves as a stimulus to imports and exports, thus enabling the growth of companies in the international market. It can be said that it is an important mechanism for promoting the internationalization process of companies.

The Past and Future of the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project

AbstractClimate change is increasingly affecting the world's ocean ecosystems, necessitating urgent guidance on adaptation strategies to limit or prevent catastrophic impacts. The Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project (FishMIP) is a network and framework that provides standardised ensemble projections of the impacts of climate change and fisheries on ocean life and the benefits that it provides to people. Since its official launch in 2013 as a small, self‐organized project within the larger Inter‐Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project, the FishMIP community has grown substantially and contributed to key international policy processes, such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report, and the Intergovernmental Science‐Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Global Biodiversity Assessment. While not without challenges, particularly around comparing heterogeneous ecosystem models, integrating fisheries scenarios, and standardising regional‐scale ecosystem models, FishMIP outputs are now being used across a variety of applications (e.g., climate change targets, fisheries management, marine conservation, Sustainable Development Goals). Over the next decade, FishMIP will focus on improving ecosystem model ensembles to provide more robust and policy‐relevant projections for different regions of the world under multiple climate and societal change scenarios, and continue to be open to a broad spectrum of marine ecosystem models and modelers. FishMIP also intends to enhance leadership diversity and capacity‐building to improve representation of early‐ and mid‐career researchers from under‐represented countries and ocean regions. As we look ahead, FishMIP aims to continue enhancing our understanding of how marine life and its contributions to people may change over the coming century at both global and regional scales.

Study on the Impact of RMB Exchange Rate Fluctuations on the Process of RMB Internationalization

Study on the Impact of RMB Exchange Rate Fluctuations on the Process of RMB Internationalization

Advances on the Global Human Settlement Layer by joint assessment of Earth Observation and population survey data

ABSTRACT The Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) project fosters an enhanced, public understanding of the human presence on Earth. A decade after its inception in the Digital Earth 2020 vision, GHSL is an established project of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre and an integral part of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service. The 2023 GHSL edition, a result of rigorous research on Earth Observation data and population censuses, contributes significantly to understanding worldwide human settlements. It introduces new elements like 10-m-resolution, sub-pixel estimation of built-up surfaces, global building height and volume estimates, and a classification of residential and non-residential areas, improving population density grids. This paper evaluates the key components of the GHSL, including the Symbolic Machine Learning approach, using novel reference data. These data enable a comparative assessment of GHSL model predictions on the evolution of built-up surface, building heights, and resident population. Empirical evidence suggests that GHSL estimates are the most accurate in the public domain today, e.g. achieving an IoU of 0.98 for the water class, 0.92 for the built-up class, and 0.8 for the non-residential class at 10 m resolution. At 100 m resolution, we find that the MAE of built-up surface estimates corresponds to 6% of the grid cell area, the MAE for the building height estimates is 2.27 m, and we find a total allocation accuracy of 83% for resident population. This paper consolidates the theoretical foundation of the GHSL and highlights its innovative features for transparent Artificial Intelligence, facilitating international decision-making processes.