International Union For Conservation Research Articles

Nature-based Solution for Local Watershed and Coastal Flood Mitigation in Indonesia

This study evaluates the effectiveness of program implementation that combines Integrated Community-based Risk Reduction (ICBRR) with Nature-based Solution (NbS) in Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara and Tanggamus, Regency of Lampung Province. The method used is qualitative measurement using indicators of NbS achievement by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), the International Union for Conservation and Nature (IUCN), and the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). Data were collected from quarterly evaluation reports by program implementers: the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) and American Red Cross (Amcross) and interviews with program implementers. The results showed that the broad concept of NbS is difficult to apply and measure in short-duration programs because it takes a longer time to see significant and balanced changes in each variable, especially in the variables of net gain biodiversity, livelihood improvement, and regional policy integration. However, the program that has been implemented has been able to initiate an implementation framework that is easily understood at the local level and brings NbS to the context of community needs and capabilities.

Enhancing the role of International NGOs in promoting the implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation policies: insights from an International Union for Conservation and Foundation of Netherlands Volunteers led project in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Enhancing the role of International NGOs in promoting the implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation policies: insights from an International Union for Conservation and Foundation of Netherlands Volunteers led project in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Landings of IUCN Red Listed finfishes at Chetlat Island of Lakshadweep, southeastern Arabian Sea

The Lakshadweep Islands are well-known for their abundant fishery resources. Present study primarily focused on the systematic representation of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red Listed marine finfish landings of Chetlat Island of Lakshadweep archipelago (India). Monthly collections were carried out from September 2019 to February 2020 from the study area. A list of finfishes along with their scientific name, common name, family, and present conservation status was prepared. As per the IUCN Red List, out of 41 fish species identified, one species is ‘Endangered’ (EN), two species are ‘Near Threatened’ (NT), four species are ‘Vulnerable’ (VU), one species ‘Data Deficient’ (DD), 29 species ‘Least Concern’ (LC), and four species are ‘Not Evaluated’ (NE) categories. Information on the conservation status of fishes plays a significant role in fisheries science since it forms the basis for managing marine fishery resources.

Release Our River, Let the Salmon Swim: Skokomish Efforts to Restore Their River

The Skokomish Indian people have successfully argued for the restoration of the North Fork of the Skokomish River on the Olympic Peninsula, USA. These people have adapted to and culturally incorporated this river since time immemorial, which is for well over 14,000 years. The tribe argued in a U.S. Federal court helped by three cultural anthropologists, for the release of river water from the two Cushman dams managed by Tacoma Water and Power (TWP). The tribe insisted that the cultural landscape produced by the traditional flow of the river still exist despite damage from the dams. They argued that returning river water could restore the salmon natural habitat and the people could have access to their spiritual locations. In 2009 a settlement between TWP and the Skokomish Indian Nation resulted in a 2010 amendment to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission licensing agreement for the dams. This resulted in reassertion of tribal sovereignty, including restoration of channel maintaining flows and salmon populations. The case contributes to the discussion of the Protected Landscape Approach, Category V of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, World Commission on Protected Areas.

Species Distribution Modelling of Two Sympatric Hornbills: The Great Hornbill and Rufous-Necked Hornbill in Bhutan

The great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nepalensis) are listed as vulnerable under the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of threatened species due to the rapid decline of their population in the world. This research focuses on analyzing the habitat suitability of these two important bird species across Bhutan. A total of 51 presence locations were recorded from the field survey. The models were simulated using three topographic variables and 19 bioclimatic variables. The MaxEnt modelling technique was used for delineating the distribution potential habitat suitability map. The habitat suitability analysis for great hornbill and rufous-necked hornbill shows that 2% and 3% of Bhutan’s total geographical area were highly suitable, respectively. The approach of this study will be beneficial in identifying suitable areas and aid decision-makers in management and conservation of these vulnerable bird species.

Mitochondrial COI Haplotype Diversity of Rhynchobatus australiae Collected from Ketapang Fish Port, Bangka Belitung Islands

Rhynchobatus australiae is a member of the Rhinidae family and can be found in the Indo Pacific. This species is categorized as Critically Endangered according to The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List and listed as Appendix II Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), due to population declines. Sustainable fisheries management is urgently needed. Information related to genetic diversity is one of the most important aspects of information for appropriate sustainable fisheries management. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the genetic diversity of Rhynchobatus australiae collected from Ketapang Fish Port Bangka Belitung Islands. Total 21 samples were collected at Ketapang Fish Port. DNA extraction was carried out using the 10% chelex method and amplification was done through PCR method on the mitochondrial DNA using Fish BCL and Fish BCH primer. Sequences in size of 653 base pairs were successfully obtained from all fish samples showing the existence of 2 clades from the construction of the phylogeny tree with close genetic distance. Results showed high haplotype diversity (Hd: 0.733 ± 0.082) and low nucleotide diversity (π: 0.00176± 0.00036) with 6 polymorphic sites (S) from 7 unique haplotypes (h). This research provides basic information of genetic diversity of Rhynchobatus australiae collected from Ketapang Fish Port and complements other information to better understand the status of the threatened Rhynchobatus australiae population.

A note on the biology, host plants and distriutional record of Goa’s state butterfly- Idea malabarica

The Malabar tree nymph butterfly, Idea malabarica (Moore, 1877) (Nymphalidae: Lepidoptera) was declared as state butterfly of Goa at the fifth Goa bird festival – December 2021 by Government of Goa. This butterfly is familiar for its captivating black and white wing pattern and unique gliding flight hence it is also known “Paperkite”. Idea malabarica is endemic to the moist evergreen forests of Western Ghats and is categorized as “near threatened” species by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It undergoes complete metamorphosis with six week of life period. Five instar larval phase feeds mainly on Aganosma cymosa, a species of Apocynaceae family. Losses of habitat and climate change are the major concerns to be dealt for the conservation of butterflies, which are indicators of healthy ecosystem and healthy environment.

Will Brazilian City Dwellers Actively Engage in Urban Conservation? A Case Study with the Charismatic Neotropical Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna)

The Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna) is a charismatic and easily recognized species. While they are classified as being of “least concern” in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, their populations are declining. In Brazil, the accelerated destruction of one of its key habitats, the Cerrado biome, is a principal cause of their decreasing abundance. As with other species affected by loss of the Cerrado, active conservation measures are required. While usually rare in urban ecosystems, Ara ararauna occurs and breeds in small numbers in the city of Rondonópolis, a medium-sized city located in Mato Grosso, Central-West Region of Brazil. Blue-and-yellow macaw pairs nest in the tops of dead palm trees, but as the macaws are nest-site limited and suitable dead trees are scarce in urban areas, the installation of artificial nest sites in domestic backyards could help that urban population to thrive. To investigate whether local people would be willing to engage with conservation efforts and in particular to support macaw conservation, we surveyed the attitudes of Rondonópolis residents to measure: (1) citizens’ preferences among the bird species that occur in the city; (2) the average area of their yards, and (3) the willingness of residents to: (a) plant fruit trees to attract macaws to their yards and (b) to install artificial nests in their yards. Larger and more colorful birds (Ara ararauna, the Red-and-green macaw Ara chloropterus and Toco Toucan Ramphastos toco) were the bird species most valued across all socio-economic groups, suggesting that the charismatic species would be more likely to be supported by urbanites. Overall, people had good biodiversity knowledge, with respondents being able to identify half of our sample of local bird species, on average, and almost half had seen a nest site. The great majority were willing to plant fruit trees (78%) and provide nest sites (70%) for macaws. This willingness to engage was not affected by socioeconomic differences. These data indicate that a municipal macaw conservation program could be successful in Rondonópolis, and we argue that macaws could be a flagship species which would benefit wider efforts to engage Brazilian urbanites in active engagement with nature.

What evidence exists on the impact of climate change on some of the worst invasive fish and shellfish? A systematic map protocol

BackgroundThe Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has estimated that invasive alien species (IAS) might cause billions of dollars of losses every year across the world. One example is South-East Asia, where IAS have caused an estimated loss of 33.5 billion USD, affecting the environment, human health, and agricultural production. Factors associated with climate change, such as increased carbon dioxide (CO2), heavy precipitation, and elevated temperatures is expected to facilitate biological invasion, leading only to further financial and public health loss. Thus, further study is needed to identify, collate and categorise what evidence exists on the impacts of climate change on fish and shellfish species that contribute to the list of “One Hundred of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species” as identified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN). Such mapping will identify regions more at risk of biological invasion as climate change progresses.MethodsWe outline a systematic mapping review protocol that follows the Guideline and Standards for Evidence Synthesis in Environmental Management and RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES). We describe how peer-reviewed articles will be collected from Web of Science and Scopus, and then analyzed to create knowledge maps on the impact climate change has on invasive species. Finally, we speculate on how our results will aid future management of invasive species in the light of climate change.

Evaluation of Protected Areas in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, West Africa, Using a Remote Sensing-Based Approach

This study assesses the representation of defined ecoregions, slope profiles, and species richness of threatened mammals in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)-listed protected areas in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. It also evaluates the exposure of protected area categories to the cumulative degree of human modification and their vulnerability to future agricultural expansion. Spatial gap and statistical analyses were performed using quantitative data from publicly available online global databases. Analyses indicated key conservation priorities for both countries: (1) to increase the protection of the Guinean forest–savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, and Eastern Guinean forests, especially of the Eastern Guinean forests’ ecoregion associated with the Guinean forests of the West Africa biodiversity hotspot; (2) to increase the protected area coverage of flat lands and low slopes; and (3) to enhance the size and connectivity of existing protected areas, including restoring degraded habitats. The study emphasizes that improving the ability of tropical protected areas to conserve nature and mitigate anthropogenic threats should be a global conservation priority. Improving the data quality and detail within the World Database on Protected Areas and ground-truthing them are recommended urgently to support accurate and informative assessments.

Generation and Gene Expression Profiles of Grevy's Zebra Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can serve as a biological resource for functional and conservation research for various species. This realization has led to the generation of iPSCs from many species, including those identified as endangered. However, the understanding of species variation in mammalian iPSCs remains largely unknown. To gain insight into species variation in iPSCs, we generated iPSCs from a new species Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi; gz-iPSCs), which has been listed as endangered in the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List. We isolated primary fibroblast cells from an individual and successfully reprogrammed them into iPSCs. The generated gz-iPSCs continued to grow under primed-type culture condition and showed pluripotency and differentiation potential. To describe the molecular characteristics of gz-iPSCs, we performed RNA sequencing analysis. The gz-iPSC transcriptome showed robust expression of pluripotency-associated genes reported in human and mouse, suggesting evolutionary conservation among the species. This study provides insight into the iPSCs from a rare species and helps the understanding of the gene expression basis underlying mammalian pluripotent stem cells.

Population genomics of the Forest Dormouse (Dryomys nitedula) in Bulgaria

The Forest Dormouse (Dryomys nitedula) is one of the most widespread species of the Gliridae family, occurring in the Eastern Mediterranean, Central Asia, Caucasus and the Arabian plateau. The populations are mostly threatened by the destruction of their forest habitats. Despite being considered as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the general population trend is unknown and the species is listed in Annex IV of the Habitat Directive in Europe and Annex III of the Bern Convention. Our goal was to determine its population structure in Bulgaria, where the species is well studied. We generated reduced representation genomic libraries using the 3RAD method on 62 samples collected from April 2020 to June 2021 from several study sites. Preliminary results based on cluster analyses suggest the presence of several geographically well-structured populations. With this study, we hope to gain new insights into the population genetics and trends of this overlooked species.

The first record of the rare fern Pteris griffithii (Polypodiales: Pteridaceae: Pteridoideae) in the Bhutan Himalayas

Pteris griffithii Hook., one of the rarest fern species on the Indian subcontinent, is reported from Bhutan for the first time. The identity of this species was confirmed through morphological determination at the National Herbarium (THIM) of the National Biodiversity Centre (NBC) of Bhutan. It was found only in one location, in Gyelpozhing in eastern Bhutan, at an elevation of 521 m a.s.l. on 10 January 2016. Given that a very limited study of this species was conducted, the knowledge baseline with regard to its distribution is poor. It is also reported that this species has not been found for several years. The species is also considered to be very rare or critically endangered in some countries; however, there are no assessments on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List for this particular species. This paper attempts to provide baseline information considering its rarity and data deficiency. This species is also reported from the adjacent neighboring Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh as very rare, and also from Myanmar; however, confirmation of its presence in China is not clear at this time. Therefore, considering its data deficient status, we attempt to document it scientifically to create a knowledgebase pertaining to this particular species. Concurrently, this species merits further research to understand its distribution patterns in Bhutan and any related anthropogenic threats.

Genus Decalepis: Biology, Importance and Biotechnological Interventions

The steno-endemic species from the genus Decalepis are facing a high level of threat due to destructive wild harvesting. The genus claimed its paramount importance to mankind due to its unique tuberous root characteristics and exhibits a wide range of biological and medicinal properties, and is used in pharmaceutical and food industries. Plants of this genus are endemic to limited areas of peninsular India, such as the Eastern and Western Ghats, and according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), species from the genus Decalepis are considered globally critically endangered. The genus comprises of five species namely Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn., Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph & V. Chandras.) Venter, Decalepis salicifolia (Bedd. ex Hook. f.) Venter, Decalepis nervosa (Wight & Arn.) Venter, and D. khasiana (Kurz) Ionta ex Kambale. All the species of the genus Decalepis are being used by the tribal people and also in traditional Indian and Chinese medicine. International trade for this plant is also increasing, resulting in overharvesting. The traditional method of propagation, viz., seed germination and vegetative, are limited and jeopardizes the species population, whereas plant tissue culture provides the opportunity for extensive production of the plant in vitro without sacrificing their natural habitats. This review is aimed to systematize the up-to-date facts related to the Genus Decalepis with the exploration of their geographic distribution, chemical profile, pharmacology, biological activities, micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seed, and genetic transformation.

Aethionema gypsicola, a new crucifer species from inner Anatolia, Turkey

Aethionema gypsicola D. Öztürk was defined as a new taxon in the central Anatolia (Eskişehir) region of Turkey. It grows at an elevation of about 840–1100 m in marly areas and on gypsiferous rocks. The new species is morphologically closely related to A. dumanii Vural & Adigüzel, but differs by its height, stem conditions, leaf shape and size, flower parts, fruit stem length, fruit size and wings, silicula shape and size, sinus length, and seed structure. Thus, it can be easily distinguished by the many differences in it morphological characters. Diagnostic characters, a detailed description, and photographs of the new taxon are provided herein. The morphology of the new species and its phylogenetic relationships, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, were discussed. In this study, a detailed description of the new species, its habitat and plant parts, a distribution map, and conservation status were given. Additionally, the pollen ornamentation and seed coat appearance of A. gypsicola were examined in detail and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were taken. In addition, it was recommended that this species be listed as critically endangered (CR) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List category (IUCN) due to its limited distribution.

Tree regeneration characteristics in limestone forests of the Cat Ba National Park, Vietnam

BackgroundThe ability of overstory tree species to regenerate successfully is important for the preservation of tree species diversity and its associated flora and fauna. This study investigated forest regeneration dynamics in the Cat Ba National Park, a biodiversity hotspot in Vietnam. Data was collected from 90 sample plots (500 m2) and 450 sub-sample plots (25 m2) in regional limestone forests. We evaluated the regeneration status of tree species by developing five ratios relating overstory and regeneration richness and diversity. By examining the effect of environmental factors on these ratios, we aimed to identify the main drivers for maintaining tree species diversity or for potential diversity gaps between the regeneration and the overstory layer. Our results can help to increase the understanding of regeneration patterns in tropical forests of Southeast Asia and to develop successful conservation strategies.ResultsWe found 97 tree species in the regeneration layer compared to 136 species in the overstory layer. The average regeneration density was 3764 ± 1601 per ha. Around 70% of the overstory tree species generated offspring. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List, only 36% of threatened tree species were found in the regeneration layer. A principal component analysis provided evidence that the regeneration of tree species was slightly negatively correlated to terrain factors (percentage of rock surface, slope) and soil properties (cation exchange capacity, pH, humus content, soil moisture, soil depth). Contrary to our expectations, traces of human impact and the prevailing light conditions (total site factor, gap fraction, openness, indirect site factor, direct site factor) had no influence on regeneration density and composition, probably due to the small gradient in light availability.ConclusionWe conclude that the tree species richness in Cat Ba National Park appears to be declining at present. We suggest similar investigations in other biodiversity hotspots to learn whether the observed trend is a global phenomenon. In any case, a conservation strategy for the threatened tree species in the Cat Ba National Park needs to be developed if tree species diversity is to be maintained.

Certification of a\xe7a\xed agroforestry increases the conservation potential of the Amazonian tree flora

The harvesting of açaí berries (palm fruits from the genus Euterpe) in Amazonia has increased over the last 20 years due to a high local and global market demand and triggered by their widely acclaimed health benefits as a ‘superfood’. Although such increase represents a financial boom for local communities, unregulated extraction in Amazonia risks negative environmental effects including biodiversity loss through açai intensification and deforestation. Alternatively, the introduction of certified sustainable agroforestry production programs of açaí has been strategically applied to reduce the exploitation of Amazonian forests. Local açaí producers are required to follow principles of defined sustainable management practices, environmental guidelines, and social behaviors, paying specific attention to fair trade and human rights. In this study we investigate whether sustainable agroforestry and certification effectively promotes biodiversity conservation in Amazonia. To address this question, we conducted a forestry inventory in two hectares of long-term certified açai harvesting areas to gain further knowledge on the plant diversity and forest structure in açaí managed forests and to understand the contribution of certification towards sustainable forest management. On average, we found that certified managed forests harbor 50% more tree species than non-certified açaí groves. Trees in certified areas also have significantly higher mean basal area, meaning larger and hence older individuals are more likely to be protected. Certified harvesting sites also harbor dense populations of threatened species as classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (e.g. Virola surinamensis, classified as ‘endangered’). Besides increasing the knowledge of plant diversity in açaí managed areas, we present baseline information for monitoring the impact of harvesting activities in natural ecosystems in Amazonia.

An estimate of the area of occupancy and population size of Brachycephalus tridactylus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) to reassess its conservation status, with a proposal for conservation measures.

BackgroundWe are experiencing a global crisis in conservation, which has led to the prioritization of targets, such as nations, regions, and animal groups, which are necessary while resources are disputed. Brazil is a priority not only because of its megadiversity, high rates of endemism, and frequent descriptions of new species but also because of its high levels of deforestation. Among the species groups prioritized for conservation is the anurans (Amphibia: Anura), the population of which is severely declining. One group of anurans is the genus Brachycephalus, which includes 37 endemic species in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Some of these species have highly restricted distributions (<100 ha). Thirty new species have been described since 2000, and 55.3% of all species are threatened with extinction. Brachycephalus tridactylus was only recently described and remains restricted to its type locality. Because of its reduced geographical distribution (0.41 km2), it has been proposed to be considered as Vulnerable. The objective of this study is to reevaluate the conservation status of Brachycephalus tridactylus and propose conservation measures.MethodsWe searched for new populations during 2016–2020, evaluated in loco impacts and potential impacts on the species’ population, and performed an analysis of the density of this population and estimated its size. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria were used to assess the conservation status of the species.ResultsWe recorded the species in seven new localities (from 715–1,140 m above sea level) in the state of São Paulo up to 33 km from the type locality of the species (in state of Paraná). We estimated the area of occupancy as 148.44 km2, densities as one calling male per 4.05 m2 and 130.00 m2, and a total population size of 4,429,722 adult individuals. Based on our finding, we proposed three lines of management: (1) formation of fire brigades, (2) management of residents’ mules in the conservation unit and surrounding areas, and (3) management of degraded areas. We recommend changing the species’ conservation status from Vulnerable to Endangered because of its fragmented distribution and decline in the area of occupancy and in the quality of its habitat. Our results have expanded the species previous geographic distribution and delimited areas without previous records. Our estimates of population density and size are in accordance with those verified for congeners. The conservation of this species benefits the environments and other species that inhabit them, being, therefore, strategic for receiving conservation actions that will spread throughout the ecosystem.

Initial Investigation of Sulawesi Moor Macaque (Macaca maura) in Tabo-tabo Forest, South Sulawesi - Indonesia

Sulawesi black crested macaque (Macaca maura) is one of the seven endemic macaque inhabited Sulawesi Island and is mainly found in the Southern part of Sulawesi. This species is classified as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation and Nature (IUCN). The aim of this research was 1) to examine the homerange of M. maura and daily activity of the species, 2) to determine tree species used by the species as diet sources and resting trees in Tabo-tabo Forest, Pangkep Regency (South Sulawesi – Indonesia). The home range was measured by connecting coordinate points passed by a moor macaque group in the area for 6 consecutive days. Meanwhile, daily activity of the species was monitored by using scan sampling method for sampled individuals in three observation periods. Direct observation was carried out to identify diet and resting tree species. It was found that the moor macaque group had 22.06 ha width of home range with the total distance around 6.64 km. The daily distance spent by the group was between 0.9-1.5 km or in average was 1.1 km. The highest activities known to be feeding (30.4%) and then followed by moving (25.3%). While resting activities was allocated for 24.7%. The least activities recorded were social activities (19.6%). Tree species used by the group as diet and resting trees were Anthocephalus chinensis and Dracontomelon dao. The tree species known to be a diet tree only were Garcinia nervosa, Arenga pinnata, Flacourtia rukam, Ficus. sp, Eugenia cuminii, Gastonia serratifolia, Mangifera sp., Spondias dulcis, and Muntingia calabura.

TINGKAT RISIKO KONFLIK MANUSIA DAN HARIMAU SUMATERA DI SEKITARAN HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI PT. ARARA ABADI DISTRIK TAPUNG RISK LEVEL OF HUMAN AND SUMATERAN TIGERS (PANTHERA TIGRIS SUMATRAE)IN PT. ARARA ABADI DISTRIK TAPUNG INDUSTRIAL FOREST

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) categorizes the Sumatran tiger as an endangered species in crisis, which is the highest category of extinction threat. One of the causes of the extinction of the Sumatran tiger is conflict with humans. The meeting of human activities and the roaming area of tigers in the same space creates an adverse conflict on both sides.This research was conducted in the Hutan Tanaman Industri of PT. Arara Abadi, Tapung District, located in Siak Regency and Kampar Regency, Riau Province, to be precise in Rantau Bertuah Village and Garo City Village. The research method is a qualitative approach. Primary data obtained from observations and interviews, and document studies. Secondary data obtained from literature studies are landscape maps, animal monitoring data, and biodiversity reports of PT. Arara Abadi, Tapung district. In addition, the literature study is also sourced from the Riau BKSDA wildlife monitoring data document. Result: Conflict between humans and Sumatran tigers occurred in the concession area of PT. Riau Abadi Lestari to be precise in a conservation area, in a community plantation area. The social losses that occur are in the form of psychological losses, while other losses such as human injuries or death do not occur. The economic loss was Rp. 42,000,000. In addition, some residents lost their working days to cultivate their gardens. The frequency of conflicts that occurred in Rantau Bertuah Village did not recur and conflicts that occurred in Kota Garo Village occurred repeatedly throughout 2020.Conflicts that occur in Rantau Bertuah Village are low risk. Meanwhile, the conflict that occurred in the village of Kota Garo was included in moderate risk.