International Transfer Research Articles

Technology Transfer and Early Industrial Development: Evidence from the Sino-Soviet Alliance

This paper studies the short and long-run effects of international technology transfer on early industrial development, using evidence from the Sino-Soviet Alliance. Between 1950and 1957, the Soviet Union supported the so-called “156 technology transfer projects” in China, that involved the construction of large capital-intensive plants in heavy industries, the transfer of state-of-the-art Soviet machinery and equipment, as well as technical assistance and know-how diffusion from Soviet engineers to the Chinese counterpart. We hand-collected archival data on the 156 projects that we complemented with plant, firm and provincial-level information from 1949 to 2013. To estimate the causal effect of the program we exploit that, due to unanticipated political tensions between the two countries, some projects were built as planned with Soviet machinery and technical assistance (treated projects), while others were eventually realized by China only without any Soviet technology or assistance (comparison projects). We find that: 1) plants in treated projects had better performance that plants in comparison projects in both the short and the long run; 2) Soviet technical assistance diffused industry-specific knowledge through the training of Chinese engineers that further increased plant outcomes; 3) the program generated local horizontal and vertical spillovers; 4) there was a substantial reallocation of production in treated project counties from state owned to privately-owned companies after the waves of privatization started in 2005.

Why Trade When You Can Transfer the Technology: Revisiting Smith and Ricardo

This paper explores the possibility of international technology transfer in lieu of trade in a model with absolute and comparative advantage. Countries having absolute advantage in producing a good may offer that technology to a possible trading partner against a fee and both the countries might gain. Thus, gains from trade might be dominated by gains from technology transfer depending on the extent of comparative and absolute advantages. We provide detailed conditions under which free trade equilibrium will be pre-empted by technology transfer. Such an avenue of fruitful exchange remains unexplored in the Ricardian model of trade.

Effets des transferts de fonds internationaux sur l'utilisation du crédit par les exploitants agricoles au Mali

Cet article vise à analyser les effets des transferts de fonds des migrants internatio- naux sur l'utilisation du crédit par les exploitants agricoles au Mali. La méthode des scores de propension a été utilisée pour corriger l'endogénéité liée aux transferts de fonds. L'étude concerne 9040 exploitants dont les données sont issues de l'enquête Agricoles de Conjonc- ture Intégrée pour la campagne agricole 2017-2018. Les résultats révèlent une absence d'effet des transferts de fonds sur l'utilisation du crédit global par les exploitants agricoles. Cependant, les résultats selon les sources montrent un effet négatif pour le crédit formel en raison du crédit intrants et semences de la Compagnie Malienne de Développement des Textiles (CMDT). Les crédits institutionnels (banque et microfinance) et informels ne se sont pas révélés significatifs. Cette absence d'effet, du côté des prêteurs institutionnels, est liée à la l'inutilisation du canal des prêteurs formels pour l'envoi de fonds et par le niveau élevé du risque de l'activité agricole, d'une part, et par l'incapacité des établissements financiers de développer des produits adaptés aux besoins des exploitants. Du côté des prêteurs informels, elle se justifie par l'insuffisance des montants des transferts obligeant les exploitants à toujours recourir à ce marché.

Cross-Country Unemployment Insurance, Transfers, and Trade-Offs in International Risk Sharing

We assess to which degree an international transfer mechanism can enhance consumption risk sharing as well as allocative efficiency and apply our results to the implicit transfers generated by a potential European unemployment benefit scheme (EUBS). Specifically, we first develop a simple model with nominal rigidities to build intuition by deriving analytical results. We then use a rich DSGE model, calibrated to the Core and the Periphery of the euro area, to quantitatively analyze the changing dynamics that a EUBS brings about. We find that a EUBS can provide risk sharing by stabilizing relative consumption as well as unemployment differentials. Following supply shocks, however, the cross-country transfer embodied in the unemployment benefits is spent to a large degree on relatively inefficiently produced goods in the receiving countries. This renders the allocation even more inefficient by opening country-specific labor wedges further, also after government-spending shocks. Yet, since this trade-off between allocative efficiency and consumption risk sharing does not exist after certain demand shocks, the welfare effects of a EUBS depend on the cause for international unemployment differentials. A EUBS that is only active after specific shocks would therefore maximize overall welfare. Even without this feature, a EUBS would raise Core’s welfare in the quantitative model, leaving Periphery’s welfare almost unchanged.

ІМПЛЕМЕНТАЦІЯ ВИМОГ МІЖНАРОДНОГО ТРАНСФЕРТНОГО ЦІНОУТВОРЕННЯ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ УКРАЇНИ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The features of transfer pricing in Ukraine have been considered. It has been established that transfer pricing in Ukraine is at the stage of formation. The features and prospects for the implementation of international transfer pricing requirements using the «Three-tier model of transfer pricing documentation recommended by the OECP (step 13 of the BEPS plan)» have been identified. The legal aspects of regulating the prevention and minimization of the movement of profits, tax evasion by transnational corporations, in particular, the BEPS package, and others have been considered. The place of Ukraine in the Paying Taxes rating in 2015-2020 is determined. Trends 2015-2020 testify to the formation of tax discipline regarding the timeliness and completeness of reporting on transfer pricing. The dynamics of the submitted reports on controlled transactions in Ukraine in quantitative and value terms in 2013-2020 has been analyzed. The volume of controlled transactions by country and by subject of transactions in 2020 was investigated. It was found that the largest share in the total volume of controlled transactions is occupied by banking services (37%) and transactions with goods (35%), and the largest volume of controlled transactions is carried out in Switzerland. The features of the implementation in Ukraine of the BEPS plan as an international project of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the G20 countries are considered. The innovations in tax legislation in the field of transfer pricing and the peculiarities of introducing a three-level reporting structure on transfer pricing in Ukraine have been described. The World Transfer Pricing 2022 rating of Ukrainian companies offering transfer pricing services is presented. The problems that hinder the effective implementation of the requirements of international transfer pricing in Ukraine have been identified and measures have been proposed that should be taken to overcome them.

АСПЕКТИ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЧОРНОГО ЕКСПОРТУ ТОВАРІВ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ ТА ПОДВІЙНОГО ВИКОРИСТАННЯ

The research on some aspects of legal regulation of military and dual-use goods black exports is carried out in the article. It is based on the analysis of modern views of scientists on the definition of "shadow market of military and dual-use goods", "black export of military and dual-use goods", "gray export of military and dual-use goods", as well as current legislation in relevant field. It is established that the smuggling process is not identical to the process of black export of military and dual-use goods, as the list of its items, as defined by Article 201 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, is much smaller than the list of objects within the process investigated in the article and the inventory of which is stipulated by the state control over international transfers of military goods, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of November 20, 2003 № 1807, as well as the Procedure for state control over international transfers of dual-use goods approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of January 28, 2004 № 86. The articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine according to which actions within the process under consideration can be qualified are given, as well as the ways of improvement of the existing legislation, through modification of article 333 of the Criminal code of Ukraine that will allow to strengthen punishments for the made actions of the investigated process in the conditions of the special period state. The need for further research in the field of legal regulation of shadow markets for military and dual-use goods should be focused on gray exports, which will form a holistic picture of shadow markets for military and dual-use goods and form a single concept of their eradication.

International Transfer to Reduce Global Inequality and Transboundary Pollution

International Transfer to Reduce Global Inequality and Transboundary Pollution

Obračun transfernih cena - teorijske i praktične implikacije na rezultat

Obračun transfernih cena - teorijske i praktične implikacije na rezultat

The Role Of Foreign Investment In Promoting The International Transfer Of Technology

The Role Of Foreign Investment In Promoting The International Transfer Of Technology

Schrems II: Will It Really Increase the Level of Privacy Protection against Mass Surveillance?

An important event that once again brought to the forefront issues related to mass surveillance was the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereafter referred as CJEU) delivered on July 16, 2020 in the case of Data Protection Commissioner v. Facebook Ireland Ltd. and Maximilian Schrems (Schrems II). It can be considered as the first serious precedent in the field of surveillance, which is aimed at ensuring privacy in the field of national security. Therefore, it becomes an important issue to assess its impact on the legal framework of international transfers of personal data and on the level of privacy protection. The impact of the judgment on the level of privacy protection and mass surveillance is particularly important now that CОVID-19 contact tracing programs are being widely used. In this research we try to trace the formation of the approach to mass surveillance in the case-law of CJEU before and after the Schrems II. We also try to point out some of the difficulties that the process of cross-border data transfer will face after the Schrems II. The main question of the study is whether the approach of the CJEU developed in the Schrems II will actually increase the privacy protection against mass surveillance. We conclude that the Schrems II is an important decision with serious consequences that go beyond the direct impact on data transfer between the EU and the US. It can have controversial influence of the level of privacy protection. Together with the positive trend of formation of more harmonized global data protection standards it can create many unresolved problems in the field of international data transfer and in economic dimension.

Sixth international scientific and practical conference «Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2020»

The sixth international scientific-practical conference Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2020 was held, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture. The specificity of this year's forum was that it took place remotely on the Cisco Webex platform with the participation of scientists from Poland, France, Australia, Iraq, Libya, Brazil and China. Specialists in the fields of construction and architecture, engineering and infrastructure, information technology, etc. have traditionally shared their experience. The work is aimed at the integration of Ukrainian and foreign specialists and scientific schools in the development of the theory of research, the creation of new methods and techniques, the practical application of energy-saving, environmentally friendly technologies and tools.
 The purpose of the conference is to communicate with specialists from various fields to solve global problems of resource and energy supply of production, transfer of innovative technologies to various spheres of human activity. The official languages of the conference are Ukrainian, Russian, English, Polish and French. More than a hundred applications were received from 140 participants from scientific and educational institutions, industry, non-governmental institutions, students, undergraduates and graduate students. More than three dozen innovative projects in architecture, building engineering, information technology, cybersecurity, etc. were presented. The results of research of two doctoral and several dissertations of PhD are discussed. According to the results of the announced competitions in the nominations Innovative project, Presentation, Publication, the winners of 2020 were determined, who were awarded diplomas. The most active participants from among the specialists and student youth received Acknowledgments and Certificates. Results of work and preprints of the best presentations of the authors were published in the Proceedings of the conference (online) and the science journal «Transfer of Innovative Technologies».
 KNUBA has established cooperation with specialists from Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (China), University of Applied Sciences and Arts (Fachhochschule Dortmund, Germany), Astana IT University (Kazakhstan) in research and publishing. The conference participants supported the Petition of the leadership of the International Center for Integral Ecology CEI Laudato Si (Warsaw) to the Pope and the President of the United States on the anthropogenic impact on the world environment and protection from academic violence and pressure.

Mercury Challenges in Mexico: Regulatory, Trade and Environmental Impacts

Primary artisanal mercury (Hg) mining in Mexico continues to proliferate unabated, while official Hg exports have declined in recent years amid speculation of a rising black market trade. In this paper, an assessment of primary Hg mining in Mexico was conducted, with a focus on four sites in Querétaro State. Atmospheric Hg concentrations were measured at two of those sites. In addition, trade data was examined, including Hg exports from Mexico and imports by countries that have a large artisanal gold mining (AGM) sector. Results showed that while annual Hg production in Mexico has ramped up in recent years, official Hg exports reduced from 307 tonnes in 2015 to 63 tonnes in 2019. Since 2010, mercury exports to Colombia, Peru and Bolivia have represented 77% of Mexico’s total Hg trade. As the large majority of Hg trade with these countries is apparently destined for the AGM sector, which is contrary to Article 3 of the Minamata Convention, there is evidence that increased international scrutiny has led to an increase in unregulated international transfers. Atmospheric Hg concentrations at the mines show dangerously high levels, raising concern over the risk of significant health impacts to miners and other community members.

Quantification of an efficiency-sovereignty trade-off in climate policy.

The Paris Agreement calls for a cooperative response with the aim of limiting global warming to well below two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels while reaffirming the principles of equity and common, but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities1. Although the goal is clear, the approach required to achieve it is not. Cap-and-trade policies using uniform carbon prices could produce cost-effective reductions of global carbon emissions, but tend to impose relatively high mitigation costs on developing and emerging economies. Huge international financial transfers are required to complement cap-and-trade to achieve equal sharing of effort, defined as an equal distribution of mitigation costs as a share of income2,3, and therefore the cap-and-trade policy is often perceived as infringing on national sovereignty2-7. Here we show that a strategy of international financial transfers guided by moderate deviations from uniform carbon pricing could achieve the goal without straining either the economies or sovereignty of nations. We use the integrated assessment model REMIND-MAgPIE to analyse alternative policies: financial transfers in uniform carbon pricing systems, differentiated carbon pricing in the absence of financial transfers, or a hybrid combining financial transfers and differentiated carbon prices. Under uniform carbon prices, apresentvalueof international financial transfers of 4.4 trillion US dollars over the next 80 years to 2100 would be required to equalize effort. By contrast, achieving equal effort without financial transfers requires carbon prices in advanced countries to exceed those in developing countries by a factor of more than 100, leading to efficiency losses of 2.6 trillion US dollars. Hybrid solutions reveal a strongly nonlinear trade-off between cost efficiency and sovereignty: moderate deviations from uniform carbon prices strongly reduce financial transfers at relatively small efficiency losses and moderate financial transfers substantially reduce inefficiencies by narrowing the carbon price spread. We also identify risks and adverse consequences of carbon price differentiation due to market distortions that can undermine environmental sustainability targets8,9. Quantifying the advantages and risks of carbon price differentiation provides insight into climate and sector-specific policy mixes.

The Technology and Knowledge Spıllover Effects of FDI on Labour Productıvıty—Evıdence from Medıum-Hıgh Industry in Malaysıa

A plethora of studies have revealed the importance of new knowledge transfer from foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) in encouraging higher labour productivity and sustainable competitive advantages. However, less attention is given to low labour productivity issue despite the presence of FDI, especially in the developing country context. Most of the studies only heavily emphasised on 'technology' effects rather than 'knowledge' effects on the host country as a result of the presence of foreign technology. As Malaysia is one of the major FDI recipients in Southeast Asia, the specific spillover effects of each FDI investor country in Malaysia, need to be studied. With an abundance of MNCs, international technology transfer is considered as an imported mode for technology acquisition in a developing country like Malaysia. However, the benefits of FDI spillovers on labour productivity function in Malaysia remain ambiguous, even when classified according to specific investor countries. Globalisation and liberalisation have seen trade and investment activities booming, thus increasing multilateral relations between Malaysia and other countries regardless of their level of development. Thus, this study may help the Malaysian government to justify the cost that should be invested to attract more FDI inflows towards the manufacturing industries in the short run. Keywords: spillover effects, Foreign Direct Investment, labour productivity, technology spillovers, knowledge spillovers

Spillovers between policy-transfer and transitions research

Although research on sustainability transitions has addressed transnational linkages, little attention has yet been paid to the international diffusion and transfer of public policies. Transitions studies and research on policy transfer have had sparse interaction thus far. This viewpoint argues that the two fields can enrich each other through new research topics and findings on the influencing factors of policy change and system transitions. Lessons on the interrelation between policy transfer and sustainability transitions could be crucial for spreading transformative change internationally.

The Crypto Effect on Cross Border Transfers and Future Trends of Cryptocurrencies

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical and empirical outlook on different aspects of various cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology including the evolution of digital tokens and how they widely affect the financial markets, organizations, banks, governments via analyzing the characteristics and current history of cryptocurrencies alongside with blockchain technology. The choice of this topic was motivated by the fact that the virtual money concept and blockchain technology are utterly new phenomena. This new technology is completely decentralized making the subject worthy of scientific research.The paper solely focuses on analyzing how cryptocurrencies currently affect the financial markets and the future trends of these virtual tokens in the global economy. The study is keen to further examine the impact of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies on international fund transfers. Literature review and case study with up-to-date data has been included in the analysis. The following results have been obtained: cryptocurrencies offer a wide range of features such as faster, cheaper and more secure cross-border money transfers that can also provide anonymity. Most crypto tokens are highly volatile due to their nature and various other factors. Cryptocurrencies could provide more beneficial options for users on cross border transfers compared to traditional methods of fund transfers. Cryptocurrencies might have the potential to replace paper money and gain mainstream recognition throughout the world. The study sheds light onto current and future trends of cryptocurrencies and blockchain. It is outlined for the crypto, financial, economic field.

Some Compassionate Release Cases and Lessons in the Time of COVID-19

This short article describes some of the special challenges of seeking compassionate release for non-U.S. citizen prisoners. Interfacing with the international prisoner transfer program and the Bureau of Customs and Immigration Enforcement are addressed; the value of medical affidavits is also discussed.

Augmenting cryptocurrency in smart supply chain

Blockchain has been successfully used in many applications for international asset transfers and domestic payments. In these cases, payment processes are more liquidated and automated leading to the paradigm shift in the payment industry. The advancement of Blockchain technology (BCT) tends to replace conventional payment methods in supply chain that may involve payment terms. However, when BCT is applied, some payment conditions can be met by adopting smart contracts; while other scenarios such as a payment in arrears have yet been addressed. For example, no payment solution is available for anticipated funds associated with contractual dues. To improve the flexibility, we propose a new architecture based on smart contracts to lubricate the payments, and we evaluate the effectiveness of the architecture. The system has its great theoretic and practical significance since it creates the new technical thread that enterprises would be able to fully utilize future resources in current businesses.

International knowledge transfer and Russian social policy: The case of gender mainstreaming

In the course of their transition to a market economy, the importance of international knowledge transfer from developed capitalist countries to the post-Soviet states has increased. However, the question of what particular knowledge has been transferred and why in some cases knowledge transfer has been successful, while in others it has failed, remains under-researched. Using gender mainstreaming as an example, the mechanisms of international knowledge transfer in Russian social policy are discussed in detail. The authors argue that specific knowledge transfer could facilitate the acquisition of new knowledge, but its sustainable application in social policy decision-making might be problematic, requiring commitment of political actors as well as supportive institutional conditions.

International transfer and translation of an end of life care intervention: the case of the Liverpool Care Pathway for the dying patient

We explore how and why the Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) for the dying patient was transferred to 20 countries beyond the UK, and with what consequences for policy and practice. Our paper synthesises findings from 95 publications contained in a historical narrative literature review on the implementation of the LCP outside the United Kingdom, alongside data from 18 qualitative interviews with 19 key actors involved with the LCP in 14 countries. We use the review to explore the timelines and patterns of development and implementation in the specific countries, to consider what forms of research and evaluation about the LCP were undertaken to establish its effectiveness, and to summarise the resulting findings and their consequences. We use the interviews to gain insights into the elements, processes and dynamics that shaped the transfer and translation of the LCP from one location to another, across national boundaries. Using six questions from the policy transfer literature we then explain who were the key actors involved; what was transferred; from where lessons were drawn; the different degrees of transfer that took place; what restricted or facilitated transfer; and how transfer was related to ‘success’ or ‘failure’. We conclude that the spread of the LCP took place mostly in prosperous countries, and was sustained over around 15 years. It took in differing geographies and cultures, and a variety of linguistic, policy and practice contexts. If it did not succeed in a wider transformational goal, it appears to have been well received and perceived as beneficial in many contexts, largely avoiding accusations of mis-use and harm that had occurred in the UK, and in some cases fostering a sustained international collaboration and ongoing use of local variants, even after withdrawal in its country of origin in 2014.