International Trade Market Research Articles

International Education [Point of View

With the globalization of economy and liberalization of trade, the international education trade market is becoming an increasingly important part of international service trade. Education resources are distributed internationally, and exchanges and cooperation of education among different nations are becoming increasingly frequent. As a result, education in various countries interacts and competes with each other, which eventually promotes the globalized education.

Indirect influences in international trade

We address the problem of gauging the influence exerted by a given country on the international trade market from the viewpoint of complex networks. In particular, we apply the PWP method to compute indirect influences on the world trade network.

Competing with the Dragon: Employment and Wage Effects of Chinese Trade Competition in 17 Sectors Across 18 OECD Countries

The rapid rise of China on the global economic stage could have substantial and unequal employment and wage effects in advanced industrialised democracies given China’s large volume of low-wage labour. Thus far, these effects have not been analysed in the comparative political economy literature. Building on new pooled time-series data, we analyse the effects of Chinese trade competition across 17 sectors in 18 countries between 1990 and 2007. Our empirical findings reveal overall employment declines and higher earnings inequality in sectors more exposed to Chinese imports. We devote particular attention to a new channel, increased competition from China in 59 foreign export markets, which positively affects the high-skilled whilst the low-skilled bear the brunt. Hence, this study shows that neglecting the competition in foreign countries leads to underestimation of the distributive effects of trade. More generally, our findings provide new insights into how international trade, technological change, and labour market institutions contribute to the widely observed trend of rising inequality.

XIX. YÜZYIL SONLARI VE XX. YÜZYIL BAŞLARINDA ORDU LİMANI

Blacksea port-cities have started catch up with the world trade since 19th century especially with the introduction of international trade market of the Blacksea region. Being one of the Blacksea coast towns, Ordu was affected by these developments. Even though once being a closed economy, the region started to import and export after its integration with the global market. This integration made it necessary to develop infrastructure facilities, and a port was constructed in Ordu. Besides, boatman trades faced with some problems. This study aims to examine the role of Ordu port in this integration period. The study examines the situation of Ordu port, whose economic activity has increased after introduction Blacksea international trade and its impact on Ordu town

Competing with the Dragon: Employment and Wage Effects of Chinese Trade Competition in 17 Sectors Across 18 OECD Countries

The rapid rise of China on the global economic stage could have substantial and unequal employment and wage effects in advanced industrialised democracies given China’s large volume of low-wage labour. Thus far, these effects have not been analysed in the comparative political economy literature. Building on new pooled time-series data, we analyse the effects of Chinese trade competition across 17 sectors in 18 countries between 1990 and 2007. Our empirical findings reveal overall employment declines and higher earnings inequality in sectors more exposed to Chinese imports. We devote particular attention to a new channel, increased competition from China in 59 foreign export markets, which positively affects the high-skilled whilst the low-skilled bear the brunt. Hence, this study shows that neglecting the competition in foreign countries leads to underestimation of the distributive effects of trade. More generally, our findings provide new insights into how international trade, technological change, and labour market institutions contribute to the widely observed trend of rising inequality.

Application of Modified Chitosan in Fruit Juice Clarification

The clarify fruit juice has the characteristics of clear bright and current commercially available in the beverage industry and international trade market. Chitosan clarification method has the compatibility, complete degradation and degradation metabolites of low toxicity and good biological and is widely used in juice production in the fruit and vegetable clarification. Some research shows that factors affecting the results of juice clarification are chitosan dosage, temperature, time, solution of pH, the molecular weight of chitosan solution viscosity size.Chitosan used in fruit juice processing could clarify fruit juice, but also had the characteristics of gel in the juice stored, and could maintain the original freshness of fruit juice. Bentonite, zeolite, maifan stone,such as the load with chitosan applied to fruit juice clarification, the amount of random factors difficulty to control can be avoided. Caroxymethyl chitosan used in blackberry juice processing the content of protein, polyphenol in juice reduced more than the chitosan treatment.It was good to prevent turbidity during storage or secondary precipitation.

Enlightenment of the International Carbon Trading on China's Economic Development under Low-Carbon Economy

In recent years, the world economy towards in the direction of low-carbon economy, which creates a new environment for the economic development. It is imperative to solve the problem of climate and develop low-carbon economy. This article mainly utilizes the literature material law, the comparative analysis, and the SWOT analysis. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the international carbon trading market, the characteristics of the development of a global carbon market. Secondly, it uses the SWOT analysis to analyze the present situation of Chinese economic development under low-carbon economy. Finally, the author sums up enlightenments of the international carbon trading on China's economic development.

국제 배출권 거래 시장의 제도변화가 국내 비(非)CO2CDM 사업에 미치는 영향 분석

2012년 말 카타르 도하에서 열렸던 제18차 COP를 통해 교토의정서가 2020년까지 연장되면서 CDM, JI, ET 등의 교토 메커니즘 역시 지속하기로 결정되었다. 그러나 최근 EU ETS를 중심으로 국제 배출권거래 시장에서 일어났던 몇몇 제도변화와 배출권 가격의 하락으로 인해 CDM 프로젝트들은 사업 지속가능성 측면에서 위기에 처해 있다. 특히 국내 비(非)<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 온실가스 관련 CDM 사업들이 가장 직접적인 영향을 받았다. 본 연구에서는 국제 시장에서 거래되고 있는 배출권들에 대한 현 상황과 가격 변화를 살펴보고, 국내의 대표적인 비(非)<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 관련 CDM 사업에 대한 사례분석을 통해 배출권거래 시장의 제도변화가 어떤 과정을 통해 해당 사업에 영향을 미쳤는지를 살펴보았다. 본 논문의 정책적 함의는 크게 두 가지로 요약될 수 있다. 첫째, 2015년 국내 배출권 거래제도 시행을 앞두고 온실가스 저감기술에 대한 활용과 투자 환경이 활발하게 조성되기 위한 정책지원 방향을 제시한다. 둘째, 양자 크레딧 제도와 같이 기존 CDM 사업을 보완하는 정책들이 ODA 방식과 연계될 경우 기업들이 해당 기술에 대한 투자 시 불확실성을 줄이고 보다 폭넓은 선택이 가능함을 밝힌다. The Kyoto Protocol has extended its life until 2020 by the decision at COP18 in Doha, Qatar in 2012. So has the Kyoto Mechanism of CDM, JI, and ETS. Nonetheless, the sustainability of CDM projects is jeopardized by the recent rule changes in the international emissions trade market such as EU ETS and the price decrease in emission credits. In particular, the domestic CDM projects reducing non-<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> GHG emissions are being directly affected. This study examines the trend of carbon credit price change in the international market. It also examines how the rule changes in the international emissions trade market have affected domestic non-<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> CDM projects through which mechanisms. The policy implications drawn from this study is two-fold: it suggests how the government can assist the project developers in utilizing GHG emission reduction technologies and the market in promoting investment environment before the domestic ETS enters into effect in 2015; apart from possible measures within ETS, an additional measures such as bilateral carbon offset system is suggested to help the private sector reduce uncertainty in investment and increase options to choose.

China’s solar photovoltaic industry development: The status quo, problems and approaches

With its rapid economic development, China has already become the largest emitter of carbon dioxide in the world, facing the pressure from environment and clean energy. In the last decade, the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry in China has developed rapidly, with the joint promotion of the market and policies. China’s PV modules’ production is ranked top in the world, making a significant impact on the world’s renewable energy development and solar PV industrial sector. Meanwhile, China’s solar PV industry is facing several challenges, including international trade conflicts and market competition, as well as domestic problems, such as the vicious competition between enterprises, financial issues such as loan-withdrawing and stint loans by banks, and business triangle-debts. The focus of this paper is on China’s PV industry’s development history and status quo, the most dynamic aspect of current renewable energy development. The PV sector’s existing problems and challenges have been analyzed by several field studies of the PV industry’s major manufacturers covering four of world’s top PV module producers. Recommendations regarding the policy framework and implementation incentives will also be provided with the aim of improving market forces as a catalyst for transforming future renewable energy development.

Final report on key comparison CCQM-K100: Analysis of copper in ethanol

The increase in renewable sources in the energy matrix of the countries is an effort to reduce dependency on crude oil and the environmental impacts associated with its use.In order to help overcome the lack of widely accepted quality standards for fuel ethanol and to guarantee its competitiveness in the international trade market, the NMIs have been working to develop certified reference materials for bio-fuels and measurement methods. Inorganic impurities such as Cu, Na and Fe may be present in the fuel ethanol and their presence is associated with corrosion and the formation of oxide deposits in some engine parts. The key comparison CCQM-K100 was carried out under the auspices of the Inorganic Analysis Working Group (IAWG) and the coordination of the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO). The objective of this key comparison was to compare the measurement capabilities of the participants for the determination of Cu in fuel ethanol. Ten NMIs participated in this exercise and most of them used the isotopic dilution method for determining the amount of Cu. The median was chosen as key comparison reference value (KCRV). The assigned KCRV for the Cu content was 0.3589 µg/g with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.0014 µg/g.In general, there is a good agreement among the participants' results.Main text.To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

The Analysis of Pricing Power of Preponderant Metal Mineral Resources under the Perspective of Intergenerational Equity and Social Preferences: An Analytical Framework Based on Cournot Equilibrium Model

This paper combines intergenerational equity equilibrium and social preferences equilibrium with Cournot equilibrium solving the technological problem of intergenerational equity and strategic value compensation confirmation, achieving the effective combination between sustainable development concept and value evaluation, thinking and expanding the theoretical framework for the lack of pricing power of mineral resources. The conclusion of the theoretical model and the numerical simulation shows that intergenerational equity equilibrium and social preferences equilibrium enhance international trade market power of preponderant metal mineral resources owing to the production of intergenerational equity compensation value and strategic value. However, the impact exerted on Cournot market power by social preferences is inconsistent: that is, changes of altruistic Cournot equilibrium and reciprocal inequity Cournot equilibrium are consistent, while inequity aversion Cournot equilibrium has the characteristic of loss aversion, namely, under the consideration of inequity aversion Cournot competition, Counot-Nash equilibrium transforms monotonically with sympathy and jealousy of inequity aversion.

Study on Fuzzy Recognition Model of Carbon Emission Rights Pricing

Complying with the situation of ecological civilization construction in our country, carbon trade is the inevitable trend of world economic development. The core of the carbon trade is the pricing of the carbon emission rights. The pricing process of carbon emission rights is ambiguity, uncertainty and complexity, so it is more reasonable and scientific to put forward the carbon emission rights pricing model by combining the fuzzy recognition model with the highest price and the lowest price of carbon emission rights price. Then, the model is applied to predict the price of China's carbon emission in 2014 year. The result shows that the price is consistent with the forecasting prices of the international carbon trade market in the same point, which can provide some reference to the setting of the pricing of domestic carbon emission quotas in secondary market in the future.

The efficiency analysis of the European CO2 futures market

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the main international carbon trading market, in which European Union CO2 allowances (EUAs) are traded with increasing intensity. In order to help the market participants mitigate the market price risk, one possible way is to analyze the time range of market efficiency and the price discovery mechanism of EUA futures market and spot market. For this purpose, the paper provides the unit root test and the cointegration test for the EUA futures market during 2009–2011. Our result shows that the EUA futures market is efficient within 1month. Furthermore, it illustrates that the impact of the price will continue for 3months, examined by a vector error correction model (VECM).

An overview on saffron, phytochemicals, and medicinal properties

Saffron is the most valuable medicinal food product because of its importance in Iran's agricultural economy. The dried stigmas of the plant Crocus sativus (Iridaceae) are processing to produce saffron as a well-known spice which has some other importance in pharmaceutics, cosmetics, perfumery, and textile dye-producing industries. Recently, reports about the pharmacological activity of this plant increase its importance in the world. The world's annual saffron production is estimated around 300 tons per year (Iran produces 76% of total) and also saffron is considered to be the most expensive spice in the world; hence, there are efforts for its artificial production or defraud. Therefore, the quality conservation of saffron needs to certify in the international trade market following international ISO or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria and standards. In this paper, the recent (or sometimes less documented) reports on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and standard methods for quality evaluation of saffron, as a medicinal food spice, from field cultivation to market are reviewed.

Monitoring aflatoxin contamination risks in red pepper spice produced in Turkey

Even though Turkey is the third leading producer of fresh pepper, currently it only supplies 3-5% of processed red pepper spice in the international trade market because of high aflatoxin contamination. This study was designed to determine the presence and levels of aflatoxins in red pepper spice collected from three major producer provinces in Southeast (K. Maras, G. Antep, Hatay-Kilis) and one province in Central Turkey (Ankara), This pilot study also included companies that are actively involved in international red pepper spice trade. Nearly, half of the samples showed significant levels of contamination above the European Standard of 5 ng/g for AFB1 and 10 ng/g for total aflatoxins. Over ninety percent of contaminated samples contained AFB1 with levels ranging from 5 to 85.55ng/g. The overall mean level of total aflatoxins was 22.I8 ng/g with the highest level being 144.41ng/g. These results indicate that there is a necessity for establishing stricter and continuous national surveillance schemes for improving safely and quality of red pepper spice in Turkey.

The Influence of Low-carbon Economy on Global Trade Pattern

Abstract Since global warming has seriously endangered the living environment of human being and their health and safety, the development of low-carbon economy has become an irreversible global trend. Under the background of economic globalization, low-carbon economy will surely exert a significant impact on global trade pattern. Countries are paying more and more attention to the green trade. The emission permits trade of carbon between the developed countries and the developing countries has become more mature than ever. The carbon tariff caused by the distribution of the “big cake” will make the low-cost advantage in developing countries cease to exist, which will, in turn, affect the foreign trade, economic development, employment and people's living in developing countries. Therefore, under the background of this trend, we should perfect the relevant laws and regulations on trade and environment as soon as possible, optimize trade structure, promote greatly the development of service trade, transform thoroughly the mode of development in foreign trade, take advantage of the international carbon trading market by increasing the added value of export products resulted from technological innovation to achieve mutual benefit and win-win results and promote common development.

Property Rights, Renewable Resources and Economic Development

This paper analyzes the role of endogenous property rights in the development of an open resource-based economy. I incorporate renewable resources and endogenous decisions on property rights into a convex growth model with the formal and informal sectors. I find that along the transition path to steady state, property rights enforcement is not constant but improves with time as well as involves intermediate property rights specification (between open access and perfect property rights). International trade and labor market are driving these endogenous changes. Property rights improve with favorable terms of trade when the economy exports resource services and stronger property rights help maintain the resource stock by deterring illegal harvest. This pushes labor away from the informal harvest sector toward greater participation in the formal sector of the economy. In turn, more labor participation in the formal sector along with capital formation increase the country’s output and consumption. Overall, with an open economy and well-functioning institutions, renewable resources have a positive impact on economic growth.

Slovakia in the Whirl of Globalization

In the institutional frame of international relations fundamental changes are caused by globalization, where transnational corporations have an important and decisive point. States open their economies, liberate the international trade and capital market in order to spread their international economics relations. At the moment the Slovak economy is to a great extend depended on transnational corporations, so it is a part of globalization processes and is facing the necessity to be prepared for it. An arm in arm globalization is accompanied by regionalization. From this point of view has Slovakia notable disparity and restraints that will have to be solved.

Free to Air? Legal Protection for TV Program Formats

Television is only as strong as its programming. The use of program formats has slowly but surely developed into an important component of the television industry. This paper examines the surprising gap between the constantly growing, multi-billion-dollar trade of program formats and their unclear and contradictory legal treatment. Using an interdisciplinary approach, I look at the characteristics of both the product at hand and the markets it serves to examine possible justification for legal protection. I argue that the use of the term “TV format” is misleading and that a clear separation between the unpublished and published stages of the format creation process is necessary. Next, I show that contract law and internal industry mechanisms create an overall efficient, unpublished format market where no additional legal protection is needed. In the international trade market of published program formats, however, I conclude that a clearer legal approach offering better protection is justified.

Hypsipyla grandella em Mogno (Swietenia macrophylla): Situação Atual e Perspectivas

The mahogany wood, Swietenia macrophylla King, is valued in the international trade market for its beauty and durability for noble uses like furniture and decoration. Any attempt of commercial plantation of this specie to diminish the pressure made by its selective exploration fail due to the incidence of the mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller). Although some works have had relative success in presenting control techniques over the punctual aspects, a strategy of economic, an economic strategy for efficient and integrated management practice was not established yet for H. grandella in Brazil. This study objective is to update data about the insect and its host based in the most recent studies made in Brazil, besides to indicate the most prominent research areas for its control in S. macrophylla plantations in the Country. The most recommended control’s strategies for H. grandella are the host plant resistance use, silvicultural management, semiochemicals and biological control, in which exist the need of income to the long term researches. Natural resistance tests of S. macrophylla procedences must be encouraged due to Brazil’s wide natural resource areas.