International Trade Risk Research Articles

Defining dyadic cost and risk in international trade: a review of incoterms 2000 with strategic implications

As trade markets continue to expand due to developments in transportation and logistics technologies, distribution networks extend well beyond national frontiers. With obstacles such as distance, language, and business customs, allocation of legal responsibility between a buyer and a seller of goods becomes even more crucial in international commerce. This document is presented in three general sections. Reviewing the basics, including definition, origin, use and classifications of INCOTERMS constitutes the first section. The second section describes and analyzes the differences between each of the 13 INCOTERMS 2000. Lastly, the changes introduced by the 2000 revision are studied in more detail in section three and implications are proffered.

World Economic Expansion and National Security in Pre–World War I Europe

Profound and rapid changes in the costs and risks of international trade are now widely acknowledged to be a potent source of domestic political conflict. By altering the relative prices of goods available from world markets, these changes alter the rewards that flow to different factors of production from different economic activities. These distributional consequences of changing levels of trade, in turn, alter the configuration of interests in the domestic political economy, strain existing political alignments, and enable the construction of new political coalitions. Thus, global changes in the economy, such as the transportation and telecommunications revolutions in the nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries or the collapse of international trade and finance during the interwar years, will have global consequences as they reverberate within and through the domestic politics of all countries that trade on world markets.

Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on International Trade Flows

The persistence of large payments imbalances in the face of considerable exchange rate variations have imparted new urgency to questions about the functioning of the balance of payments (BoP) adjustment process. The principle concern is that exchange rate changes appear to increase the risk and uncertainty in international trade which has been strengthened in recent years in response to increasing protectionist policy and sluggish growth of world trade.

Protection and Export Insurance: the Identification and the Measurement of International Trade Risks

International trade risk is a complex political and economic phenomenon. Good understanding of this risk is a necessary condition to be able to deal with it. The taxonomy and the analysis provided in this paper is aimed at helping decision makers to identify the sources of international trade risk, and to manage it as a part of the financial management of the firm. The classification of the risks enables the manager to use the appropriate instruments to reduce, or eliminate different types of risks. For example, political risk should be insured by those agencies who are involved in its creation, while regular economic risks can be dealt with by the market.

Some Observations on the Use of Social and Political Indicators in International Trade Risk Assessment

Some Observations on the Use of Social and Political Indicators in International Trade Risk Assessment

The Management of International Trade Risks: the Role of the Berne Union

The Management of International Trade Risks: the Role of the Berne Union

The Management of International Trade Risks

The Management of International Trade Risks

Insurance against Credit Risks in International Trade.

Insurance against Credit Risks in International Trade.