International Trade Of Forest Products Research Articles

Integration Level and Influencing Factors’ Analysis of Forest Product Market Based on the Mathematical Model

This paper uses Python programming to improve the existing price index method and calculate the integration level of the forest products market in China. Based on the model, the influencing factors of domestic forest product market integration were examined empirically. The results show that the integration degree of the forest product market in recent years lags behind the average level in China. In this paper, the improvement of the existing price index method can calculate the level of market integration more quickly and accurately, and this improvement has obvious advantages in the case of a large amount of data. In terms of development, the overall pattern shows an increasing trend, and the eastern, central, and western provinces are gradually converging, although the differences between provinces continue to expand. In terms of influencing factors, the coefficient of the local government’s emphasis on forestry, the prosperity of international trade in forest products, and highway density were significantly positive factors, while the number of foreign investors and the railway density had no significant effects. In this paper, the optimization of the measurement method of market integration makes it easier for scholars to obtain the data on the level of market integration and promote in-depth research in the field of market integration.

Importance and trade of the Wood in the 21st Century in Africa

Wood is hard, fibrous tissue found in many trees. It has been used for hundreds of thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. This paper focuses on some of the challenges of the forests products trade in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to bring out the analysis we would like to make. The existing informations on the forest exploitation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, based mainly on the bibliographic review were considered. These data are time-series data of secondary source in the range of 2000 to 2015. According to the actual estimations, the population of the DR Congo consumes about 45 million m3 of wood per year. This estimation concerns the industrial wood exploitation, the fire wood, services wood, medicinal wood, house constructions, peasant’s fields, etc. Wood can be used as fuel, construction, sports and art material, furniture and utensils. The roundwood is the most exported forest product in the Central Africa for the international trade. Gabon is the first roundwood producing country in the Central with about 53% of the production. Wood and its sub-products have a great importance through the world. International trade in forest products particularly the wood can involve producing forest products, such as paper, in one country, sourcing timber from another country to meet production demand and then exporting the finished products to others countries. Keywords: Wood, forest, product

Effect of Forest Certification on International Trade in Forest Products

Forest certification plays an important role in the global trade of legal, sustainably harvested timber. There is no accurate definition of how international forest certification systems impact international trade from a global perspective. This paper is intended to evaluate the influence of forest certification on international trade, so that it can provide a scientific basis for the improvement of the international forest certification systems and for the development of relevant forestry industries in different countries. First, the influence of forest certification on international trade of forest products is explained in the economic model; hence, four hypotheses are put forward. Second, to test these hypotheses, we verify the panel data of bilateral trade and forest certification of all forest products among 67 economies from 2009 to 2018 by incorporating forest certifications into the gravity model. Finally, tests by country groups and product groups were further analyzed, respectively. The results show that: (1) The extended Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) estimation solves the problem of the heteroscedasticity and zero trade value problems of the gravity model well in the forest industry. (2) Forest certification has an export competitive effect, a trade barrier effect, as well as common language effect. (3) Forest certification has asymmetric trade effects. The export competitive effect of forest certification in developing countries is greater than that in developed countries. Forest certification has become a trade barrier for developing countries, especially in the process of trade with developed countries. The common language effect is higher during the trade between developed and developing countries. The export competitive effect of wood products is higher than that of furniture products. Forest certification has trade barrier effect on wood products in developing countries, while it has trade barrier effect on furniture products in developed countries.

Global timber harvest footprints of nations and virtual timber trade flows

Intensified international trade has accelerated the global timber harvest and flows of timber and caused a series of climate and environmental problems. However, the full impacts of international trade on global timber harvest have not been well characterized, including the global timber harvest caused by the final consumption of nations (i.e., the timber harvest footprint). This study accounts for the timber harvest footprints of nations using a global timber-extended multi-regional input-output model. The results show that the timber harvest footprints of developed nations (e.g., Germany and Japan) have largely exceeded their direct timber harvests. However, in developing nations in South America and Africa (e.g., Brazil and Ghana), the direct timber harvest (248 million m3 and 47 million m3) is much larger than the timber harvest footprint (222 million m3 and 10 million m3). Emerging economies (e.g., India) have achieved simultaneous growth in the direct timber harvest and timber harvest footprint during 1990–2015, with average annual growth rates of 0.5% and 0.4%, respectively. Developing nations are mostly net exporters of the timber embodied in international trade (i.e., virtual timber). The destinations of virtual timber flows are mainly developed nations with abundant forest resources (e.g., the United States, Japan, and Germany). Our research findings not only contribute to identifying critical nations that directly or indirectly drive global timber harvests through global supply chains, but also identify the nations that have severe timber harvesting practices due to the current trade model. The policies related to forestry sustainability should consider the carrying capacity of forest resources, especially in developing nations, and commit to balancing the international trade of forest products.

Carbon Emission Flow and Transfer through International Trade of Forest Products

Abstract The environmental impact of commodity trade has become a considerable concern in recent decades. In this study, carbon emissions embodied in forest products trade are examined through a multiregional input–output model. Compared with other industries, the forest products industry is clean with a small total emission and mean emission intensity. The paper sector is more substantial in total emission and dirtier in emission intensity than the wood sector. Most countries with extensive forest products trade have experienced declining consumption-based carbon emissions over 1995–2009, and all countries have become cleaner based on the emission intensity value. Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of forest products are about 25 percent of total emissions from production activities. Developing countries generally have much higher emission intensities than developed countries. Uncertainties in the carbon emission data have a larger impact than those in the intermediate and final consumption data. These findings are helpful for policymakers to understand the economic–environmental relations of forest products trade and to improve policy and agreement designs.

THE BRAZILIAN INSERTION INTO THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF FOREST PRODUCTS CHAIN

ABSTRACT The growing demand for forest products and the increasing interest worldwide in this market requires studying the behavior and defining Brazil’s role in relation to other competitive countries in the sector. This study analyzed the international trade in forest products from 2000 to 2014 emphasizing Brazil’s role. The Revealed Comparative Advantage index (RCA) and Revealed Comparative Disadvantage index (RCD) were analyzed based on the matrix of the symmetric Aquino index, also through the intra-industry and interindustry analysis using the Grubel-Lloyd index. Brazil shows RCA in fuel wood, wood panels, wood floors and wood articles as well as wood pulp. Brazil imports relatively small amounts of wood; nevertheless, it still has relatively high dependence on paper importations.

The impact of international efforts to reduce illegal logging on the global trade in wood products

ABSTRACTIllegal logging has become a global issue because of its adverse effects on biodiversity and climate change. In order to reduce illegal logging, many countries around the world have introduced regulations for the international trade of forest products. This paper examines the effects of these efforts on international trade of forest products. The analysis is conducted using the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek model, where the number of regulations against illegal logging is used to describe the level of efforts, and is included as an explanatory variable for national net export of forest products. The results show that efforts against illegal logging have had significant and positive impacts on the net export of forest products.

Modeling International Trade of Forest Products: Application of PPML to a Gravity Model of Trade

To model international trade of forest products we use a gravity model of trade. In modeling trade, we estimate the impact of importer gross domestic product (GDP), exporter GDP, and distance between trading partners using Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML). When estimating the log-linearized gravity model (ordinary least squares [OLS]), two issues arise. First, potential bias associated with truncation of all zero-trade observations due to the nonexistence of the natural log of zero. Second, heteroscedasticity can bias results from the log-linearized gravity model because of the multiplicative error term of the stochastic gravity model. To address these two issues, we propose avoiding the log-linearized gravity model and instead estimate the nonlinear gravity model via PPML. To estimate the model, trade data are compiled from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The observation window is from 1997 to 2014 and covers 13 product categories at a country-pair level. In our estimation, we find systematic differences in estimates from OLS in comparison with estimates from PPML. Using the estimated elasticities, in combination with estimates of future GDP from shared socioeconomic pathways, we project future US exports to the year 2030 for each item category in addition to total exports for Brazilian wood pulp, New Zealand industrial roundwood, and Canadian coniferous sawnwood. Using our approach, we provide a tool for policy makers and industry leaders alike to make informed decisions over prior estimates of forest product trade.

森林认证背景下的林产品国际贸易发展现状及对策分析

森林认证背景下的林产品国际贸易发展现状及对策分析

Social network analysis as a tool for the analysis of international trade of wood and non-wood forest products

Countries are almost exclusively seen as the primary unit of analysis in the study of international trade; and analysis of trade in wood and non-wood forest products is no exception to that rule. This paper uses the relationship among countries as the primary unit of analysis and introduces different procedures of social network analysis, where the goal is to demonstrate their applicability to the study of international trade of forest products. Compared to statistical analysis, additional benefit of social network analysis is the fact that the assumption of independence of observations does not hold true; and thus enables a more thorough insight into the structure of the international trade network.Data on international trade of chemical wood pulp, truffles, and aggregate forest products in the 1988–2006 period is used to demonstrate the applicability of selected network indices as descriptors of economic flows among countries. The analysis covers topics of network visualization, characteristics of the network, grouping of countries, their individual positions and modelling of international trade that includes endogenous effects such as reciprocity, and exogenous effects such as forest certification and contribution of forestry to the gross domestic product.Results show that many procedures of social network analysis can be used in the field of international trade of forest products, but that great care is needed in their contextual interpretation. Prominent topics of application are the structural trends and impact of different policies, such as the EU Timber Regulation on international trade of wood-based products.

Monetary union and forest products trade – The case of the euro

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if the establishment of a monetary union in European countries had affected the international trade of forest products between the euro-using countries. A differential gravity model of bilateral trade flows was developed and estimated with panel data for the bilateral trade between 12 euro countries from 1988 to 2013, for commodity groups HS44 (wood and articles of wood), HS47 (pulp of wood, fibrous cellulosic material, waste, etc.), HS48 (paper and paperboard), and their sum. The parameters were estimated by ordinary least squares and fixed-effects methods. The results showed a positive or neutral effect of the euro on trade, for all products and countries, with both estimation methods. According to the most general result, the introduction of the euro had increased the average annual rate of growth of the bilateral trade of forest products by 6.5 ± 1.3% from 2002 to 2013.

Logging ban policy and its impact on international trade in forest products: the case of Thailand

In 1989, unnecessary logging activities triggered huge landslides in Thailand that led to the loss of 373 human lives and properties worth millions of baht. Consequently, Thailand's authorities officially imposed a logging ban to forestall the future reoccurrence of a similar disaster. Using a J-curve hypothesis, this paper examined the impact of the logging ban on Thailand's forest product trade balances. To achieve the objective, an autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration was applied to estimate the results using data from 1971 to 2010. The results revealed that the policy has had a negative effect on product trade balances in the short-run and the long-run. In addition, domestic income, foreign income and the exchange rate were found to significantly influence product trade balance variations. The J-curve effect was non-existent for all of the sampled products. As such, policies that will both safeguard the environment and ensure economic growth are recommended.

The effects of the 2008 Lacey Act amendment on international trade in forest products

Despite international efforts, illegal logging continues on a scale that is of global concern, with significant volumes of illegally harvested wood entering into international trade flows. Recently, major importers of forest products have implemented timber legality legislation prohibiting the possession and/or importation of wood and wood products that are of illegal origin. Drawing on bilateral trade data and using a quantitative, regression-based comparative case study methodology, the effects of the 2008 Lacey Act amendment on the international trade of forest products were evaluated. A data-driven method was used to create aggregate control groups for comparisons with countries affected by the policy. If the policy has been effective in reducing the volume of illegally harvested forest products being imported into the U.S., we would expect to see some unique differences in post-policy U.S. imports of wood and wood products from areas with high levels of suspicious wood in their supplies. Results from these analyses show few substantial differences in post-policy imports of wood products of suspicious origins into the U.S. However, the results suggest that the policy may be affecting wood imports by major exporters of finished wood products to the U.S.

Current Status and Problems in Certification of Sustainable Forest Management in China

Forest certification is a mechanism involving the regulation of trade of forest products in order to protect forest resources and improve forest management. Although China had a late start in adopting this process, the country has made good progress in recent years. As of July 31, 2009, 17 forest management enterprises and more than one million hectares of forests in China have been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Several major factors affect forest certification in China. The first set is institutional in nature. Forest management in China is based on centralized national plans and therefore lacks flexibility. A second factor is public awareness. The importance and value of forest certification are not widely understood and thus consumers do not make informed choices regarding certified forest products. The third major factor is the cost of certification. Together these factors have constrained the development of China's forest certification efforts. However, the process does have great potential. According to preliminary calculations, if 50% of China's commercial forests were certified, the economic cost of forest certification would range from US$0.66-86.63million while the economic benefits for the forestry business sector could exceed US$150million. With continuing progress in forest management practices and the development of international trade in forest products, it becomes important to improve the forest certification process in China. This can be achieved by improving the forest management system, constructing and perfecting market access mechanisms for certificated forest products, and increasing public awareness of environmental protection, forest certification, and their interrelationship.

Temporal uncertainties of integrated ecological/economic assessments at the global and regional scales

Over the past several years, research using the Center for International Trade in Forest Products (CINTRAFOR) Global Trade Model (CGTM) and the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) has estimated the potential effects of climate change on the global forest sector. The process of linking these two models—many model runs with alternative economic, ecological and climate scenarios—provides useful information on (i) the behavior of the economic model under alternative assumptions, (ii) integrated economic/ecological results and (iii) their implication for decision makers. Previous works indicate that assumptions on economic behavior and ecology interactions are important when estimating the economic effects of climate change on the forest sector. This paper estimates the economic effects associated with alternative transient paths of change in climate and CO 2 on the forest sector. The results indicate economic welfare measures change significantly under two alternative assumptions of the path that changes in climate and CO 2 may take. An assumption of a pseudo-transient constant rate of change to reach an equilibrium endpoint produces larger global welfare changes over the time period than a “true” transient change in climate by an average US$ 2 billion over the period 1994–2040. In addition, regional and market segment impacts are not uniformly distributed and should also be considered when programmatic needs are identified.

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda; Aphelenchoididae) associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera; Cerambycidae) in Portugal

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer, 1934) Nickle, 1970 is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) in Pinus. It is a quarantine organism in the European Union (Directive 77/93, EEC) and an impediment to international trade of forest products. A pest risk analysis for B. xylophilus and its vectors in the genus Monochamus for the territories of the European Union concluded that, due to the frequent occurrence of susceptible pine hosts in Europe and the presence of suitable insect vectors, PWD couldhave important economicandecolog

International Trade in Forest Products — The Global Challenge

International Trade in Forest Products — The Global Challenge

The Law of One Price in the Trade of Forest Products: Co-Integration Tests for U.S. Exports of Pulp and Paper

Abstract According to the law of one price, the export price of a well-defined commodity should be the same, regardless of destination, and the import price should be independent of the country of origin. This law has been used as a maintained hypothesis in several models of the international trade of forest products. Here, the law was tested with data on United States exports of pulp and paper, which represented 54% of the value of all forest product exports in 1988. The test was done with co-integration methods and with data from January 1978 to December 1988, for six European countries and Japan. The law of one price could not be rejected in 52 of the 56 pairs of price series analyzed. Thus, markets for United States pulp and paper exports were generally competitive, so that prices tended to converge in the long run. Consequently, spatial equilibrium models that do not distinguish between exports to different countries could be used in this context. Furthermore, the 1992 European unification should not affect markedly the prices obtained by United States exporters in different countries. Finally, the incomplete pass-through of exchange rates to export prices found in previous studies is likely to be due to demand and supply shifts induced by exchange rate realignments, and not to monopolistic forces. For. Sci. 38(3):539-553.