International Trading Companies Research Articles

Sociocultural characteristics of consumer behavior among Japanese youth: From traditional paradigm to modern trends

This article analyzes a range of sociocultural aspects that influence the formation, development and dynamics of consumer behavior among youth in contemporary Japanese society. The authors note that, while the modern context (technology, media) influences the consumer behavior of Japanese youth, traditional values and orientations continue to have an impact on it. The theoretical and methodological foundation of the research is a comprehensive methodology based on Edward T. Hall’s theory of high-context and low-context cultures, which is applied to characterize the stage of decision-making in the purchase of various products. Additionally, a sociocultural approach was employed, allowing the analysis of consumer behavior aspects such as values, value orientations, behavioral stereotypes, motivations. This approach enabled a more in-depth understanding of the target audience’s needs and preferences, which, in the future, will facilitate the development of effective marketing strategies aligned with the cultural and social norms of consumers. To conduct a more detailed analysis of the brand communications effectiveness with the youth segment of the market, four international companies were selected, representing various approaches to interacting with the target audience: UNIQLO, Comme des Garçons (CDG), ZARA, and Louis Vuitton (LV). These brands were chosen based on their popularity among Japanese consumers according to one of the largest ranking websites, ranking.net. The authors then focused their attention on a thorough analysis of a vast amount of empirical data obtained from various sources, including data from diverse resources, including the report from the World Values Survey Association and news media. They analyzed social networking services (SNS) accounts and official websites of the aforementioned international trading companies. A distinctive feature of this study is the use of in-depth structured interviews with representatives of the Japanese youth, with a total of 11 participants, which allowed for the refinement of the research on certain aspects and the visualization of consumers’ attitudes towards the selected companies in the form of perception maps and word clouds.

Organize Sanayi Bölgelerindeki Dış Ticaret Sorunlarının Tespiti ve Çözüm Önerileri: Şanlıurfa (OSB) Örneği

Recently, the importance of international trade activities is at a considerable level. Especially the economic competition between the countries brought by globalization has made this even more important. Organized Industrial Zones established by countries to accelerate commercial activities are also an important part of this process. Moreover, most of the companies located in Organized Industrial Zones (OIZ) are engaged in international trade activities intensively. In particular, states have begun to understand much better that they need to develop their foreign trade potential in order to achieve their growth targets in the current global century. For this reason, both companies and governments attach importance to the spread of international trade transactions of all companies, especially throughout the country. They sometimes use local government resources to support international trade companies by supporting them with incentives. However, knowing all this importance, it is inevitable for companies to encounter some problems due to the nature of trade while doing foreign trade. In this study, in order to determine the problems faced by the companies in the field of foreign trade, a questionnaire consisting of questions was applied to 44 companies among the foreign trade companies located in the Şanlıurfa organized industrial zone. By analyzing the data obtained as a result of the survey, the problems experienced by the companies in Şanlıurfa OIZ in foreign trade were tried to be determined. In addition, it was tried to learn what the biggest problem might be with the only question asked to the companies verbally. In this question, the answers given to the other questions were analyzed together and the identified problems were included in the study. According to the data obtained as a result of the analysis, the most important problems faced by the relevant companies are; It is expressed as the inability to find qualified personnel, instability in the economy, high exchange rates, and the constant increase in costs. At least, the importance of market research and the problems related to fairs were expressed.

Discovering maritime-piracy hotspots: a study based on AHP and spatio-temporal analysis

Shipping is the backbone of international trade and oil companies want their oil tankers to arrive safely. The safety and security of international shipping of crucial elements such as oil has always been important aspect in the landscape of piracy. The implications of piracy attacks are linked with loss of cargo or personnel, economic and environmental catastrophe. Despite maritime piracy being a major concern to international trade, no comprehensive study considers the causing factors and spatio-temporal patterns that influence the choice of attack areas. Thus, this research expands our understanding on the areas where piracy mainly occurs, and its underlying causes. To achieve these objectives, AHP and spatio-temporal analysis applied by using data from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. The results indicate that territorial waters are preferable areas; thus, pirates prefer to attack the ships close to the coastline fewer times near ports, and rarely in international waters. This is in line with the spatio-temporal analysis results that show that pirates except for the Arabian sea prefer to hit close to the coastline of countries that face political instability, lack of properly functioning government and extreme poverty. Moreover, pirates in certain areas are influenced by the activity and the information from other pirates, which can be used as tool from the authorities e.g., derive information from pirates that have been arrested. Overall, this study contributes on the literature of maritime piracy, and it could be used to enhance security and build tailored defense strategies in perilous water areas.

EMPRESA QUE DORME, A ONDA LEVA: O CASO DA AC COMEX

This teaching case reports the dilemma of the AC COMEX company, which has been operating since 2003 in the field of consultancy and solutions for international trade companies. From 2012 its main service became the SISCOSERV registry. However, in 2020, the obligation for companies to supply SISCOSERV with data on imports and exports was suspended, compromising the management of AC COMEX and its sustainability in the market. The primary sources were interviews and direct communication with AC COMEX partners. As a secondary source, the company's official website and documents provided by the partners were used. The present case is a platform for evaluating the strategies used and for diversifying international business that minimize the impact of threats from the external environment, bringing financial sustainability to the company. After the debate period, the class is expected to drive the best decisions, and what the company could have done. Class members should analyze the proposed strategies and can make a more correct final decision.

무역협상 배경요인 및 협상전략이 한국 중소무역기업의 비대면 협상성과에 미치는 영향

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between background factors of business negotiation and negotiation outcome for Korean small and medium sized trading companies. Design/Methodology/Approach - By analyzing business negotiation factors such as culture, organization, knowledge on trade practice, individual characteristics, and negotiation process, a research model was derived, and research hypotheses were verified. Findings - The results of this study are as follows. Cross-cultural awareness, organizational support, trade practice knowledge, and individual characteristics had positive direct effects on negotiation outcomes, and negotiation outcomes also had a positive effect on negotiation profit, while cooperative negotiation strategy did not have a significant effect on negotiation outcomes. Research Implication - International trading companies increasingly rely on international trade negotiations for survival and growth. It was found that factors such as cultural difference, organizational support, individual characteristics, and cooperative strategy are important factors affecting positive negotiation outcomes. Therefore, it is essential that negotiators in small and medium trading companies need to understand the cultural differences of their counterparts, and the organization needs to provide direct support to negotiators. Based on the results of this study, strategic alternatives were suggested for trade negotiators to conduct efficient trade negotiations.

CITIC Pacific Hedging Strategy Analysis In 2008

At 2008 CITIC Pacific incurred a huge loss of 51.5 million US dollars from its foreign currency derivatives contracts. The reason for such a huge loss is the misuse of a complex derivative called Knock Out Discount Accumulator (KODA). This article focuses on the mechanisms of such derivatives as well as how such mechanisms make CITIC Pacific take a huge loss. In this article, we find that the cumulative option contract has been widely recognized as one of the most effective hedging strategies against foreign exchange risk. However, the cumulative option entered by CITIC Pacific is unreasonable. We propose some suggestions for the firm to follow in order to help hedge the risk. Besides, what international trade companies can learn from this case is also talked about.

Research on Credit Algorithm of International Trade Enterprises Based on Blockchain

Lack of trust, lack of standards, and low efficiency are the three biggest problems in China’s trade financing at present. With the development and application of new generation technologies such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology, China is in the stage of financial technology 3.0 under the deep integration of finance and technology. In the field of financial technology, the most concerned is the application of blockchain technology in trade finance business. With the successive construction of various blockchain platforms and the acceleration of the internationalization process, the international trade credit risk behind it is also increasing. Among many financial services, trade finance is the most closely integrated field with blockchain technology. In this context, preventing the risks in the business process of international trade enterprises, so as to reduce the cost of financial transactions, improve the effectiveness of financial services, and better serve the real economy is not only the internal development needs of enterprises, but also the national financial strategy needs. In view of the above problems, this paper analyzes the risk factors faced by multinational trading enterprises in the transaction process through the transaction data of some multinational enterprises on mobile phones, and constructs a credit evaluation system of international trading enterprises based on blockchain, in order to enhance the trade risk resistance ability of international trading companies.

Competitive Properties of Trading Companies Managers

The structure of competitiveness of managers in international trading companies includes motivational, adaptive mobility, emotional-volitional, communicative, and individual-psychological factors. Variables of each factor characterize leadership traits and determine the competitiveness of the individual. We proved that the leadership characteristics determining competitiveness on the motivational factor are manifested in the superiority of direct motives; according to the emotional and volitional factor – a high level of volitional self-control and perseverance; according to individual-psychological characteristics – a level of emotional balance, communicativeness and a low level of depression and neurotic spontaneity.

Assessing Financial Efficiency with Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) Model: Evidence from International Trading Companies

The allocation of indirect cost associated with a particular service in the most accurate way gives many different options. Understanding logistics process in terms of cost and profitability is a complex task, and there is need to more research in such bases. Traditional costing systems are not able to determine accurately the cost of different cost objects once based mainly on volume measures for costing allocation. With traditional cost systems giving inaccurate results as operations change, there is the need for organizations to implement modern costing annalistic models which can easily be integrated in cases of update on cost drivers or expenditure. In this paper, theories underlying Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) model have been used in a form of case study stimulation to examine how overhead cost can be properly allocated in organizational departments. The author attempts to implement the generic steps of the TDABC cost model as presented by Kaplan and Anderson in a case study to measure the financial efficiency of a logistics procumbent company based in china with clients mostly based in Africa.Traditional costing systems are not able to determine accurately the cost of different cost objects once based mainly on volume measures for costing allocation Keywords : efficiency; TDABC; capacity costs; outsourcing; logistics procurement, international trade, Logistics Service providers, Fourth-party logistics service providers (4PL) DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/76-01 Publication date: June 30 th 2021

Stepen poznavanja poslovnog engleskog jezika među zaposlenima u pojedinim inostranim uslužnim kompanijama u Srbiji

Due to the globalization and high demand of international market, business correspondence is being performed mainly in English, making the English language lingua franca in international trade. This paper shows in what degree the English language is, as the language for specific purposes, important in the international trading companies; it studies the connection between the professional position of an employee in a company, the usage and understanding of the language. Together with examples from the research conducted, this paper provides some answers to the questions - what professional positions are most likely to change in terms of the English language usage, that is, on which professional positions is the language known best?

A simulation-optimization approach to determine optimal order-up-to level for inventory system with long lead time

This paper proposes a simulation-optimisation technique to determine an optimal order-up-to level for a single product in a periodic review inventory system. A vital aspect of the problem is that the replenishment lead time is much longer than the review period. Customer demands are stochastic, discrete, and intermittent, and the lead times are stochastic and discrete. With these demand and lead time characteristics, an empirical distribution is used to fit the distribution of demand during the lead time. A simulation-optimisation approach is developed with the objective to minimise the total annual inventory management cost, which consists of the holding cost and backlog cost, while maintaining an acceptable service level. Real data from a warehouse of an international trading company are used to test the performance of the proposed method. Results from a computational test show the method effectiveness.

Global marketing and advertising development based on cultural specificities in the world

Предмет дослідження: взаємозв'язок глобального маркетингу і реклами з культурними особливостями країн у світовій економіці. Мета дослідження: на основі аналізу підходів транснаціональних корпорацій до формування глобальних маркетингових стратегій визначити основні елементи з урахуванням культурних відмінностей приймають ринків і виділити рушійні і стримуючі фактори, що впливають на глобальну інтеграцію і маркетинг. Методи: загальнонаукові методи аналізу і синтезу, методи угруповань, узагальнення та систематизації даних, а також економіко-математичні моделі. Результати роботи: В статті міститься аналіз основних механізмів побудови глобальної маркетингової стратегії і реклами ТНК, сформованих з урахуванням культурних відмінностей країн в світовій економіці, досліджено основні види маркетингових стратегій на основі EPRG-схеми, представлений компаративний аналіз маркетингових стратегій інтерналізації та локалізації, використовуваних різними ТНК (включаючи ТНК Китаю). На основі SWOT-аналізу основних елементів глобальних маркетингових стратегій ТНК виділені основні сполучення стратегічних елементів і напрямків розвитку національних компаній. Галузь застосування результатів: Результати дослідження можуть бути використані при формуванні маркетингових стратегій національних компаній при виході на міжнародний ринок, допомогти в процесі інтернаціоналізації компанії, посилити положення компаній в міжнародній торгівлі за допомогою побудови враховує культурні відмінності маркетингової стратегії і реклами. Висновки: Процеси глобалізації призвели до посилення зовнішньоекономічних взаємозв'язків держав і формування нової світової інфраструктури. Це зумовило актуальність формування маркетингових стратегій національних компаній з урахуванням світового досвіду маркетингових стратегій ТНК і з урахуванням культурних відмінностей приймаючих країн. Облік культурних відмінностей внутрішніх ринків країн дозволяє уникнути істотних втрат при побудові відповідної маркетингової стратегії (наприклад, EPRG-схема), побудувати адекватну симбіоз всіх ресурсів компанії (включаючи фінансові, трудові, інноваційні та ін.), Що дозволяє завоювати нові ніші на ринку або утримати конкурентні позиції. Цьому також сприяє наявність регіональних торгових угод, зняття тарифних і нетарифних обмежень у світовій торгівлі. Все це дозволяє виділити рушійні і стримуючі ключові фактори, що впливають на глобальну інтеграцію і глобальні маркетингові стратегії в сучасних умовах.

Особенности международных автомобильных перевозок грузов на современном этапе

the article examines the current state of the international road transport market and its features in the Russian Federation. The concept of international road transport of goods is given and their main advantages before choosing other modes of transport are listed. The main problems of international road transport of goods at the present stage are analyzed and possible ways of their solution are given. In particular, the functional-informational model of the international trading company and its advantages are considered.

Una aproximación financiera al potencial exportador de las comercializadoras internacionales de confecciones mediante un dupont estocástico

<em><span>Este trabajo cuantifica el impacto que tiene la eficiencia, el margen de utilidad y el apalancamiento financiero sobre el desempeño exportador de las comercializadoras internacionales de confecciones, haciendo uso de un análisis Dupont estocástico. En primera instancia se utiliza una simulación de Montecarlo para modelar el sistema Dupont, aproximando todas las cifras del balance general y el estado de resultados a las distribuciones de probabilidad de mejor ajuste, produciendo una cifra para explicar el rendimiento del patrimonio y de la inversión de este tipo de empresas. Luego, a través de un análisis de sensibilidad, mediante @Risk, se determina el impacto de las variables explicativas (eficiencia, margen y apalancamiento) en el comportamiento del Índice Dupont proyectado. Se encuentra que las empresas en estudio tiene una clara debilidad financiera, y que el sector muestra una baja eficiencia en el uso de los recursos.</span></em>

Investigating the Policy of International Trading Companies of Iran in Using Letters of Credit

<p>Letters of credit play a crucial role in international trade. In this study, we investigate the most preferable characteristics of letters of credit for the international trading companies in Iran. We seek to investigate which kind of guarantee (commercial L/C or standby L/C) they prefer to secure the performance of their client's obligations. Studied companies were 20 international trading companies in Tehran, from which 50 experts were participated in our survey study. For measuring the participants and their policy in using letters of credit, a questionnaire in Persian was designed. For analyzing data we used statistical tests (One-sample t-test). Data showed that <em>being</em><em> a guarantee</em>, <em>integration</em>, <em>documentary conditions</em>, and <em>secondary payment mechanism </em>are four important reasons for international trading companies in Iran to use letters of credit in their contracts. Statistical results showed that “being a guaranteed credit” is the most important factor with a mean of 3.660 ± 1.135.Also, we found significant relationship between these four factors and the L/C usage policy (p <0.01, and p< 0.05). We concluded that they mostly prefer standby letters of credit for securing their transactions.</p>

International trade and emerging markets: the importance of managing the key strategy drivers

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Any discussion about change in the business environment usually results in some reference to globalization. In many ways, it has proved to be a positive force. Markets are more efficient and competition has intensified to an extent that no firm can rest easily on its laurels. In addition, wealth imbalance across the world has also been addressed to a point. On the flip side, many people believe that richer nations benefit most from global trade. Erosion of cultural diversity is another issue, while environmental groups also voice concerns. International trading companies have been affected more than most. Their operating environment has greatly increased in its complexity and many established functions associated with international distribution are no longer applicable in their original form. Practical implications The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Study of Financing Methods in International Trading Company in Iran (Case Study: Mahan Air Company)

In many projects, especially airlines projects type of financing is very important for some reason such as the amount of capital required and sensitivity of project in terms of political, economic and security issues. In this research, researcher with regard to the importance of the issue is to seek to achieve a goal that will be on the way of finding suitable methods for Mahan Air to financing and what is involved the researcher's mind is to introduce and identify best methods of financing from internal and external methods for international trading companies and especially Mahan air. At the first, a survey was conducted from 15 experts to prioritize important ways using pairwise comparisons questionnaires and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Then to practical test of obtained priority another questionnaire was used. In order to ensure the validity of the questionnaire professors and experts were asked to comment and their view was confirmed the validity of questionnaire. To ensure unambiguity in the questions and reliability, questionnaire tentatively distributed among 30 individuals and Cronbach’s alpha 722/0 was obtained that represented good credit of questionnaire. The results showed that in the financing of projects in the international trading companies in internal resources: loan, equity participation, instalment sale, leasing, internal line of financing, profit sharing respectively and external sources of finance, usance, external line of financing, build, operate and transfer (BOT) and joint venture respectively involved and closer inspection revealed that there was a significant relationship between various methods of financing and success of the project.

INTRACO: Blazing a Trail Overseas for Singapore?

Through the lens of the now-defunct Singapore government-linked company (GLC) called International Trading Company (INTRACO), this book offers a historical analysis of the country's economic development strategy. Since its Independence in 1965, GLCs like INTRACO were introduced by the former Deputy Prime Minister, the late Dr Goh Keng Swee, a pioneer of Singapore's remarkable transformation from Third World to First, to fulfil strategic economic objectives. As the country's lifeblood has been entreport trade, INTRACO was created to blaze a trail overseas by facilitating commercial ties behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War. The eventual divestment of INTRACO highlights the same way in which the Singaporean state is acutely responsive to changing global economic and geopolitical trends. This book is useful to academics, students, and the interested lay reader for its insights into the role of the state in economic development in post-colonial countries.

FDI and TNCs in Agriculture of Developing Countries

FDI in agriculture in developing countries is very small. It is not among priorities of most developing countries as regards FDI promotion and attraction. It is also not facilitated by often unresolved regulatory issues concerning access of investors to arable land. In addition, there a fewer candidates for foreign investment than there were several decades ago, as TNCs ― food processing and retailing TNCs as well as trading intermediaries ― withdrew from agricultural production and focus instead on downstream activities, including processing, trading and marketing of food. To secure agricultural inputs, TNCs as well as domestic players, establish local and cross-border supply chains, which they control, using for this purpose contracts with local farmers or buy inputs through spot market transactions. Therefore TNCs affect agriculture of most developing countries indirectly, through contracts, rather than directly, as producers of agricultural products. The paper examines implications of TNC activities for developing countries in the area of financing, investment and exports. TNCs can be instrumental in providing financing and other forms of assistance to farmers as well as in stimulating exports. They can, however, crowd out farmers, unable to meet stringent requirements of TNCs concerning quality, product safety or logistics. In addition, excessive concentration of market power of international trading companies in some international markets reduces benefits of developing countries from exports of agricultural products. In an exception from an overall pattern of small FDI in agriculture, some countries such as China and Viet Nam attracted considerable FDI into their agriculture.

Financial Audit Report Modifications in Malta**

This paper analyses the modifications of financial audit reports of Maltese companies between 2005 and 2009. It examines the audit reports of a random sample of 374 limited liability companies registered with the Registry of Companies in Malta. The study shows that the average 2005-2009 modification rate in Malta stood at 22.4%, this representing an increase over previous periods. Most modified reports were noted in the case of private exempt and international trading non-exempt companies. Generally, private exempt companies had their audit report qualified on the basis of a limitation of scope, whilst most international trading companies had their reports qualified on the basis of disagreement with management. Furthermore, the “small company qualification” (which has been long abolished) was still incorrectly being used in Maltese audit reports till 2009. The results therefore show that there is still room for improvement in audit reporting in Malta. Whilst the Big Four audit firms do not appear to have issues in appropriately adhering to audit reporting standards, Maltese smaller audit firms and sole practitioners were found still to be the main cause for inappropriate audit reporting. Towards improvement, the study provides various recommendations including: a more consistent regulatory framework, stricter enforcement of quality assurance, and the reconsideration of the statutory small audit. Such recommendations may also be applicable to other jurisdictions.