International Tourism Activities Research Articles

CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM

The article provides a detailed analysis of international tourist arrivals in Europe and the dynamics of the number of international tourist arrivals in Europe for recreation and leisure. The analyzed domestic tourism is more important than inbound tourism for many countries and how domestic tourism costs include the “internal” part of travel expenses, which accounted for 65%, domestic tourism costs in the EU 28, and the remaining 35% relates to travel tourism. Expenditures of domestic tourism in the EU, where the total cost of tourism at the EU level is estimated at 299,000 million euros. Germany, Great Britain and France accounted for 57% of the total. It is determined that the current trends of growth of the tourism industry will continue. Given the steady increase in key indicators, ie the number of international tourist arrivals and revenues from international tourism activities over the past few years. It is proved that international tourism is a component that can provide a balanced attitude to economic development, attractiveness of the region, as well as to preserve the environment, increase jobs, enable poorer countries to overcome the effects of crises, strengthen the economy.

SI BUDUR: INDONESIAN CULTURAL TOURISM FOR DIGITAL NATIVES GENERATIONS

COVID-19 outbreak has affected people's activities in Indonesia. At least people in 34 provinces should stay at home to reduce this pandemic spread. This world pandemic has a massive impact on national and international travel, gatherings, and tourism activities. This research is discussing about Si Budur application that has a new concept to bring back the cultural tourism for digital natives’ generations. Especially, in this pandemic condition, the digital natives’ generations need the appropriate media to learn about their own culture. Many cultural tourism is contain important cultural value for the digital natives’ generation. This paper is talking about the use of SI BUDUR application in order to give Indonesian cultural tourism holding a chance to use a new platform in their activities, especially to counteract the COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method to discuss the assumption, supporting theory, and previous research. Collecting the data from previous literature and research that talking about using the digital media to bring back the cultural tourism. Researchers analyze the data by compiling the result of some previous literatures and research then comparing with the Si Budur concept. The result is interesting which shows there are many factors that will affect the implementation of Si Budur. It is an appropriate media for the digital natives’ generation to learn and get the knowledge about cultural history around them during this Covid-19 pandemic. This concept is first and fresh concept that has goals to bring back the cultural value to the digital natives’ generations. The other literatures and previous research did not have same and specific concept like Si Budur. It is offer the combination of latest technology with the amazing cultural value. Indonesia has a lot of cultural value that should be keep in touch with the digital natives’ generations. Digital natives’ generations as the main and massive generations in this era will give necessary effect to the cultural value.
 Keywords: COVID-19, Culture, Tourism, SI BUDUR

Flujos turísticos, geopolítica y COVID-19: cuando los turistas internacionales son vectores de transmisión

El turismo incide en el territorio por medio del movimiento de personas. Las restricciones a los viajes aplicadas para frenar la COVID-19 por casi la totalidad de los países han paralizado prácticamente los flujos internacionales y la actividad turística. Este artículo analiza las medidas realizadas frente a alertas sanitarias previas como la del SARS, MERS o H1N1, y las confronta con las aplicadas ante el nuevo coronavirus. De este modo, se refleja cómo estas últimas pueden alterar el mapa turístico mundial e impactar en los destinos más dependientes, desembocando en un futuro turístico más incierto que nunca.

Міжнародна туристична діяльність: сучасні реалії та тенденції

Міжнародна туристична діяльність: сучасні реалії та тенденції

РОЗВИТОК МІЖНАРОДНОГО ТУРИЗМУ В КОНТЕКСТІ ПРОГНОЗІВ ВСЕСВІТНЬОЇ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ

The country's international tourism industry can be defined as the amount of domestic activity that directly supports the consumption of goods and services by foreign tourists in the country. Over the last sixty years, tourism has been constantly expanding and diversifying and has become one of the most attractive and growing sectors of the world economy. Although the bulk of international tourism activity is still concentrated in developed countries and regions of Europe, North and South America, significant expansion of new tourism markets is also observed in developing countries. A significant challenge for world tourism is the lack of diversification of tourism activities. Contemporary international tourist activity has shown a growing trend towards diversification and change. This is challenging for many countries, including the relatively advanced tourism industry, to avoid the rapid and complex needs of international tourists. In the highly competitive international tourism market and given the emergence of new tourist destinations, improving the conditions that contribute to the development of modern tourism is not an easy process. Last but not least, this is a problem of poor tourism security in some countries. In this context, it should be noted that the safety of tourists is a major factor in any successful tourism industry and should therefore be one of the main goals of tourism planning and management. Tourism security concerns adversely affect the reputation of host countries. In this regard, negative perceptions and political instability adversely affect the prospects for tourism development in many countries. The article deals with the issues of the world market of tourist services and its place in the world gross product. The general analysis of the main international trends of this sector and the most important aspects are presented. The authors present the concept of tourism development for Ukraine, based on international experience and the necessity of orientation of the government.

DIRECTIONS OF STRENGTHENING OF COMPETITIVE POSITIONS OF UKRAINE IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET OF TOURIST SERVICES

The article reveals the problems and potential of development of international tourism activity in Ukraine. The position of the country in the international tourist services market is assessed and directions of increasing the international competitiveness of its tourism industry are offered. The indicators of international tourism activity of Ukraine are analyzed. The possibility of improving the tourist brand of Ukraine in the international tourist environment has been proved. Strategic measures for promotion of the country's tourism brand in the international tourist services market are determined. Recommendations on expansion of innovation activity of Ukrainian companies and introduction of promising types of tourist services for domestic and foreign consumers of tourist product are given.

FEATURES OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN THE CONTEXT OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDIZATION AND UNIVERSALIZATION OF THE REGULATORY MECHANISM FOR INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ACTIVITIES

Theoretical and applied principles of implementation of uniform requirements on all stages of the creation and implementation of tourist services, as guaranteed by international regulation and development of universal mechanisms to guarantee appropriate standards are considered in the article. A special attention is focused on the analysis of different approaches defining the quality of tourist services, information saturation and support. It is determined that an important aspect of institutional change is the improvement of the base, the supporting organization of the tourism market development, maintaining market equilibrium, the penetration of the national market to the international market of tourist services, the distribution of income between sectors of the economy, the mechanism of prevention of crisis phenomena. The result of these transformations will be the creation of a legal framework to increase the dynamics of tourism development, organization of cooperation strategies between consumers of tourism services, travel companies and agencies, balanced utilization of tourism services and tourism products, regulation of development and differentiation of income to balance the economic potential, given the internal and external risks in the formation and implementation of tourism services. The aim of this work is the study of institutional transformations in the sphere of international tourism activity based on the use of approaches for standardization and universalization of the tourist services, the use of information support of the tourism industry. Diversification of tourism services requires from international institutions development, implementation and maintenance of a safety management system. Methodology. The study is based on the assessment of international practice, which showed the development of various approaches to the standardization of tourist services, reference tools online that provide information about the property, infrastructure, scores of consumers. The key objectives of the institutional changes lie in the interaction between the various subject-object items, as consumers, tour operators and an outlined range of institutions are subjects of the international tourist market. A dualistic approach to their cooperation can be based on the transformation of institutions and the unity and integrity of the system are based on the differentiation of tools and tasks of market development of tourist services. Another vector of the transformation of the global crises and threats and internal risks, as the presence of certain institutions to monitor these crises and accounting indicators when coordinating the development of a strategy for the balanced development of the national market of tourist services is an important element of transformational change. The results have identified that a high level of standardization and unification of services in the field of international tourism and ensure consumers a unified approach to the formation of the qualitative characteristics of the services, regardless of the country of consumption is the basis of modern globalization processes of institutionalization of this sphere.

Potential Effects of Disruptive Political Trends in International Tourism Market

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the prospective effects of the latest political incidences on the international tourism market. In this context, the arguments are based on the implications of the USA elections and the Brexit. The methodology of this paper comprises the discussion of the debates related to the recent political experiences. International tourism activities cannot be isolated from the political environment. It is clear that the new political incidences will require novel insights and strategies in conducting international tourism business globally. This paper provides a viewpoint of the today’s political scenarios that will certainly affect the international tourism market. It can be used to comprehend insights that can be used to plan the tourism futures.

The Relationship Between International Tourism Activities and Economic Growth: Evidence from China’s Economy

ABSTRACTThis study explores the causal relationship between international tourism receipts and economic growth in China’s 11 eastern provinces, accounting for both dependency and heterogeneity across provinces. The empirical results support evidence for the growth hypothesis in the province such as Hebei. A reverse relationship supports evidence on the conservation hypothesis for the provinces, such as Liaoning, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong and Guangdong. A neutrality hypothesis supported 5 of these 11 major provinces (i.e. Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Hainan).

International Legal Aspects of Tourism Activity: International Treaties Analysis

The present paper illustrates the general characteristics of acts of international law in the sphere of international tourism. International tourism has become an independent sphere of interstate cooperation and an effective instrument of international communication. The development of international tourism activities demands that states settle such existing issues as facilitating tourism formalities, liberalizing tourism services, unifying and harmonizing the legal regulation of tourism activities, protecting the environment from adverse influences of international tourism, and ensuring tourists’ rights, among others. The settlement of these issues can only be approached legally through international treaties. Thus, this paper attempts to analyse international conventions on tourism customs issues, international instruments on the trade in tourism services, and international treaties on space and tourism in Antarctica.

Природоохоронний режим Антарктики:досягнення і проблеми (до 25-річчя підписання Мадридського протоколу)

The 25th anniversary of the signing of the Protocol on Environment Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol), to be celebrated in 2016, provides a great opportunity to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of its provisions within the scope of the larger issues on evolution of the Antarctic environmental management and protection, which currently is one of the priorities for the Antarctic Treaty Parties. This article critically examines the environmental legal tools adopted at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the provisions and structure of the Madrid Protocol and its Annexes, as well as institutional and procedural tools developed by its executive body - the Committee for Environment Protection, CEP (such as the application of Environmental Impact Assessments, conservation of flora and fauna, avoiding pollution of the marine environment, waste management, establishing procedures for area protection and management). The current challenges related to effective Antarctic environmental protection are both human (the extension of national scientific expeditions programs, including the creation of new scientific facilities and transport infrastructure, further growth of international tourism activities) and natural challenges due to changes in the environment (climate change and reducing sea ice, the introduction of non-native biological species). Thus, the outstanding issues of the Protocol implementation are the following: providing an effective mechanism to reduce the cumulative impact of human activities on the Antarctic environment; international cooperation related to the proliferation of stations; more active practical application of the precautionary approach in planning and carrying out Antarctic activities; strengthen the environmental impact assessment process for both governmental scientific and non-governmental commercial activities; and further systematic development of the representative Antarctic protected areas network. The CEP’s multi-year strategic work plan is considered as an organizational and analytical tool focused on environmental issues that should be urgently settled on a priority basis.

مساهمة السیاحة فی النشاط الاقتصادی فی مصر

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى بيان الأهمية الاقتصادية التي تعود على الاقتصاد المصري من النشاط السياحي والايرادات السياحية کأحد القوات التجارة الغير منظورة والتي تساهم في تحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية و الى تحقيق فرص عمل و الحد من البطالة ، کذلک توفير موارد الدولة من النقد الأجنبي. Domestic and international tourism activities have an important and prominent role in most of the world economies which heavily depend on it as an important source of national income.Many countries were able to achieve significant tourist revenue due to its tourist and recreational attractions and other tourist attraction factors which have an important impact on the national economy.This impact appears in the reduction of the deficit in the balance of payments and overcoming some of the economic and social problems. Thence, tourism has become closely related to the economic development; it represents, in fact, one of the most important non- commodity exports and basic element of the economic activity in different countries. Therefore, global and international organizations, such as the World Bank and the UNESCO, are concerned with tourism and consider it as an important factor of rapprochement between different cultures in the world.

Effects on the U.S. of an H1N1 Epidemic: Analysis with a Quarterly CGE Model

We simulate the effects of a hypothetical H1N1 epidemic in the U.S. using a quarterly CGE model. Quarterly periodicity allows us to capture the short-run nature of an epidemic. We find potentially severe economic effects in the peak quarter. Averaged over the epidemic year, the effects are considerably damped. Our results indicate that the macroeconomic consequences of an epidemic are more sensitive to demand-side effects, such as reductions in international tourism and leisure activities, than to supply-side effects, such as reductions in productivity. This suggests that demand stimulus policies might be an appropriate economic response to a serious epidemic.

Minimizing Pathogen Transmission at Primate Ecotourism Destinations: The Need for Input from Travel Medicine

Tourism generates more than 9% of the global gross domestic product and may account for almost half of the gross domestic product in developing countries with biodiversity‐rich areas.1,2 Nature‐based tourism accounts for a growing proportion of international tourism activity. Ecotourism is a sustainable version of nature tourism with the following components: Ecotourism accounts for a significant proportion of all international tourism, and revenue generated by these activities could enhance economic opportunities for local residents, support environmental education, and protect the natural and cultural heritage of the area, including the conservation of biodiversity and improvement of local facilities.4 Ecotourism is increasingly seen as a means to promote wildlife conservation, increase public awareness, and raise revenue for protecting endangered species. Unfortunately, rapid, unmonitored development of ecotourism projects can lead to degradation of habitats and deleterious effects on animal well‐being. Habituation of animals to human presence can increase the likelihood that animals will actively seek out contact with humans, particularly in the form of crop raiding and invasion of garbage pits, latrines, and human households. Habituation may lead to alterations in animal stress responses, and this may lead to immunosuppression, increasing susceptibility to infectious diseases, and decreasing reproductive success. Other risks may include pollution, crowding, introduction of invasive species, and transmission of pathogens through direct and indirect infection routes. Zoonotic (nonhuman animal to human) and anthropozoonotic (human to nonhuman animal) infection transmission are of vital consideration, given the increasing demand from tourists to … Corresponding Author: Michael P. Muehlenbein, PhD, MsPH, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 701 E. Kirkwood Ave., Student Building 130, Bloomington, IN 47405‐7000, USA. E‐mail: mpm1{at}indiana.edu

Protected areas in Ngamiland, Botswana: investigating options for conservation‐development through human footprint mapping

Parks and reserves, created to protect Africa’s unique mammal life increasingly share buffer zones needed for their ecological survival with expanding rural populations, resulting in more conflict. While concern about the encroachment of human activity (or ‘human sprawl’) into natural areas is worldwide, it takes on an extra dimension in eastern and southern Africa, where we find the last large‐scale migrating herds of large mammals. The paper uses the Ngamiland region of Botswana in which the Moremi Game Reserve is situated to discuss problems and options surrounding park buffer zones in a context of rapid national economic growth, high levels of demographic growth and increasing international tourism activity, using human footprint and human sprawl mapping as tools to assess population conservation interaction. The paper argues that it is useful to employ footprint mapping in African protected area buffer zones to reveal specific regional patterns and options in order to enhance the search for workable solutions.

The ecological footprint as a key indicator of sustainable tourism

This paper argues for ecological footprint (EF) analysis to become widely adopted as a key environmental indicator of sustainable tourism (ST). It is suggested that EF analysis provides a unique, global perspective on sustainability that is absent with the use of locally derived and contextualised ST indicators. A simple methodology to estimate indicative, minimum EF values for international tourism activities involving air travel is presented. Critically, the methodology accounts for the EF that would have been used by a tourist at home during the tourist trip, providing an estimate of the net, as well as the gross, tourism-related EF. Illustrations of the application of the methodology are provided, including the evaluation and comparison of specific tourism products. It is suggested that some (eco)tourism products may, potentially, make a positive contribution to resource conservation at the global scale. Areas for further research in applying EF analysis to tourism are outlined.

A new approach to sustainable tourism development: Moving beyond environmental protection

Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world. It is an increasingly important source of income, employment and wealth in many countries. Its rapid expansion has, however, had detrimental environmental (and socio‐cultural) impacts in many regions. In this article, I examine the main economic benefits and environmental impacts of tourism, and review the development of the international sustainable tourism agenda. While much of international tourism activity takes place within the developed world, this article will focus on the (economic) development of the industry in developing countries I conclude that new approaches to sustainable tourism development in these countries should not only seek to minimize local environmental impact, but also give greater priority to community participation and poverty alleviation. I argue, in particular, that more emphasis should be given to a ‘pro‐poor tourism’ approach at both national and international levels.

Measuring comparative destination performance: A study in Spain and Turkey

Competitiveness between tourist destinations has increased due to the development of international tourism activity over the last two decades. This brings the importance of the assessment of destination performance vis‐à‐vis other similar and competing destinations. Therefore, this study attempts to develop an approach for the measure of destination performance and its comparison with another destination by using the data obtained from the actual tourists visiting both places. Two types of questionnaire are developed and their findings are found to be consistent. Empirical findings indicate that each destination has its own strengths. Implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.

Measuring Comparative Destination Performance:

Abstract Competitiveness between tourist destinations has increased due to the development of international tourism activity over the last two decades. This brings the importance of the assessment of destination performance vis‐a‐vis other similar and competing destinations. Therefore, this study attempts to develop an approach for the measure of destination performance and its comparison with another destination by using the data obtained from the actual tourists visiting both places. Two types of questionnaire are developed and their findings are found to be consistent. Empirical findings indicate that each destination has its own strengths. Implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.

Patterns of international tourism

This paper provides a historical and current overview of international tourism activity. Within the setting of a discussion of the nature and characteristics of tourism statistics, statistical indicators of the levels of international tourism are presented and analysed. Coverage is worldwide, split by World Tourism Organisation Region. Rankings of the leading tourism generators and receivers are given, together with concentration ratios of tourism supply and demand. Finally, the foremost world region, Europe, is considered in finer detail in view of its dominant position and leading influence on world tourism.©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.