International Telecommunication Research Articles

Varistor coupling method and recommendation parameters for combination wave test

AbstractVaristor coupling is recommended by International Telecommunication Union in combination wave test waveforms of surge protective devices (SPD), although the varistor coupling method and recommendation parameters for the combination wave test are not well understood. The waveform influencing characteristics introduced by varistor coupling are studied in detail in this paper. Low‐voltage varistors, with maximum operating voltages ranging from 130 to 750 V, are adopted here in the OrCAD/PSpice environment to analyze the influence of varistor coupling on the output characteristic of the combination wave generator (CWG) in test levels of 0 to 20 kV. Simulation results show that, owing to varistor coupling, the reverse oscillation phenomena will arise in the open‐circuit voltages (OCVs). Also owing to varistor coupling, compared with those generated directly by a CWG, the peak value, the front time, and the tail time for both OCV and short‐circuit current will decrease, whereas the virtual impedance will increase. Moreover, the lower the test level, or the higher the maximum operating voltage of the varistor, the more serious this effect. Experiments have also been conducted here, and our simulation results are found to match the experimental ones well. It seems that, compared with the conventional capacitor coupling, the range of the voltage of power supply networks and the levels of combination wave test by varistor coupling have to be limited to a great extent. Varistor coupling for combination wave test of SPD should be only used in special cases and special test levels where there are no strict waveform limitations.

On the settlement of space- and international telecommunications -related disputes

This paper aims to describe and assess the dispute settlement mechanisms available to States in the context of space and telecommunications activities. Disputes either between private actors or between private actors and States are beyond the scope of this research. The choice to examine mechanisms and procedures for the settlement of international disputes in these specific areas stems from an elective affinity between these sectors, given the existing interaction between them. At a first level, the paper highlights the importance of mechanisms to prevent the creation of international disputes, both in the field of space law (mainly through Art. IX of the Outer Space Treaty) and in the field of international telecommunications (Arts. 45 para. 3, 48 of the ITU Constitution). Further, the general scheme of peaceful settlement of international disputes, as enshrined in the UN Charter not only applies to the disputes in question but is further specified in the context of space and telecommunications law (Liability Convention, Art. 56 of the ITU Constitution), with a clear orientation towards the use of diplomatic rather than judicial means of resolution. Last but not least, if the settlement of disputes through diplomatic means fails, the preferred judicial mechanism is that of arbitration, as it is clearly demonstrated by the Claims Commission of Art. XIV LIAB, the PCA “Optional Rules for Arbitration” of space disputes, the mechanism of Art. 41 of the ITU Convention as well as the relevant “Optional Protocol”. The specific options for dispute settlement show that, in view of the common interest of States in “international goods” of a technical nature, the actors involved are mainly interested in the non-occurrence of disputes rather than in their resolution through judicial means. And when they do so, they choose to resort to flexible resolution mechanisms (arbitration) rather than to ordinary international courts.

BEST PRACTICES FOR THE APPLICATION OF TELEMEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ABROAD

The article analyzes the literature sources of the most promising areas of the development of informatization of health care systems in Russia and abroad. The World Health Organization and the International Telecommunication Union have noted, that for healthcare, digital systems are not only vital, but simply inevitable. Today, more than half of the underdeveloped and developing countries use telemedicine technologies, including using in emergency situations. It is actively gaining momentum in development and is being improved with infocommunication technologies.
 Purpose of the study. Analysis of the most promising directions for the development of healthcare informatization in Russia and abroad, taking into account the strategic importance of combating chronic non-communicable diseases.
 Material and methods. An analytical study that systematizes international and Russian experience in the application of telemedicine technologies.
 Results of the discussion. According to WHO forecasts, at present, not only in the Russian Federation, but throughout the world, there is a tendency towards population aging, which by 2050 will be more than 22%. This leads to demand growth for medical services. The development of digital mobile medicine (mHealth) is gaining popularity around the world, due to the shortage of medical personnel, the wide geographical spread of the population, the inaccessibility of medical care and the high cost of treatment
 Conclusion. The development and application of digital mobile medicine in the healthcare system has being contributed significantly to reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases, both from a medical and economical point of view.

George Edward Hams AM (1928–2023)

George Edward Hams AM (29 July 1928–2 February 2023) was a much respected engineer, international telecommunications adviser and leader in the field of telecommunications. In 1990 these achievements were acknowledged with the award of Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for public service “particularly in the field of telecommunications”. George also had a significant presence in community activities and served on Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) Boards for 10 years. As a young man, George was a 1953 Premiership player in the Victorian Football League for the Collingwood Football Club, where he played 108 games. He was a devout man with a strong sense of fairness and Christian faith.

Cybersecurity in Mozambique: Status and Challenges

Digital technologies became one of the most important components of societies day to day life. In Africa, they brought several benefits as well as challenges. For instance, the number of cyber-crimes and cyber-attacks are increasing. Yet, not all 54 African countries have implemented proper cybersecurity measures such as the adoption of national cybersecurity strategy, technical and organizational measures, development of cyber capacity and fostering national and engaging in regional and international cooperation. However, the adoption of these measures are vital and imperative. Mozambique is one of these countries where these measures are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to give an overview of the current state of cybersecurity in Mozambique considering all of the aspects mentioned above. Additionally, this paper also aims to present some best practices that Mozambique can adopt to improve and intensify its cybersecurity commitments. The proposed recommendations are based on internationally recognized frameworks and models developed by entities such as the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and African Union (AU).

Análisis del cumplimiento de Bluetooth 5 con los requisitos de IoT de la UIT

Bluetooth is an open, short-range, and low power Wireless technology, which aims to simplify communication between different kinds of devices. Bluetooth has five versions, divided into two main operation modes, Classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). BLE is designed for the use of IoT (Internet of Things) applications. The fifth version of Bluetooth improves all the features to surpass other technologies that want to be the base of IoT communications. Bluetooth 5 achieves greater range, higher data transmission speed, improved support for advertising, and energy efficiency than previous versions. The new mesh topology feature makes Bluetooth a good candidate for IoT communications since it allows decentralized architectures. In this work, a revision of the Bluetooth version 5 is carried out. Furthermore, the IoT's operating requirements, based on the recommendations of ITU (International Telecommunication Union), are presented. The contribution of this work is the analysis of the characteristics of Bluetooth 5 to determine whether or not they meet the IoT requirements proposed by the ITU. The analysis results indicate that Bluetooth 5 meets the high-level requirements and approximately half of each category's standard IoT requirements.

CubeSat satellite patch antenna designed with 3D printable materials: a numerical analysis

The paper presents a compact patch antenna system designed using 3D printable materials and compatible with any CubeSat satellite structure. Small satellites are transforming the space industry, allowing space access with an important cost reduction for satellite industries and a shorter plan development time compared to bulky satellites. Moreover, using additive manufacturing, it is possible to design specific system components, also with a complex geometry of the inner part, without material wasting. Furthermore, a key point of 3D printing is to allow to go from design to construction straight, having an enormous effect on the supply chain. Generally, CubeSats count on Very High Frequency and Ultra High Frequency communication systems for low bit-rate uplink and downlink. Instead, S-band is among the favourite choices for high bit rates since the frequency range 2.40–2.45 GHz is one of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) amateur satellite frequency range. An S-band printed antenna system is designed in the present paper, considering the limitations on size and the weight of CubeSat standard. The antenna system is simulated with an electromagnetic CAD, using the polylactic acid as substrate, or polylactide, a thermoplastic polyester widely used in 3D printing.

The mechanism of cooperation of states in combating crimes in the field of information technologies

The article examines the mechanism of cooperation between states in combating crimes in the field of information technologies. The research used general scientific methods of cognition - formal-logical, systemic-structural, as well as private scientific methods - formal-legal and comparative-legal. International cooperation in combating crimes in the field of information and communication technologies is relevant for Ukraine, which is actively advocating for the strengthening of interstate cooperation in the field under consideration. The study of the contribution of the United Nations to the development of legal and institutional frameworks for countering crimes in the field of information technologies is important for all spheres of public life. It indicated that the problems of combating crimes in the field of information technologies are complex, and in connection with this, specialists in various fields of science actively study them. At the same time, a number of key aspects of the international legal regulation of cooperation between states in combating crimes in the field of information technologies remained without a comprehensive international legal assessment. The functioning of the UN institutional mechanism for countering crimes in the field of information technologies carried out taking into account the growing need to implement effective international cooperation, increasing the role of regulatory and legal bases of interstate cooperation. The activity of structural divisions of the United Nations Organization, which carry out countermeasures against crime in the field of information technologies, is considered. Special attention paid to the activities of the International Telecommunication Union and its contribution to the protection of children from the destructive influence of the Internet and the implementation of measures aimed at countering crime in the field of information technologies. The activities of the Congresses of the United Nations Organization on crime prevention and criminal justice and their influence on the formation of regulatory and legal protection against crime in the field of information technologies are considered. The trends that directly affect the state of cybercrime identified and the measures taken by international organizations within the UN to combat crime in the field of information technologies disclosed.

Who drives the international standardisation of telecommunication and digitalisation? Introducing a new data set

AbstractReinforced by the technological decoupling and the related battle for technological supremacy between the United States and China, telecommunication technology has become increasingly politicised. As the functioning of global telecommunication technology relies on interoperability and compatibility, government and private actors have strong incentives to shape the underlying standards in their economic and political interests. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and its Members play a central role in setting these standards for future telecommunication technology. Despite the ITU's importance in this field, relatively little is known about the organisation's work on standardisation and the actors behind it. This Policy Insight introduces a new data set on the involvement of over 800 government and private actors and their almost 50,000 contributions to ITU standardisation processes between 2000 and 2022. A descriptive analysis of the data set illustrates that particularly Chinese actors—Huawei, ZTE, China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom—have been actively driving the ITU's standardisation processes in the areas of transport, access and home but also future networks and cloud. The data set introduced here is envisaged as a source which allows researchers to study the reasons and implications for certain actors' involvement in the international standardisation of telecommunication and digitalisation.

Pemanfaatan Augmented Reality (AR) sebagai Media Pembelajaran Kelas VII SMPN 1 Rambah

The development of information technology by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Indonesia is ranked 108 out of 167 countries in the world in the ICT Development Index (IDI). Learning media is needed as an intermediary for conveying messages, in order to minimize failures during the communication process. The selection of learning media must be attractive to students so that it is not boring. Augmented Reality (AR) must be implemented in schools, because the use of Augmented Reality (AR) as a learning medium can further enhance student enthusiasm for learning with its advantages. Research uses research and development (research and development) by utilizing Augmented Reality (AR) technology. The product developed is Augmented Reality (AR) technology-based learning media for social studies subject matter on geographical location with sample data of 10 class VII students of SMPN 1 Rambah. The research objective is to find out the increase in Augmented Reality (AR) learning media in improving the quality of learning. The class teacher's assessment includes aspects of the quality of media display, software engineering, presentation of material, use of language, evaluation, implementation, and curriculum. Overall an average score of 4.23 or 84.6% is categorized as good (B). Student responses regarding the implementation of the use of AR in every aspect, namely interest in learning, ease of understanding, display, and implementation. The highest results were obtained on the aspect of interest in learning, namely 94% in the very good category (SB), so it can be concluded that AR is very helpful in increasing student interest in learning.

Representing noise: stacked plots and the contrasting diplomatic ambitions of radio astronomy and post-punk.

Sketched in 1979 by graphic designer Peter Saville, the record sleeve of Joy Division's Unknown Pleasures seemingly popularized one of the most celebrated radio-astronomical images: the 'stacked plot' of radio signals from a pulsar. However, the sleeve's designer did not have this promotion in mind. Instead, he deliberately muddled the message it originally conveyed in a typical post-punk act of artistic sabotage. In reconstructing the historical events associated with this subversive effort, this essay explores how, after its adoption as an imaging device utilized in radio astronomy, the stacked plot gave representation to the diplomacy agendas of two distinct groups. The post-punk reworking of the stacked plot exemplified the ambition of this artistic movement to attack the images associated with social conventions and norms by amplifying their 'semantic noise', and, in so doing, seeking to negotiate a social space for those sharing these subversive goals. Conversely, radio astronomers used the stacked plot to display the presence of interfering radio transmitters in the frequencies exclusively allocated to astronomical research, thus advocating the removal of this electronic noise in the context of international telecommunication negotiations. The article thus shows how the representation of different types of noise through similar images shaped contrasting ambitions in the separate domains of science diplomacy and everyday diplomacy.

Characterization of Thermo-Optically Tuned Multi-Channel Interference Widely Tunable Semiconductor Laser for Quasi-Continuous Tuning

Characterization of the thermo-optically tuned multi -channel interference widely tunable semiconductor laser for quasi-continuous tuning is demonstrated for the first time. The characterization strategy is carried out by simultaneously controlling seven arm phase sections to shift the reflection peak and adjusting the common phase section to fine-tune the longitudinal mode. Output wavelengths at 50 GHz frequency spacing are characterized, and a quasi-continuous tuning range beyond 60 nm is achieved at two temperatures. In the entire tuning range: side-mode suppression ratios are higher than 40 dB; wavelength deviations are less than ± 10 pm from international telecommunication union grid; total thermal tuning powers are lower than 35 mW, and Lorentzian linewidths are less than 100 kHz. The tuning information near any output wavelength is obtained and the characterization speed is greatly improved. This strategy provides a new route for characterizing tunable lasers with multiple tuning currents.

Locomotion-Based UAV Control Toward the Internet of Senses

The emergence of 5th-generation networks and the introduction of the ultra-low latency Internet, namely, tactile internet, by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), has opened up a wide range of applications. xr, holoportation, and remote control of machines are among the ones that would revolutionize the future of factories, smart cities, and digital healthcare. vr technology provides users with highly realistic visual and auditory experiences, enabling a high sense of immersion and embodiment in virtual environments. In the real world, however, we use more senses than only vision and hearing to perceive our surroundings. Particularly, tactile sensation is the only bidirectional modality that enables us to perceive and interact with the objects and surfaces around us. This paper introduces a real-life testbed uav-based system that leverages different technologies, including vr, 360∘ video streaming over 4G/5G, and edge computing to enable 6dof view with haptic feedback for a maximized immersion. The demonstration videos of the testbed are made publicly available on the following links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTUvWkDJFIQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bmc9ddydjYY.

Elevation angle effect on slant path attenuation along earth-space paths: A Northern Nigeria perspective

In the network planning and design of terrestrial and earth-space communication links, the slant path attenuation caused by rain and its associated strong winds is of interest. Rain causes severe link degradation to radio links by absorbing parts or the whole signal during propagation. This study predicts slant path attenuation by rain in three (3) Northern Nigerian zones using the International Telecommunications Unions (ITU-R) model for 10 to 40 GHz. The effect of specific attenuation, rain attenuation, and elevation angle on the received signal strength is analyzed. The ITU-R model suggests rain attenuation values ranging from 4.26 dB to 31.67 dB for Jaji, Wudil, and Potiskum. The results further indicate a decrease in rain attenuation with an increase in elevation angle up to 50.1° elevation for the three (3) monitored stations, which starts to decrease steadily after this threshold. Results from this study can aid the network engineer in anticipating network changes and planning fade mitigation techniques where necessary.

Estimation of rain attenuation effect on radio wave propagation for broadband communication over northern Nigeria.

Rain induced effect on propagated signal was studied in this work. The weather parameters of two (2) locations representing two (2) climate zones in Northern Nigeria were employed, using the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R P.618) rain attenuation model, to investigate the rain effect on strength of propagated signal ranging from Ku-band to V-band of the communication spectrum. The weather data were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) for a period of 10years (2009-2018) and assimilated into the model using 1-minute integration time rain rate. An elevation angle of 42.5°, which is the conventional elevation angle of systems to NIGCOMSAT-1R over the Atlantic Ocean region, was used. The results showed that annual rainfall amounts trends varied slightly with the different locations and climate zones, having 2018 and 2010 as the highest rain years within the studied years at Maiduguri and Sokoto respectively. Also, the difference between maximum and minimum 0.01% attenuation for the two locations are 2dB-3dB, 3dB-6dB for horizontal polarization and 1dB-1.5dB and 2dB-4dB for vertical polarization respectively at the two locations respectively. Rain attenuation can be managed well for propagated Ku-band signal with sophisticated sensors but above Ku-band, signal strength attenuation induced by rain could be really alarming.

Urban entrepreneurialism 3.0 and the export of urban expertise: The case of South Korea’s international information and telecommunication technology program

Several modes of urban entrepreneurialism, variously composed of central-local, state-market, state-civil society, and domestic-international relations, have been apparent since the 1970s. Drawing inspiration from East Asian developmental states, we argue that it is under the most recent mode of urban entrepreneurialism 3.0 that the urban sources of exports and national economic development have been most fully mobilised by states. We illustrate this export of urban expertise with the case of South Korea’s International Information and Telecommunication Technology Program (ITTP), offered by Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), which trains future ICT and city leaders from developing countries. We trace the history and effects of the ITTP through original empirical research involving interviews and a survey of graduates from the program. The ITTP is revealing of state intrapreneurialism in the export of sector-specific urban expertise with effects on national brands, new markets and the formation of new institutions. The case of the ITTP is one among a variety of means by which East Asian states in particular have projected urban expertise internationally. It also points to these states’ struggle to coordinate institutions involved in, and generate consensus around, national models of urban expertise to be exported.

The Level of Cybersecurity of the BRICS Member Countries in International Ratings: Prospects for Cooperation

Creating a legal framework for cybersecurity is a key factor in the digitalization of an economy. The interaction between the BRICS member countries has undergone a digital transformation, which has improved their ability to work together economically and strengthened the growing influence of these countries in the international arena. The purpose of the present study is to determine the potential of the BRICS member nations to form a joint cybersecurity strategy. The authors put forward a hypothesis that the formation of an effective cybersecurity system is possible only with a sufficient level of development of information and communication technologies and a high degree of digitalization of interstate governance. The scientific novelty of this research lies in its complex approach to the scientific and theoretical analysis of the problems of ensuring cybersecurity in the BRICS member countries, on the basis of which it identifies the common areas for cooperation. The research methodology is based on establishing a correlation between the indicators of e-government development and the criteria for state cybersecurity, followed by a comparative analysis. As a quantitative indicator, the authors use the data of the E-Government Development Index for the BRICS member countries from 2010 to 2018. Additionally, the level of maturity of each country’s national cybersecurity system is reflected in the rating of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Based on the ITU rating, we assess the cybersecurity efficiency of the BRICS member countries versus other countries. The findings of the research lead the authors to the conclusion that state control over cyberspace and the availability of a national strategy are prerequisites for achieving a high level of cybersecurity.

CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS

The concept of the Internet of Things is capable of making a giant leap in the economy, including research in the field of computer science, network technologies, microelectronics and sensor technology. Combined with the technological developments of nanotechnology and robotics, IoT can play a central role in the industrial revolution by creating economic relations between machines and connecting the economy of people and machines, solving a number of problems that humanity is facing. All devices controlled via the Internet are elements of the Internet of things. The IoT has allowed various possibilities for all countries to improve life quality and the technological ideas for efficiency, productivity, security, and profit. An integrated security system is a giant step towards the improved economy. The concept of IoT plays a decisive role in the further development of the infocommunication industry. This is confirmed both by the position of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the European Union on this issue, and by the inclusion of the Internet of Things in the list of breakthrough technologies in the United States, China and other countries. Thus, this article will go over the current state of the IoT as well as describe which devices and industries stand to benefit from the advantages it brings. Additionally, statistical data on the actual trends and investments into IoT across the world are also provided.

Rating of Regions of Kazakhstan in Terms of Readiness for B2C E-commerce: Evaluation Methodology and Recommendations

The purpose of the work is to develop a methodology for assessing readiness for e- commerce in the B2C sector , which allows for assessing the conditions and factors for the development of e- commerce in the context of the regions of Kazakhstan. The research methodology is based on the use of methods for compiling a composite index , expert assessments , aggregation and normalization of data . The information base of the study was the reports of the International Telecommunication Union, UNESCO, the Universal Postal Union, and the World Bank, as well as official data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms and the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The testing of the methodology was carried out on the example of the regions of Kazakhstan, which made it possible to rank the regions of Kazakhstan in terms of readiness for B2C e- commerce . The estimates obtained allow us to compare the aggregated indicators and its composite indicators for the regions of Kazakhstan by years and to identify areas of regions lagging behind the average national values for certain indicators of readiness for B2C e- commerce . The theoretical significance of the study lies in the development of a methodology for inter-regional comparative analysis of the level of infrastructure readiness for e- commerce . Individual conclusions of the study can also be the basis for setting new research tasks . The practical applicability of the research results is characterized by the possibility of using the developed assessment tools in the work of the relevant specialized government bodies in the process of compiling program documents for the development of e- commerce in the regions of Kazakhstan.

Questioning the Administrative Accountability of the ITU on the QUESS Oversight

In accordance with the SI unit of the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the cesium 133 atom, Eutelsat has secured the safety procedures of telecommunication decays in the development of quantum communication technology. As observers of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is bound for intergovernmental observers with specialized agencies of the United Nations and IAEA based on reciprocity. The apparent overpowered photon beam of the Quantum Experiment at Space Scale (QUESS) military intelligence purposed telecommunication encryption designs launched around 2016, along with a German photon experiment directed at earth, were neither intervened by the ITU nor the IAEA. According to Article 10 63. 1. of the International Telecommunication Convention, the ITU is responsible with International Frequency Registration Board for the administrative accountability, however, Article 8 54. (3) gives rent to the administrative powers of the organization for agenda settings by the Secretary-General. The article analyzes and questions the administrative accountability of the ITU in the oversight of the high energy photon applications in the telecommunications and if the IAEA was informed by the International Frequency Registration Board on this matter. Correlated behaviors in the cyber-based criminology, with significant impact on public health and biological integrity from such operations, is supplemented for the alteration of financial & economic incentives in the democratic systems, which constituted the liberal International institutionalism. The research contends that criminal liabilities ought to be sought for in the criminological chain.