International Technology Development Research Articles

Potential international competitiveness and co-innovation of technology-based international SMEs

This paper contributes to an integrated entrepreneurship perspective in the cross-section of research on networks, innovation and internationalisation. The study promotes a conceptualisation based on international competitiveness literature in order to further such an integrated entrepreneurship perspective. By focusing on potential international network competitiveness, delineated as network-based sources of international competitiveness, the sustainability of international entrepreneurial firms is emphasised. The paper specifically draws attention to the relationship between network-based sources of international competitiveness and international technology development. Three hypotheses are developed and tested on 142 technology-based internationalising SMEs by means of linear structural relations (LISREL). The results indicate that there are direct- and indirect positive effects between network-based sources of international competitiveness and international technology development.

Mexico in the New Internet World

Global and local patterns of Internet diffusion present Mexico with a major opportunity to help realize its democratic and foreign-policy goals of a more “Global Mexico.” To accomplish this, it needs to focus on key objectives for using the Internet as a global media, and meet key challenges to access, security, learning and education, governance, and diplomacy, such as adapting to the democratization of diplomacy in the digital age. In this paper, I argue for what should be the principal aim of policy for Mexico related to the Internet as one of the most significant international technological developments of the twenty-first century. I then explain why this goal is so important by considering Mexico’s place in what I have called the “New Internet World.” Finally, I will outline the major challenges to achieving this aim. This text was prepared for delivery at a conference, entitled “Global Mexico: Interests and Principles of Foreign Policy,” organized by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico and the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics and the Legal Research Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. The conference was held from 2 to 3 May, 2016 at the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Mexico City.

Technology Road Mapping for Innovation Pathways of Fibrates: A Cross-Database Patent Review

Purpose: To examine international technology development of fibrates based on a cross-database quantitative patent review and to describe the evolution pathway for fibrates by means of a technology roadmap. Methods: The patent data were collected in March 2013 from United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), European Patent Office (EPO) and China Intellectual Property Right Net (CNIPR) to broadly represent global patent activities. Results: This study selected and examined 84 patents from USPTO, 41 patents from EPO and 39 patents from CNIPR. It showed that most of the fibrate patents were fenofibrate patents (41.67 % at USPTO, 46.34 % at EPO and 33.33 % at CNIPR). The number of preparation patents (44 at USPTO, 24 at EPO and 17 at CNIPR) and combination patents (23 at USPTO, 11 at EPO and 15 at CNIPR) was obviously larger than other types of fibrate patents. The technology roadmap shows that new monomersor derivatives of fibrates can drive fibrate evolution into a new cycle of application-synthesiscombination- preparation. Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive picture of fibrate development. It will aid researchers, entrepreneurs, investors and policymakers to identify foci for fibrate research and ensure better decision-making.

HCNG용 수소제조장치 실험 및 결과분석

Pollution emission control of the 20th century, for transportation energy, are being enhanced, and then as alternative to this, because hydrogen emit only water gas emissions to be environmentally friendly energy, so hydrogen as a sustainable clean energy is in the limelight. Used in compressed natural gas engines to mix hydrogen and natural gas in both domestic and international technology development and demonstration is being carried out. The hydrogen-compressed natural gas(HCNG) charging infrastructure can be used to build a hydrogen infrastructure in the transitional aspects of a future hydrogen economy society. In this paper, for a demonstration of HCNG charging infrastructure we made and operated a <TEX>$30Nm^3/h$</TEX> hydrogen generating unit and analyzed the result of the operation. We was identified the operating conditions of a reforming reactor and water gas shift reactor from an analysis result, the thermal efficiency was calculated according to the operating conditions of the total hydrogen production process.

Sectoral analysis for international technology development and transfer: Cases of coal-fired power generation, cement and aluminium in China

The sector-based decisions in Bali Action Plan have made “cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions” one of the most promising ways to achieve substantial progress in technology transfer. This paper makes a more fundamental examination of the intrinsic characteristics, ongoing mitigation efforts, and mitigation difficulties and barriers in China's principle energy-intensive sectors, hoping to lay a foundation of using “cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions” to enhance international technology development and transfer. It is found that great mitigation achievements had been made in coal-fired power generation, cement and aluminium sectors through various policies. About 420 million tons (Mt), 234 and 48 Mt of CO 2-e have been reduced, respectively, from 2001 to 2007. However, factors such as fast-growing development needs, low-quality resources and carbon-intensive energy mix, huge disparities within sector, poor technology, equipment and financial status of plants, low level of employers’ abilities as well as huge social costs are causing big difficulties and barriers to further mitigate sectoral greenhouse gas in China. Therefore it is strongly advocated that the existing and possible new sectoral approaches try to consider these factual barriers as comprehensively as possible. Finally the paper concludes with two fields of future work to do.

2nd International China BioPharmaceutical Symposium

In the second of what promises to become a biennial event (the first was held at the same time and venue in 2006), the ICBPS-2 was a repeat collaboration between the two principal organizers: the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association (CPA) of Beijing, China, and the Battelle Memorial Institute, headquartered in Columbus, OH, USA. The CPA is the regulatory and professional body for pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists in China and is closely aligned with China’s State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA). Battelle is an international technology development company and is the world’s largest nonprofit independent research and development organization. Applied Science and Analysis, Inc. (HI, USA), assisted Battelle and the CPA in organizing and managing the ICBPS-2. The meeting’s main objective was to continue the introduction of Western biotech firms and regulatory entities into the Chinese biopharmaceutical industry initiated at the 2006 symposium. The principal themes of the second gathering were vaccines, antibodies and gene therapeutics. Approximately 40 mainly scientific or policy papers were delivered to an audience of approximately 150 participants, including 50 attendees from outside China.

Legal analysis of Sea Launch license: National security and environmental concerns

Abstract This paper analyzes the national security and environmental concerns surrounding the Sea Launch consortium's international license from a legal perspective. The growing market demand for a more affordable, reliable, and convenient commercial satellite launching service has led to the idea of Sea Launch—launching satellites from the sea near the Equator. However, this can pose potential conflicts between national security and foreign policy interests, and between environmental conservation and economic growth because of the international technology development issues around launching from the sea. This paper illustrates a case for balancing such multiple constraints via legal interpretation. The analysis is conducted in reference to 49 U.S.C. § 70101–70119 Commercial Space Launch Activities and 42 U.S.C. § 4321–4345 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. The paper also examines weather the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is binding on Sea Launch operations. Although the scope of this paper is limited mostly to the US law and the national security and environmental aspects of Sea Launch, it provides a useful example for policy making of an international collaborative technology development project.

The Effect of Personal Interaction on the International Technology Development of SMEs

This study investigates the potential effect of personal interaction on international technology development in relationships between Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) and their foreign customers. The mediating effect of knowledge transfer between these firms and their customers is also examined. The results of a LISREL analysis of 188 relationships between SMEs and their foreign customers demonstrate that the effect of personal interaction on international technology development is not direct but rather is mediated by knowledge transfer. Hence, the study suggests that before international technology development can be enhanced, knowledge transfer needs to be established.

Assessing a new direction for fusion

The principal application proposed for fusion for the past 40 years has been the central station, electrical power generation plant. However, the sizable increases that were forecast for future electrical power demands have not been realized to date. Only coal power plants have been increasing (3%/year) generating capacity (Annual Energy Outlook, 1998) [1]. Likewise, the ability of fusion to deliver economical electrical power has not been credibly postulated, much less demonstrated. Together these two factors have stagnated the commercialization of fusion power. It is now time for a reassessment of what fusion can best do for the world. Fusion, with a practically inexhaustible energy supply, has many unique properties that enable a wide variety of useful products. A study by the ARIES team is underway to review possible fusion applications and assess those with the potential to provide useful and worthwhile new products. A roadmap of possible applications has been developed to assess the utilization of the unique properties of the fusion process. The potential product categories are energy production (fuel, electricity, heat), space propulsion, altered or transmuted material properties (transmutation, waste treatment, tritium production), chemical compound dissociation (waste treatment, ore reduction, refining), and direct use of fusion nuclear products (radiography, lithography, radiotherapy, activation analyses). An evaluation methodology based on the success and failure of previous large, national and international technology development projects was developed to assess and recommend encouraging fusion product applications. A list of significant attributes was defined to describe and characterize projects that are likely to succeed or fail in the global marketplace. These attributes were assigned weights according to their perceived value to the national or global enterprise. An additive utility theory methodology was used to qualitatively evaluate the proposed applications in terms of market potential, environmental considerations, economic impact, risk and public perception. Quantified values were assigned to each potential fusion application and market to make more intelligent decisions on the allocation of future resources. Incorporating some of the long term market trends suggested in the December 1997 Kyoto Climate Change Conference, the most favored fusion applications were found to be the production of hydrogen fuels, transmutation of nuclear wastes and dissociation of chemical compounds, all slightly ahead of electricity production. The results from this decision analysis process will help balance the benefits of success against the risks of failure to help select promising products for future study.

Global Localization? Japanese Research and Development Laboratories in the USA

In this paper the manufacturing strategies underlying the growing number of Japanese research and development (R&amp;D) laboratories in the United States are examined. In particular, we assess the extent to which Japanese R&amp;D in the United States is consistent with a model of global localization. The analysis is based upon data collected by a mailed questionnaire survey and through interviews with the directors of Japanese R&amp;D laboratories. In its basic form, global localization is a manufacturing strategy that seeks to promote the emergence of an integrated manufacturing complex and attendant technology-development capability within North America and other major markets. In the case of Japanese automobile firms, close ties are observed between R&amp;D and production facilities in the United States. In computers, electronics, and other industries, however, the principal linkage of R&amp;D laboratories in the United States is to R&amp;D laboratories in Japan. Divisional R&amp;D laboratories in Japan remain the anchor for emerging international technology-development networks.

Adaptive hybrid force/position control for the Space Station Alpha robotic operations

SummaryThe Space Station Alpha is the most significant international space project of this century and the largest international technology development project ever undertaken. The space robot manipulators will be a substantial part of the space station and will perform tasks such as assembly as well as maintenance of the station. Therefore the robot manipulators need a very sophisticated real-time control capability for gross and fine motions (i.e. compliant motions) during various operations. Moreover, the proposed dual-arm robot system servicing the Space Station requires automated motion coordination, synchronization of the arms, and controlled mechanical interaction with fixed and moving objects involved in various tasks.

Socialist technological integration: The case of the east European computer industries

Abstract The CEMA cooperative computer program is notable in the history of international technological development because of the scope of the undertaking, its modest success in the face of serious difficulties, and a framework that some might see as an alternative to Western multinational corporations. This paper is a description and analysis of (a) the history and recent achievements of the CEMA member countries in the field of computer technology; (b) the international division of labor in the development, production, and support of computing within CEMA; (c) computer trade and technology transfers among the CEMA members and between CEMA and some of the rest of the world; and (d) the extent to which integration has taken place in terms of the proclaimed goals of “socialist economic cooperation” and selected characteristics of Western‐style technological integration.

Um precursor desconhecido: a NSFNET e as redes pregressas a Internet

Analise de parte do desenvolvimento da Internet – a criação da NSFNET entre 1979-1985 – que se justifica pela necessidade de sanar equívocos nas narrativas sobre a criação da rede; o principal deles, a suposição da Arpanet como único empreendimento antes da Web comercial. Observa-se um projeto pregresso central, porém esquecido, demonstrando que a Net relaciona-se não com o temor de holocausto nuclear, mas sim às tarefas de manutenção da hegemonia estadunidense no cenário de desenvolvimento tecnológico global. O problema envolve uma análise politico-econômica das ações de Estado: observa-se certo embate entre agências da burocracia governamental para se demonstrar sua importância na constituição técnico-econômica do meio de comunicação que surge.