International System Research Articles

Historicising the unchanging face of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy Thrust from 1960 to 2015

Foreign policy is a tool. It is a means to an end, but not the end itself. What a nation gets from foreign policy on the international scene is dependent on its skill in negotiating, applying force and bargaining appropriately. In Nigeria for instance, foreign policy is seen as definitional or doctrine, and as such, using foreign policy thrust to advance the wellbeing of the country remains problematic. Since independence, the guiding principle of Nigeria’s foreign policy thrust has remained a reflection of its perception of the international political system. A constant feature that has remained central to Nigeria’s foreign relations posture has been Africa, with pre-occupations concerning fighting colonialism, then obnoxious apartheid policy in South Africa and the discrimination of black peoples in the African continent and elsewhere in the world. Nigeria’s foreign policy like those of countries all over the world is geared towards attaining the foreign policy objectives of the country’s leadership and its teeming population. Unfortunately, this expectation by the judgement of many informed Nigerians is yet to be fully achieved. The Nigerian Federal Government has often been accused of Big Brotherism and a Father Christmas outlook with little or no reciprocity. It must be noted that states relate globally in the conduct of inter-state relations. In this relationship, the international system provides a potent stage and theatre for Nigeria to come up with defined goals and collective concerns. Despite its clear goals and strong points, there is still a general feeling that Nigeria’s foreign policy plank is punching below its expected weight. Between 1960 and 2015, different foreign policy thrusts have been adopted with little or no reasonable result. This paper therefore examines the various foreign policy thrusts adopted from 1960 to 2015. And attempt to identify reasons why each of these Foreign Policy Planks could not live up to expectation, bring out why each of these foreign policy plank could not live up to expectations. Historical methods will be used in the collection and collation of data.

China’s Economic, Military, Science and Technological Emergence in International Politics: Implications for United States’ Hegemony

This study examined China’s emergence in international politics using the economic, military, science and technological pointers and its implications for United States’ hegemony. This topic was of interest because the struggle by states to assume the position of global political headman ship has been a constant decimal in international relations history. The contemporary international system elevates the United States as the triumphant superpower. The continued growth of China’s economy and the current modernization and buildup of its military has become a source of open concern for some scholars and statesmen both in the west and in the regions adjacent to China. The increasing influence of China in international affairs and her gradual move towards great power status have caused anxiety to the extent that how to deal with China is the puzzle of this new millennium. The questions that were of interest included; To what extent does China’s economic expansion, military modernization programme and advancement in science and technology threaten US hegemony in the International system? Neorealism theory was adopted for this study because its basic concepts of anarchy, structure, capability, distribution of power, polarity and national interest boosted the analytical strength of this study and enhanced understanding of the subject matter. In seeking answers to the questions raised, the study adopted the documentary research method and trend research design. Data was sourced from mainly secondary sources and analysed through a survey of the documents collected. Findings revealed that beside the aspect of China’s military modernization, its economic expansion and advancement in science and technology poses a real threat to US hegemony in those areas. It was recommended that both countries should increase investment in the other and also that a dialogue-based approach should be adopted to help each country consider how best to maximize cooperation whilst minimizing tension and conflict.

The Common Agricultural and Food Policy of the European Union: An Assessment of its Framework, Stages and Regulations

Agriculture (production) and food (consumption) are two important political fields that affect each other and have direct links. Agriculture and food, which have a vital function in human life, affect many areas, especially the economy of farmers and people and are interrelated. Therefore, the Common Agricultural and Food Policy is one of the most important common policy areas for the European Union, both in terms of budget and other common policies. The importance of this common policy increases especially for the smooth and smooth functioning of the common market. In this context, this study investigates the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community of the European Union and the Common Agricultural Policy established in line with the Treaty's objective of establishing a common market. Under the influence of global and regional events, state and non-state actors have protectionist and revisionist tendencies in some political areas. The European Union, which is an important non-state actor in the international system in global and regional areas, has made protectionist-centered revisions in some political areas due to both its internal dynamics and the global and regional events in the system. One of the political areas in which the European Union has made revisions is the Common Agricultural Policy. The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union has been updated in line with its needs, especially regarding food security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to zero.

The Great Game of Space: Space Political Adventurism and Battle for Superpower Status Beyond the Horizons

Wars will not be fought on the grounds in future, but explosions will occur beyond horizons. The subject of advanced strategies of Great Powers, space militarization, and political adventurism of China, USA, and Russia has been extensively inscribed in this research paper. The paper mainly reflects the political stratagem and space arms race of Russia, China, and the USA, which are combating each other for power status in orbits of space. As China and Russia challenge USA dominance in space, the USA seeks to weaponize space to maintain its supremacy and counter these rivals. The evolving international structure and world order are steering warfare into new dimensions, with space militarization posing nontraditional security threats like spying, surveillance, space debris, and satellite destruction. Technology has advanced to the point where states have developed sophisticated spy satellites and anti-satellite weapons capable of targeting other satellites from space or the ground. Despite international legal efforts and multilateral cooperation, major powers continue to expand their space arsenals, creating national security concerns. The study argues that international institutions have failed to curb the space arms race due to their ineffectiveness. Thus, there is a need for a shift in focus to find common ground and resolve this space security conflict. The paper provides a theoretical overview of the role of international institutions and state behavior in the international system. Using qualitative research techniques, the study conducts in-depth exploration through secondary data gathered from various articles, journals, reports, vlogs, videos, and magazines. Descriptive and explanatory research approaches are employed to achieve the research objectives.

Designing a multi-epitope candidate vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 through in silico approach for producing in plant systems

The COVID-19 is considered as a type of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). The current pandemic causes a vital destruction in international social and economic systems. Current available vaccines involve entire viruses; however, peptide-based vaccines could be also beneficial. In the present study, a computationally candidate vaccine was designed against SARS-CoV-2. Surface glycoproteins (E, M, and S proteins) and N protein amino acid sequences were analyzed to predict high score of the B and T cell epitopes as antigenic proteins of the virus. High score epitopes, and the B subunit of Vibrio cholerae toxin, as an adjuvant put together by appropriate linkers to construct a multi-epitope candidate vaccine. Bioinformatics tools were used to predict the secondary, tertiary structure and physicochemical properties, such as aliphatic index, theoretical pH, molecular weight, and estimated half-life of the multi-epitope candidate vaccine. The interaction of candidate vaccine with TLR2 and TLR4 was computationally evaluated by molecular docking. Finally, the codon optimization and the secondary structure of mRNA were calculated, and in silico cloning was performed into plant expression vector by SnapGENE. This designed candidate vaccine along with the computational results requires laboratory evaluations to be confirmed as a candidate vaccine against SARS-COV-2 infection. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, in silico, Multi-epitope candidate vaccine, Plant systems.

PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OF CURRENCY SECURITY IN UKRAINE: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES IN MODERN REALITIES

The article examines issues related to the effectiveness of public administration in the field of monetary security in Ukraine. The article presents general characteristics of the nature, state, and dynamics of the effectiveness of public administration in the field of currency security in Ukraine. The assessment of the current state and dynamics of the currency security indicators in Ukraine was made on the basis of the characteristics of the state monetary policy components indicators compared to similar indicators in Poland. The characteristics of exchange rate dynamics, GDP dynamics, and labour market dynamics in Ukraine and Poland are presented. The main economic factors affecting the exchange rate, namely the inflation rate and the state of the balance of trade account of the balance of payments have been considered. The main factors reducing the efficiency of Ukraine's monetary security administration are detailed. The dynamics of the indicators of the level of Ukraine's shadow economy proved to be contrary to the goals and objectives of the "Strategy of Ukraine's Economic Security until 2025". The ways to minimize the negative influencing factors and, accordingly, strengthen the implementation of monetary and credit policy and improve the efficiency of state management of monetary security of Ukraine were proposed. The development of currency circulation in Ukraine is ensured by the state's influence on monetary relations by specially authorized bodies with different legal statuses and powers. In practice, difficulties arise in the application of monetary law in the process of currency regulation. The mechanisms of interaction between state control bodies in the field of currency regulation have not yet been established, which weakens the position of the state in the currency market and hinders the process of integration into the international economic system.

PEMBENTUKAN PERATURAN DAERAH BERBASIS SYARIAH PERSPEKTIF OTONOMI DAERAH DAN HUKUM NASIONAL INDONESIA

This research aims to determine the formation of Sharia-based regional regulations in the era of regional autonomy, as well as to find out how the formation of Sharia-based regional regulations is based on Indonesian national law. The research method used is normative or doctrinal research in that the law is conceptualized as what is written in statutory regulations (law in books) or the law is conceptualized as a rule or norm which is a benchmark for human behavior that is considered appropriate. The results of the research found that after the implementation of regional autonomy which was marked by the enactment of Law Number 22 of 1999 replaced by Law Number 32 of 2004 which was also replaced by Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, every Provincial and Regency/City region had very large authority to regulate and manage the region by the characteristics or characteristics of each region. The opportunities provided by the regional autonomy policy are interpreted differently by each region. One of the translations used is to create various Sharia-based Regional Regulations. As well as the formation of Sharia-based regional Regulations is a mandate of applicable laws and regulations, this is confirmed in Article 237 paragraph (2) of Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government which states that the stages of forming regional regulations are through planning, drafting, discussing, determination, promulgation. The formation of Sharia-Based Regional Regulations is part of the Indonesian national legal system because the Indonesian national legal system consists of the customary law system, the Islamic legal system which includes (Shariah-Based Regional Regulations), the Western legal system, and the international legal system.

Международные тренды цифровизации валютно-финансовых отношений: от глобализации к децентрализации

The need for the use of new, digital forms of organization of monetary and financial settlements with foreign partners, as well as the formation of a national system of secure payments. The article presents the result of analysis of motivations of introduction of digital currencies of central banks (positive and negative moments of the considered process). The article gives an overview of existing international payment systems, including the Russian one, and identifies advantages and disadvantages. The main tendencies of the cryptocurrency market as a possible mechanism of formation of decentralized finance are considered.

THE GLOBAL INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT REGULATION / ГЛОБАЛЬНАЯ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННАЯ СРЕДА И МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ СИСТЕМА РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ

The global investment environment is considered one of the key factors in attracting foreign investors to the country. It creates the general atmosphere and conditions in which investments are made at the international level. It is particularly relevant to the global investment environment as regulated development and effective cooperation of bilateral and multilateral relations of Armenia with all states and organizations. The purpose of the article is to formulate practical recommendations for improving a prosperous investment environment and regulating foreign investment. The objective of the research was to study the issues of the global investment environment and the international system for regulating foreign investment and reviewing the relevant international documents. In the framework of the article, using logical, analytical, systemic-structural, interpretive methods, problems associated with the global investment environment and the international system for regulating foreign investment are explored in the article. As a result of studies and analyses, it is recommended to organizationally ensure the practical implementation of the provisions laid down by the international system of foreign investment. As a result of the analysis, the following scientific novelty was obtained: the global investment environment directly affects the volume of foreign investment, which, in turn, determines the level of state integration into the world economy. The obtained results can be useful to industry managers, interested in the industry, researchers and civil society.

Analysing the Effects of Cyber Security on National Security from a Realist Perspective: "Stuxnet" Example

In this study, the effects of providing cyber security on national security are examined from a realistic perspective using the example of the Stuxnet virus. It has been stated that the increasing complexity of cyber threats due to technological advances poses serious risks to states' national security. In the study, the critical role of cyber security in protecting national security is emphasized through the Stuxnet attack. The Stuxnet attack is a cyber-attack on the facilities where Iran carried out its nuclear enrichment program in 2010. As a result of this attack, it was revealed that Iran had both interruptions in its nuclear program and a weakness in cyber security. As such, it is underlined that cyber security can affect the international balance of power and the strategic interests of states. From a realist perspective, since ensuring national security requires a resilient defense against cyber threats and vulnerabilities, it has become necessary to consider cyber security as an important parameter in determining national security policies. This study reveals the interdependent relationship between cyber security and national security in this age when cyberspace has become a very important arena for power struggles. Considering these reasons, it has been recommended that states, which realists consider the main actor in the international system, should make investments that will support their cyber security to protect their national security.

Problems of war and peace in the context of growing external threats to Russian sovereignty (2012–2022)

Importance. The purpose of the study is to consider the state of problems of war and peace in the dynamics of growing external threats to the sovereignty of the Russian Federation in 2012–2022. Among them, there is a special interest in war as a phenomenon that has once again become a radical tool for conducting interstate relations.Research Methods. The research is based on the principles of historicism, the unity of the objective and the subjective. Along with general scientific methods, such as analysis, dialectical method, case-study, elements of decisional, historical-comparative, retrospective and other methods from interdisciplinary knowledge were used.Results and Discussion. It is noted that the main reason for the escalation of the “hot phase” of the war is the actual refusal of the West to end the Cold War. The difference is given in the peculiarities of understanding modern war and its instruments in the goals and methods of international policy pursued by the United States using the examples of the actions of the administrations of Barack Obama and Donald Trump, the Russian Federation under the leadership of President V.V. Putin. It is shown that the emerging trend towards the rejection of unilateralism, changes in the internal and external environment, was transformed into a radical political course of the United States under Barack Obama. The strengthening of the United States as a state, despite the contradictions between factions of the establishment, and its role as the center of the West, in the presence of acute inter-party discourse, under Trump is an instrument of the struggle for his global hegemony. While categorically rejecting the aggressive actions of Washington and NATO, the Russian leadership does not exclude the possibility of peaceful coexistence with the United States.Conclusion. The period under review was not only a fixation of trends launched by the West, but also seriously transformed Russia’s national security understanding. The concept of “hybrid warfare” seems to be the most productive to describe the current stage. In order to build a more stable international security system in the 21st century, it will be necessary to take into account changes in the nature of a number of international relations fundamental problems related to the war and peace problems.

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY OF PAVLODAR REGION: FORECASTING AND PRIORITIES

At the present stage, the country as a whole and in the regions have created the necessary basic conditions for building an innovation-oriented management system for the industrial sector, including corporate foundations, personnel training, and the implementation of state programs in the field of industrial and innovative development. At the meso-levels, work has been carried out on the formation of an infrastructure for the innovative development of the industrial sector. At the micro-levels, as part of the transition of industrial enterprises to innovative management systems, projects are being implemented to introduce international management systems, digitalize production processes, and create innovative organizational and management structures. The practical application of the model of innovative management of the industrial sector of the Pavlodar region in the conditions of digitalization should ensure, along with the economic effect, qualitative trends in transformational changes in the results of the activities of industrial enterprises in the region. To directly determine qualitative trends in transformational changes in the results of industrial enterprises, appropriate criteria must be identified. The article discusses innovative management, which is an essential element of the entire management system of any organization and is based on human potential. The main target of innovative management is focused on the effective achievement of the goals of the organization’s activities through qualitative changes in all elements and subsystems of management using innovations and innovations. The main result of innovative management is the growth of competitiveness of organizations, both in domestic and foreign markets. Keywords: forecast, innovation management, industry, management, digitalization.

Desafíos del Derecho Penal Internacional: Perspectivas de Género y Justicia Global. Reseña del libro: Gender and International Criminal Law de Indira Rosenthal et al. (2022)

The International Criminal Law (IPL) has become a significant tool in the international system, not only to contribute to the maintenance of order, but also as a means of assigning responsibilities to States that violate international norms. As a branch of law, it is grounded in a long-standing and evolving transcendence that seeks to adapt to global realities. More recently, the relevance of the gender perspective within IPR and how it can be perspective within IPR and how it can bring about a radical change in the way in which in the way in which States have perceived IPR up to the present time. Along the same lines, the book Gender and International Criminal Law, edited by Indira Rosenthal edited by Indira Rosenthal, Valerie Oosterveld and Susana SáCouto (2022) comes to question the established dynamics within the question the dynamics established within International Criminal Law, which, according to the authors that, according to the authors, exclude and violate populations during the implementation of legal frameworks. implementation of legal frameworks.

Cooperative Communities in the International System: Networked Cooperation of Similar States

Cooperative Communities in the International System: Networked Cooperation of Similar States

Opportunities and Challenges of China’s Economic and Political Development under the Third Term of Xi Leadership: A Viewpoint of India

China’s economic and political development under the third term of Xi Jinping’s leadership presents both opportunities and challenges, viewed by India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi. While there are potential rooms for cooperation and diplomatic engagement between India and China, there are also significant disagreements related to border disputes, trade imbalances, and geopolitical tensions. Navigating these dynamics requires careful diplomacy, strategic arrangements, and a balance of interests among the leaders in both countries. However, the conflict between India and China is potentially and geopolitically inevitable because of several key factors inherent in the international system. Since both are rising powers, seeking to assert their influence and interests either regionally or globally; moreover, both states have strong nationalist sentiments that can be mobilized by ambitious leaders to justify assertive policies and provocative tongues, making it difficult to compromise on unresolved problems and easier to ignite a destructive blaze.

An alternative settlement system for the BRICS countries

The relevance of the research topic lies in the imperatives of the modern geo-economic and geopolitical confrontation between the leading centers of the world financial system and the need to continue to carry out transactions through alternative channels within the existing international system of payments and exchange. Due to the lack of prospects for lifting sanctions against Russia, the author formulates proposals that allow participation in international exchange based on the currencies of friendly countries and a common currency for their entire group. From the point of view of practical implementation, the results of the article allow Russia, through the mechanism of commercial and contract (exchange) rates for currency pairs of monetary units of the BRICS countries, to carry out trade transactions with friendly countries. The author concludes that integration into the current system of world finance through alternative channels allows small countries to join the BRICS group using concession methods through the mechanism of commercial rates.

Crisis of Human Rights of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Japan

The year 2022 marks the 40th anniversary of the start of Japan’s refugee recognition system. Despite being a prosperous democracy and a staunch supporter of the international system, Japan has consistently admitted only a small number of refugees. According to the Immigration Services Agency of Japan, the number of people recognised as refugees in 2022 reached a record high of 202, while those not recognised exceeded 10,000. Furthermore, the legislative bill to revise the Immigration Control Law, passed by the House of Councillors Judicial Committee on June 8, 2023, limits applications for refugee recognition to twice in principle. From the third application onwards, there is a possibility for forced deportation to the applicants’ home countries. This legislative bill can be seen as violating the human rights of refugees and asylum-seekers, contravening international human rights law, and the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Therefore, this article specifically explores Japan’s stronger stance on control over protection, whether its low recognition rate indicates non-compliance with international refugee protection criteria, and the reasons behind this. These aspects will be methodically examined, employing rationalist, normative, and domestic institutional theories of international conformity. Finally, the article will suggest measures to improve Japan’s refugee recognition rate and enhance the protection of the human rights of refugees and asylum seekers.

La negociación de tratados de libre comercio entre Ecuador y Panamá con la República Popular China

In recent years, the Latin American region has suffered profound impacts because of systemic transformations such as the weak global economy, the Covid-19 pandemic, the trade war between China and the United States and even the emergence of new conflicts. This scenario implies challenges, especially for small countries in the region, such as Panama and Ecuador, which have implemented trade coordination strategies with the People’s Republic of China through free trade agreements. However, these strategies are also seen as containment mechanisms in the face of the scenario of crisis and uncertainty that characterizes the international system. The article analytically reflects on the FTA negotiation process by Panama and Ecuador with China, instruments that are part of the Commercial Diplomacy strategy as an exclusive format of negotiation and relationship with various strategic partners. The article argues that, given the vulnerability of small countries regarding recent global transformations, they have decided to implement adaptive and containment strategies with China on the commercial agenda.

Understanding the Guanxi Culture in Chinese Art Market: Okada Kosho and Shanghai Art World in the Late-nineteenth Century

Shanghai art market had developed a strong international trade system since China was forced to have her gate ajar in the late-nineteenth century. In 1873, a Nagasaki doctor Okada Kosho (1821-1903) travelled to Shanghai and Suzhou. Thanks to the development of stochastic models for the analysis of social networks in contemporary statistics, the structure of Okada’s guanxi (social connections) in Shanghai and Suzhou in the late nineteenth century can be represented by the model, which illustrated that Okada was connected with a few “bridges”, including the Japanese artist Yasuda Rozan, Japanese Consulate Shinagawa Tadamichi, an official dispatched at the end of 1860s to Shanghai, Kumashiro Encho, and the prominent art collector of the Guoyun Chamber, and Gu Cheng, all of whom helped Okada Kosho to explore the Shanghai and Suzhou art world. Through the bridging ties spanned by these individuals, Okada interacted closely with a particular cluster of Chinese artists, art collectors and art dealers. This proved that the Chinese art community heavily relied on social connections of the “bridges” in advertising itself and spreading its reputation. This paper first outlines the Shanghai art market in the late nineteenth century based on Okada Kosho’ s Diaries of Shanghai and Suzhou (1890). It then argues for the opportunity and limitation of building guanxi in the context of the Chinese art market. Finally, it suggests research approaches based on viewing the late-nineteenth-century Shanghai art market in this new way.

Global challenges to modern international security system

Global challenges to modern international security system