Implementation Of International Strategies Research Articles

Internationalization of Higher Education in Russia: in Search for Development

The aim of the article is to identify ways and conditions for internationalization development in Russia. The author shows from the neo-institutional approach point of view that Western internationalization strategies are implemented under conditions of the formed university identity as an entrepreneurial one with strong institutional support. At the present moment, in Russia new university’s identity is still the forming, such a system of education at the institutional level is absent. It was also noted, that internationalization in the West was initially used as a tool to improve the quality of education that perspectively contributed to higher school competitiveness under conditions of mass-market orientation. While in Russia university’s competitiveness is a condition for successful internationalization. At the present formal changes in the education system, informal limitations create a conflict for the university identities. The university is still not perceived as a sovereign economic entity. The market capacity factor is poorly taken into account. The entrepreneurial component of higher education institution does not act as its competitive advantage at this stage, and in the global dimension its significant lag is observed. Important conditions for the successful development of internationalization are: a differentiated approach to universities in the implementation of internationalization strategies, the relative autonomy of the university, the elimination of the gap between the goals of internationalization and state mechanisms aimed at their implementation, as well as the conditions for developing internal internationalization, the interested joint activity of all subjects of the scientific and educational process and the private sector of the economy, the elimination of the gap among the developed mechanisms for increasing the competitiveness of the university through the commercialization of projects and the underdevelopment of public private partnership (PPP) forms in the higher education system, improving approaches to organizing the scientific and educational activities of the university.

DIAGNOSIS THE COMPETITIVENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

The article analyzes existing in modern science methods of diagnostics of competitiveness of an enterprise in the context of implementation of its international development strategy. The peculiarities of using the concept of M. Porter’s suggested types of strategy are investigated. Porter types of strategies that can turn the enterprise functioning on the international market. The main groups of methods of diagnostics of competitiveness of the enterprise, which take into account the peculiarities of implementation of international strategy of its development, were identified. The first group of methods includes matrix methods of competitiveness diagnostics, which involve forming matrices with elements ordered by rows and columns. These methods allow you to perform an analysis of the environment of the functioning of the company, to identify its position in the market, the result of evaluation using this method is to identify the main directions of further development of the company. The second group of methods includes graphical methods of competitiveness diagnostics, which are characterized by the intensity of the results of the analysis and inconsistency in carrying out the assessment. These are relatively simple methods that do not require complex mathematical calculations. The next group of methods are index methods of competitiveness diagnostics, which are considered more complex than the above mentioned matrix and graph methods. These methods require using a benchmark analysis, which is based on the assessment of a number of indicators, which include both sectorial indicators and indicators of the activity of the leading company in the market. The fourth group of methods for assessing international competitiveness includes analytical or calculation methods. This group of methods is characterized by performing complex mathematical calculations and analytical operations with calculated indicators.

Areas of global importance for conserving terrestrial biodiversity, carbon and water.

To meet the ambitious objectives of biodiversity and climate conventions, the international community requires clarity on how these objectives can be operationalized spatially and how multiple targets can be pursued concurrently. To support goal setting and the implementation of international strategies and action plans, spatial guidance is needed to identify which land areas have the potential to generate the greatest synergies between conserving biodiversity and nature's contributions to people. Here we present results from a joint optimization that minimizes the number of threatened species, maximizes carbon retention and water quality regulation, and ranks terrestrial conservation priorities globally. We found that selecting the top-ranked 30% and 50% of terrestrial land area would conserve respectively 60.7% and 85.3% of the estimated total carbon stock and 66% and 89.8% of all clean water, in addition to meeting conservation targets for 57.9% and 79% of all species considered. Our data and prioritization further suggest that adequately conserving all species considered (vertebrates and plants) would require giving conservation attention to ~70% of the terrestrial land surface. If priority was given to biodiversity only, managing 30% of optimally located land area for conservation may be sufficient to meet conservation targets for 81.3% of the terrestrial plant and vertebrate species considered. Our results provide a global assessment of where land could be optimally managed for conservation. We discuss how such a spatial prioritization framework can support the implementation of the biodiversity and climate conventions.

Qatar Airways: building a global brand

PurposeIn 2017, Qatar Airways was recognized as the world's number-one airline by SKYTRAX World Airline Awards. These international awards have been described as “the Oscars of the aviation industry,” reflecting global recognition and excellence in conducting business activities at the international level. The main purpose of this case-based research is to explore and evaluate the internationalization strategies employed by Qatar Airways in becoming known as one of the best airlines in the world.Design/methodology/approachIn accordance with the nature of this study, data were collected by interviewing managers from Qatar Airways as well as by exploiting supporting materials from secondary sources and airline-specific records. The recorded interviews were analyzed via content analysis to define airline strategies aimed at expanding globally and building a global brand.FindingsThe findings reveal that Qatar Airways has adopted effective strategies that have facilitated its aggressive global expansion and enhanced its global consumer recognition – mainly as a fast-growing network connecting important destinations that maintains a focused consumer orientation dedicated to providing an optimal travel experience. These strategies have been focused on building a superior consumer experience marked by exceptional comfort.Practical implicationsQatar Airways' implementation of internationalization strategies in the airline industry represents an innovative approach marked by efficient operations and high-quality standards. Both international business managers and academics can learn from these strategies and their implications for enhancing airlines' global reputation and overall quality performance.Originality/valueUnlike other research studies that investigate a wide range of firms across industries, this study focuses on exploring the factors that support the successful internationalization of a single firm, thus providing in-depth understanding of specific strategies to achieve global recognition. This study provides unique insights to analyze strategies and assess their practical relevance.

Internationalization and accounting-based risk in the restaurant industry

The restaurant industry has expanded into international markets remarkably well due to various benefits. However, there are also high risks involved in internationalization and it is important to consider the internationalization strategy from the risk perspective for the restaurant industry. The current study attempts to examine the relationship between restaurant firms' internationalization and accounting-based risk. This study analyzes data from U.S. restaurant firms by estimating accounting-based risk measured by the standard deviation of return on assets (ROA), and performing a Two-Way Fixed-Effects Model. The findings of this study reveal that although internationalization shows a curvilinear relationship (i.e., concave downward) with ROA risk, the major shape of the relationship may be more linear rather than curvilinear, partially explained by organizational learning theory. Restaurant firms might initially face challenges caused by inexperience in international operations in conjunction with an unfamiliar culture and may not immediately realize the risk-reduction effects. Thus restaurant executives involved in new international operations need to be very informed on risk management. This allows them to gain more confidence in pursuing internationalization strategies and ultimately enjoy the risk-reduction effects, acknowledging that more international operations can reduce restaurant firms' ROA risk in the long run. This finding provides important insights for international restaurant companies to better understand how their implementation of internationalization strategy may contribute to their firms’ accounting risks.

Impact of determinants on early internationalization

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of determinants on early internationalization in the context of an emerging economy, i.e. India. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on an ex post facto exploratory research using primary data collected from a sample of 102 exporting small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Bangalore. Findings The overall results reveal that it is the proactive entrepreneurs and their previous experience that determine the early internationalization of SMEs. Further, competitive constraint was a major obstacle to enter the international market at an early age for late internationalized SMEs. Practical implications The policy initiatives should aim to develop the international orientation of the entrepreneurs in the firm as a precursor for the formulation and subsequent implementation of internationalization strategies. Originality/value Although studies have been conducted on determinants and early internationalization, these are confined to a few dimensions, and none of the studies have looked into the issues affecting the early internationalization holistically and with respect to SMEs in India.

USE OF THE SWOT-ANALYSIS METHODS IN DEVELOPING THE INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGY OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article substantiates the influence of globalization processes on the development of institutions of higher education that take place in the world. The foreign countries universities experience of internationalization processes is considered. The concept of strategic management as an effective technology of higher education institutions management, particularly in the sphere of international activity and the necessity of carrying out the university diagnostics using existing strategic analysis tools, is substantiated. The potential advantages and opportunities provided by the internationalization strategy for the development of domestic institutions of higher education are determined. The development of the university internationalization strategy is based on the development of students international academic mobility and scientific and pedagogical workers, stimulation of educational programs and scientific researches joint with foreign partners, which ensure the implementation of productive mechanisms for the integration of the higher education domestic institutions into the global scientific and educational environment. The main factors influencing the formation of the internationalization strategy and the principles on which the development of such a strategy for modern universities is based are established. The SWOT-analysis of domestic universities has been conducted and the main results of the research based on the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the international activity of higher education institutions are presented. This methodology of SWOT-analysis during developing the internationalization strategy allows combining the procedure of analytics and the procedure of choosing strategic alternatives. The SWOT-analysis matrix of strategic alternatives has been used to help the management of higher education institutions in formulating the internationalization strategy in the field of university international cooperation, which can be applied in such areas as internationalization of educational activities, internationalization of scientific activity, internationalization of social development. The main tasks of internationalization in Ukrainian higher education institutions and the expected results from the implementation of internationalization strategies in domestic universities are singled out.

What do we know about internationalization strategies implementation and what are we missing?

Internationalization is a particular kind of strategy that can be described as a complex and multidimensional decision process. However, good strategies do not guarantee business success unless they are successfully implemented. This study aims to investigate what are the key internal factors that impact the implementation of the internationalization strategy of the firm. We conducted a descriptive review of the literature, on articles in the ISI Web of Science database, followed by the use of categorical analysis technique. Results show that antecedents represent most of internationalization studies and little attention has been given to the key internal factors. In addition, most of the discussion focus on Internal Context issues (organizational structures, relationship between business units and people/leadership capabilities), but key factors concerning the Strategic Implementation Process (communication, commitment and control systems) have been neglected by researchers and compromise the holistic understanding of the internationalization process. In this study, we propose an analytical framework bridging the strategy and internationalization perspectives on the issue of implementation and indicate gaps in the internationalization body of research concerning the key internal facts. In doing so, we expect to contribute by providing a systematic understanding of the key factors influencing the implementation of internationalization strategies.

Internationalization and Performance of Chinese Family Firms: The Moderating Role of Corporate Governance

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the differential effects of internationalization on two dimensions of family firms’ performance: growth and profitability. Drawing on the contingency theory, we argue that the successful implementation of internationalization strategy requires an appropriate organization structure, which is usually absent in Chinese family firms. To the extent that such a structure is established, these firms can realize greater benefits from internationalization. From a sample of 225 family firms in China, our predictions receive empirical support. We find that internationalization has a positive impact on growth but a negative impact on profitability. The negative internationalization–firm profitability relationship highlights the challenges internationalizing Chinese family firms face. The positive moderating effect of corporate governance, a critical component of organization structure, underscores the need for appropriate corporate governance to support the implementation of strategy. The findings have important practical implications for the internationalization of Chinese family firms.

Key elements to break through registration barriers on traditional Chinese medicine in EU

The EU is an international bridge of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and TCM in EU is of strategic importance. In this paper the progress on policies and regulations and approved products of herbal medical products in EU in 10 years were briefly reviewed, registration regulations were systematically, studied and some typical cases were analyzed. To provide reference for successful registration of TCM in EU and implementation of international strategy of TCM, five key elements (i. e. registration classification, approval procedure, approval authority, application product and application enterprise) to break through the registration barriers on TCM in EU were putted forwards correspondingly.

A case study of issues of strategy implementation in internationalization of higher education

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to identify and critically evaluate key issues faced by an institution in the quest to implement higher education internationalization.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research is conducted in a post‐1992 UK university. A total of 20 interviewees from three key departments participated in this project. Content analysis, critical discourse analysis and categorisation of meaning were applied on analysing three sources of data collection.Findings – This study identifies critical issues that impede international strategy implementation within an institutional context. These issues include resource allocation, communication, operational process, cooperation and coordination, organizational culture, resistance to change, student support and external environment. Researching findings indicate that most issues are rooted internally. Higher education (HE) internationalization is deemed to be integration and cohesion.Research limitations/implications – This resea...

A mixed‐methods assessment of sexual and gender‐based violence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to inform national and international strategy implementation

National and international strategies were implemented in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to address sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). The objective was to assess community attitudes of SGBV and health facility capacity to address SGBV in eastern DRC. The design and setting are as follows: a cross-sectional, population-based cluster survey of 998 adults in eastern DRC territories, a convenience sample of 27 adults using semi-structured directed interviews, qualitative data from 37 focus groups conducted in three health zones, assessment of 64 health facilities and a comparative analysis of SGBV strategies. The main outcome measures opinions regarding SGBV prevention and justice and health facility capacity to address SGBV. The majority of respondents favored the legal system over community mediation to obtain justice for SGBV. However, 61.1% (95% CI, 51.8-70.5%) of SGBV survivors reported being forced to accept community mediation. Among SGBV survivors, 81.2% (95% CI, 74.5-87.8%) reported no available mental health care. Less than half of all respondents reported access to a hospital, clinic or pharmacy. The analyses and facility assessment reinforce the need to improve SGBV care. Mixed methodologies point to the complexities of addressing SGBV, assess key elements of SGBV prevention, justice and response, and may ultimately inform national and international strategies.

International strategy implementation: Roles of subsidiaries, operational capabilities, and procedural justice

This study develops a framework to propose how the differentiation of operational capabilities (coordination and configuration) and procedural justice fits to different subsidiary roles, and the relationship between the fit and the subsidiary performance. The findings are based on a survey of sixty-two foreign subsidiaries in Taiwan. The results indicate that (1) the operational capabilities and procedural justice of the top-performing subsidiaries can be differentiated according to their distinct strategic roles, and the differentiation exhibits an ideal profile for each role as shown in Fig. 2; (2) the extent to which a subsidiary fits the ideal profile associated with its role is positively related to the subsidiary's performance. The authors discuss the theoretical and managerial implications and provide some suggestions for the future study.

Value adding in foreign markets

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to extend our knowledge of industrial firms' international strategy implementation by exploring key associations pertaining to types of value adding in foreign markets. The questions are: how are types of value adding in foreign markets associated with differentiation attributes? How are the types associated with the performance of foreign units?Design/methodology/approachA hypothesized model is developed. The key terms (type of value adding, differentiation attributes, financial performance) are operationalized. A questionnaire was used to collect the quantitative data necessary to test the hypotheses using ANOVA analyses. The questions were answered by managers of 191 subsidiaries of Swedish manufacturing firms in Germany, the UK and the USA.FindingsFirms with product development in foreign markets are associated with a limited focus on product attributes in trying to receive orders compared with firms without such local value adding. Local customer services are related to a limited emphasis on product attributes as well, but such services are associated with an emphasis on customer flexibility attributes. Foreign product development and customer services are associated with high performance. Interpretations of the findings are discussed.Practical implicationsThe study contributes theoretically as it extends our knowledge of international strategy implementation. In the search for the type of value adding in a foreign market, the industrial firm is recommended to be aware of the general associations among the types, and the differentiation attributes and performance established in the study.Originality/valueThe application of a local perspective goes beyond what has been done in the dominant head quarter studies in previous research. Another key value is the analysis of perceptual data collected from managers responsible for foreign subsidiaries.

Strategy antecedents of modes of entry into foreign markets

Although a firm's choice of mode of entry to a foreign market is central to the implementation of international strategy, we have only limited understanding of the effects of international strategy on the choice. This study explores the effects of business relatedness and corporate international experience. Data were collected on 173 ventures of Swedish manufacturing firms that were present on the German market, and multivariate techniques were applied to test hypotheses. It was found that product/market relatedness and intangible resource relatedness between the foreign business unit and the industrial firm's core business unit favored a full control entry mode based on sole ownership. This finding was also valid for importance of foreign markets. Further, market importance moderated the two relationships regarding business relatedness. Contributions to the literature are discussed.

An investigation into international business collaboration in higher education organisations

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a comparative analysis of the main objectives of international institutional partnerships in four UK leading universities. Based on the presented case studies, the paper outlines a model for objectives and implementation of international partnership.Design/methodology/approachUsing a multiple case study approach, the paper employs three sources of data: templates of international partnerships, actual agreements of international partnerships and interviews with senior and very senior managers concerned with internationalisation at the four universities. The analysis includes inter‐university comparative analysis and templates‐agreements‐interviews comparative analysis for each of the four universities separately.FindingsIt is found that, for the four universities, the objectives of international partnerships are related to both students and staff with relative importance given to the student dimension. While the student dimension refers to any overseas partnerships where the core topic of the partnership is the student whether it is related to student exchange, collaborative programs, student recruitment, etc.; the staff dimension refers to any overseas partnerships that are more related to the staff topic, such as joint research, collaborative teaching, staff exchange, etc.Research limitations/implicationsThe comparative analysis of templates‐agreements‐ interviews show some gaps in international strategy design in one of the universities, and some gaps in international strategy implementation in the other three universities.Practical implicationsThe comparative analysis is developed into a model for international strategy design and implementation. This model can assess university managers in running their international business.Originality/valueThe paper highlights the importance of adopting a realistic strategy by university managers. The realistic strategy is the strategy that gives equivalent attention to the two dimensions: the design and the implementation.

Creating value for channel partners: the Cervena case

PurposeAims to report on the approach used by the New Zealand Game Industry Board (NZGIB) to create a competitive advantage with channel buyers in the USA. This examination is in response to calls for research on international marketing strategy implementation in business markets. The NZGIB developed an innovative marketing program labeled “Cervena” to reposition commodity venison as an up‐market product sold through specialist restaurants.Design/methodology/approachAn in‐depth case study of the Cervena approach was conducted. Data were gained through in‐depth interviews with key marketing staff. Interviews were supplemented with secondary data.FindingsThe findings identified the synergistic relationships between demand chain partners and end consumers. Tacit competitive advantages were built by adapting to channel requirements, leveraging established relationships, and drawing on aspirational imagery at the consumer level. Critically, no one part of the program could operate in isolation. Implementing such a strategy was difficult because of the failure to convert transactional relationships between farmers and their buyers into long‐term ones that provided greater certainty of supply and pricing. This illustrates both the benefits of networks and the need to adapt the implementation effort over time to ensure ongoing commitment to the relationship, and high quality market‐oriented outcomes.Originality/valueThis article provides a rare glimpse into international strategy implementation in industrial networks and suggests that such success will be contingent on initial strategic choices, adaptability, and supportive policies that reinforce market‐oriented values. Managers need to ensure adaptability within a relationship or network structure in order to consolidate initial competitive advantages and ensure ongoing buyer commitment.

Harnessing technology in global service businesses

Services are currently experiencing dramatic global expansion. This article examines the contribution of technology to the success of the implementation of international strategies in three service industries: commercial banking, retailing and health care. Finally, it discusses the lessons that can be drawn from a comparison among these industries.

Thinking Globally and Managing Locally

The article begins by explaining the strategic need to “think globally”. It analyses strategic perceptions of what and where the market is, and examines the competitive consequences of global thinking by the enterprise. The requirements of enterprise capacity for the effective national implementation of international strategies are analysed. This means “managing locally”. The article concludes by considering some of the skills and personal traits of the international manager. These may have to be developed if enterprise management is to achieve the proper local implementation of its global strategies. A variety of case examples and studies are illustrative of the international strategies.