International Statistical Databases Research Articles

Economic development and foreign trade: a сomparative analysis of the United States and China

The article presents a comparative analysis of socio-economic and foreign trade relationships between the United States and the People's Republic of China, two leading countries of the world economy, which exert maximum influence on global processes in economics and politicsas well as in world trade, investment activities and scientific and technical sphere. Today, the rivalry between the two powers has also intensified in the monetary and financial aspect due to the growing importance and share of the yuan in international settlements and government reserves of many countries. This situation continues to worsen smoothly, often having a negative impact on other countries, including the Russian Federation. The purpose of the article is to explore the current state of the demographic situation, the dynamics of GDP and trade turnover of the two countries, to characterize the current situation and identify trends in its development in the medium term, which will make it possible to form the positions and policies of other subjects of the world economy to ensure their stability and balance their actions. The article concludes that both countries are currently experiencing a period of socio-economic and foreign trade turbulence, and its range has not yet shown a tendency to decrease. It is often the United States that acts as the source of this turbulence, trying to overcome the negative processes in its own economy. Therefore, it is important for third countries, for example, Russia, to take consistent measures to ensure national, including foreign economic, security. The methodological basis of the research is statistical, comparative, graphical analysis, the study of reports and archives, calculations based on data from open international statistical databases and official websites of international economic organizations, the main purpose of which is to study the economic indicators of the United States and the People's Republic of China. The study period covers 2012–2023.

SUSTAINABILITY FROM CONCEPT TO PARADIGM OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

This paper analyzes by transposing the importance of environmental policies, highlighting the most significant regulations directly related to the sustainable agriculture component in relation to the environmental targets proposed by the Municipal Agricultural Policy. The need to rethink agricultural processes led slowly to the anchoring to current trends as a premise in the realization of a real report related to sustainable agricultural systems performing and last but not least aligned to the constraints of eco-conditionality. From this perspective, the methodology in reflecting our analysis was linked to the collection of data reported in international statistical databases such as those available at the National Institute of Statistics Eurostat, as well as OECD reports on the subjects analyzed in the study. In these paradises, the perspective reflected by the New Agricultural Policy is rather aligned towards the achievement of environmental goals in agriculture, which positions the ability of farmers to adapt to these sustainability conditions. Through these completely new concepts for farmers, the studio reflects the sustainability of agriculture through the levers offered by the agricultural policy and research, thus also representing an important resource in complex research aimed at the decarbonization of agriculture as topical issues.

Analysis of years of life lost due to premature cancer mortality in the Russian Federation

Background. Burden of disease estimation allows analyses to be carried out integrally, including cause and effect assessment. the rate of life years lost due to premature mortality is part of the burden of disease analysis. given that the burden of cancer is steadily increasing, analysis of the number of years lost makes it possible to identify new strategic directions, as well as to adjust decisions already made, in the health care of cancer patients.Purpose: to estimate the loss of life expectancy as a result of premature mortality from cancer in the population of the Russian Federation.Material and Methods. the analysis was carried out using international statistical databases for disease burden estimation, databases of the Federal state statistics service (Rosstat). to determine the target groups of priority reduction of mortality from neoplasms in the Russian Federation, an estimation of the lost years of life expectancy as a result of premature mortality in the form of the e† (e-dagger) indicator was carried out. the analyzed period of the study was 2010–2019.Results. the Russian Federation is characterized by the smallest share of losses from cancer in the structure of losses from all causes of death compared to the analyzed countries (Japan, France, germany, latvia, lithuania, estonia). However, the share of losses has been intensively increasing for 10 years (in 2010 – 14.79 %, in 2019 – 17.54 %). in comparison with the analyzed countries, Russia is more characterised by losses from cancer at a younger age, with the highest value of life years lost in the age group 60–64 years. the age-standardized number of years lost in men in Russia is 67.1 % higher than in women. in the age group from 25 to 49 years of age, the loss of life expectancy due to cancer in women is higher and accounts for 0.4 years (or 19 %) of all losses, which is not typical of other age groups in which losses in men prevail. A significant regional differentiation of mortality in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has been revealed, which is also reflected in the number of years lost.Conclusion. the potential of preventive strategies in the Russian Federation has not been fully realized – the loss of life years in young and middle age requires the correction of measures to improve preventive services and oncological care. the revealed regional differentiation allows us to identify regions with high losses for priority solutions.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The work is devoted to the study of the processes of digital transformation of economic entities considered as open socio-economic systems. With the use of statistical data, the further development of digital transformation processes, as well as the need to develop information-analytical and methodological support for the management of these processes, is substantiated. The essence is systematized and the author's concept of digital transformation of the socio-economic system is developed, its goals and directions for various levels of the economy are considered. The stages, directions and indicators of the digital transformation of public administration are considered. The directions and dynamics of the digital transformation of the subjects of the Russian Federation and its problems are studied. The purpose of the study is to study digital transformation in the context of managing the development of socio-economic systems, states of the subject, object and management system, as well as the formation of a complex of problem fields of digital transformation of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the context of their functional, structural, resource and information characteristics as open dynamic socio-economic systems. Materials and methods. The statistical basis of the new study was data from Russian and foreign analytical agencies, data from Rosstat and international statistical databases that characterize the processes of informatization and digitalization of the Russian and world economies, data on digital transformation strategies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, presented on the websites of the Government of Russia, federal and regional executive authorities. The study used methods of correlation-regression, cluster, structural and content analysis, as well as a systematic approach. The theoretical and methodological base was the work of Russian and foreign researchers, reports of world and Russian consulting agencies and research centers, legal documents of the Russian Federation and international organizations. Results. The role, meaning and functions of digitalization are systematized. A definition of digital transformation has been developed as a characteristic of a socio-economic system used to describe the goals, process and results of digital deve¬lopment, leading to a transformational change in the parameters of the control and managed systems, transferring systems to a qualitatively new level, which manifests itself in a radical change in the business model, business processes, products and services. Regional disproportions in the digital development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are diagnosed. The problematic fields of digital transformation of the subjects of the Russian Federation are identified in the context of 4 components – their functional, structural, informational and resource description as SES. Conclusion. The developed concept of digital transformation is based on the system paradigm and can be used to develop a set of methods, models, indicators and indicators for the digital development of socio-economic systems. The developed complex of problematic fields of digital transformation of the subjects of the Russian Federation as SES can be used to develop management decision support systems, activate the digital development of the subjects of the Russian Federation, increase its effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability.

Совершенствование рейтинга российских умных городов

Digitalisation and urbanisation have led to smart city becoming a key element of the concept of sustainable development, acting as an object of sustainable development management. Thus, a smart city must become a sustainable smart city. The first step is the creation of the system of current state diagnostics or smart city ranking. This ranking should consider international standards, the specificity of Russian urban development, as well as various components of sustainable development. It is hypothesised that the ranking methodology reflecting these components can be used to analyse the dynamics of sustainable development based on the chosen criteria and factors. To assess social, environmental, economic and management components of cities with a population of more than 100,000 people, the proposed tech-nique relies on the theory of multiple comparisons and the distance method. The comprehensive assessment of smart cities includes 71 indicators grouped into 8 criteria: people, social cohesion, economy, management, ecology and the environment, transport, urban planning, technology. The study analysed Russian and international statistical databases, as well as data from industry agencies. The ranking of 171 cities was developed; regional features of Russian smart cities were identified using the selected criteria. The cit-ies of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Balashikha, Krasnodar and Kazan are at the top of the ranking. The leadership of the Central Federal District and a significant differentiation by the criteria “urban planning” and “technology” are the key regional features. Annual comprehensive assessment can be used to track the dynamics of the development of smart cities, evaluate the effectiveness of decision-making and implementation, plan urban development based on federal and regional digitalisation projects, as well as create strategies to enhance the sustainability of Russian smart cities.

Digitization in the Transport Sector: Development Trends and Indicators. Part 2

The part 2 continues presenting the results of the study devoted to the assessment of the digital technologies’ impact on various industries, in order to define the tendencies of digitalization in Ukraine and the world. It is emphasized that various international statistical databases which specifics depends on the study’s objective are important for international comparisons. Due to the rapid development of technologies for collection, processing and communication of information, many organizations could perform various studies at macrolevel on the global economy scales, using international and national statistical databases covering nearly all the dimensions of the global development and including the indicators measuring digitalization processes in national economies and their segments.
 Consideration is given to the database indicators measuring digitalization trends, with selecting the indicators reflecting these processes in individual economies and related to digital transformations in the transport. The particular attention is paid to the Ukraine’s position in these international databases and the completeness of information on relevant indicators in Ukraine. A comparison of the selected indicators with the indicators of digitalisation in the transport sector in the official statistical database was carried out, and the systematization of these indicators was made in order to further improve the official statistical database by including in it the indicators on the development of information and communication technologies in the transport sector.
 The careful study and analysis of international and national statistical databases allowed for creating a set of indicators on digitalization in the transport sector, with including the indicators in it reflecting the dissemination of information and communication technologies in the transport sector and characterizing digital transformations in the transport. The proposed set of indicators is dynamic and can be complemented by other indicators in the process of digital transformations in the transport sector. Given the current global trends of the growing penetration of digital technology in all the spheres of human activity, this set of indicators can be used not only to monitor these processes in the transport sector, but also in the management practices.

On Creating a “Powerful Scientific and Technological Base” and the Necessity of Strengthening State Support of Scientists and Innovative Business in Russia

The article is a research response to the task of developing the scientific and technological base set by the President of Russia in his message to the Federal Assembly in 2019. The scientific and technological base is revealed as a more comprehensive concept than a concept that includes only material and technical objects, in particular, it accommodates human resources engaged in research and development. The author reveals insufficiency of current measures of state support for researchers and developers, which boil down mainly to competitive financing of scientists and little-demanded tax breaks for innovative business. The paper proves several measures to strengthen the basic support of research personnel and technological business. There is a need not only to implement large scientific and technological infrastructure projects, but also increase the volume of budget (basic) support for researchers and developers through the growth of actual wages at the rate of the full working rate, provide preferential mortgage loans, expand tax incentives for innovative business, as well as develop a “qualified customer” model. The analysis is performed on the basis of studying Russian regulatory legal acts defining the state scientific and technical policy, articles of Russian scientists as well as materials of Russian and international statistical databases. The results of the study may be used by representatives of the executive authorities, as well as a wide range of specialists interested in the problems of science and technology policy in Russia.

IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF VAT SYSTEM IN DEVELOPING EU COUNTRIES: ESTIMATING THE DETERMINANTS OF THE RATIO C-EFFICIENCY IN THE PERIOD 1997-2017

Indirect taxes have a significant place in developing EU countries’ tax systems. The article sums up scholars of different scientists, dealing with the impact of VAT efficiency determinants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of VAT collection efficiency in the EU developing countries. The study relies on relevant data in transparent international statistical databases, covering the period from 1997 to 2017. The main research question in this paper is: does rise in value added tax rate negatively affect VAT collection efficiency in the EU developing countries. Accordingly, one of the independent variables included in the survey is standard annual VAT rate. In addition to standard VAT rate, as a determinant of VAT collection efficiency, we analyze: economic growth rate, export of goods, export of services, wages and salaries, household consumption. The hypotheses set are analyzed using correlation and regression analyses. Empirical results show a positive effect of economic growth rate, export of goods, and the negative effect of two variables: standard VAT rate and household consumption. The two observed variables, export of services and wages and salaries, do not show a statistically significant effect. The results obtained using appropriate statistical tools serve as guidelines to macroeconomic policy makers to generate higher tax revenues from VAT. By analyzing the C-efficiency determinant, we design a relevant development strategy approach for economically underdeveloped EU countries.

Obesity and overweight among children, diagnostic criteria and statistics of prevalence

Objective: to conduct an analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and modern recommendations regarding the criteria for diagnosing overweight and obesity in children, international and national statistical databaseson the prevalence of overweight among children,legalactson the diagnosis of obesity and the detection of overweight in children in Ukraine.
 Methods. bibliosemantic, epidemiological, contentanalysis.
 Results. The international statistical data bases,results of the cross-national studies of WHO, current recommendations and strategies of prevention of obesity of children have been studied. According to the data of the official branch statistics the current scope of spreading of obesity among children’s population of Ukraine. The analysis of the normative documents regulating the order of organization and main components of the obligatory preventive medical examinations of children in Ukraine, the scheme of their periodicity, criteria of evaluation of physical development of children and record of results of medical examination of a child with evaluation of his/ her physical condition have been conducted. Figured out the disadvantages of the existing system of prevention of obesity of children: discrepancies between branchstandardsthatregulateapproachestotheevaluationofharmonyofphysicaldevelopmentofachildanddocumentsthatregulatestoringofresultsofthepreventivemedicalexaminations of children which is the reason for absence of statistics of obesity of children in Ukraine; lowlevel of diagnostics of obesity of children and identification of the excessbody weight that is conditioned by the lowlevel of knowledge a mongprimary medical caredoctors, providing medical careto children,of indicators of excess body weight of children.
 Conclusions. A conceptual solution to this problem can be achieved by organizing a continuous, systematic process of detection and registration of children with overweight and obesity, analysis of the environment where the child is from the standpoint of social characteristics and behavioral characteristics.

Realization of Industry Export Potential in the Republic of Belarus: Trends, Factors, Perspectives

Main development trends and complex of internal and external factors influencing on export potential of the industrial sector in the Republic of Belarus have been revealed and determined on the basis of the analysis of national and international statistical databases and method for expert assessment. Relevance of the research is to demonstrate that industry creates a significant part of commodity exports in the small open economy of the Republic of Belarus which has adopted a course to post-industrialization as a national strategy. Absolute figures of the Belarusian export of services are 3.4 times lower than values of the commodity export, 92.4 % of which is provided by manufacturing industry. It is in the sphere of industrial production that we should look for the reasons of long-term trend to reducing physical and cost volumes of Belarusian export, deterioration of its commodity and geographical structure, negative balance of trade and account of current operations. Main positions of the Belarusian commodity exports which form 70 % of its volume to non-CIS countries are raw materials exposed to unstable price environment in the world market, although the mining industry accounts for only 1.2 % while the manufacturing industry creates 85.6 % of the sector’s gross output. The study refutes the conclusion that problems associated with implementation of an export potential of domestic industry should be explained by the crisis of industrial production, proving that post-industrialization, accompanied by a reduction, curtailment or cross-border transfer of industrial production, is not so clear and does not bring the expected macroeconomic results. Reindustrialization, achievement of a breakthrough in the use of information technologies for a new quality of industrial production, which involves reorientation of IT-sector in Belarus operating on the basis of an outsourcing model from external to domestic market and solution of problems concerning system modernization of industry must become a national strategy aimed at the development and implementation of the industry’s export potential.

Convergence of Romanian and Europe Union agriculture – evolution and prospective assessment

This paper presents forecasts related to the evolution of agricultural production in Romania, relative to the European Union average and to other countries (France, Germany, and Hungary) while taking into consideration the production potential of Romanian agriculture and opportunities to mobilize certain additional financial sources intended for the growth of intermediate consumption and implicitly of the value of agricultural production. This undertaking is designed to identify the degree to which over the next 20 years, Romania can come closer to agricultural performance, standard of living and food quality levels of developed European countries. Current disparities are significant, and there is no promise that they will be eliminated or at least not for all indicators, as structural problems related to Romanian agriculture at this time can be addressed only over the long term. We use historical data drawn from national and international statistical databases and forecast of their evolution using power regression functions. For French, German, Hungarian and European Union-27 average values, the historical growth rate has been preserved, and we develop three scenarios (pessimistic, realistic and optimistic) for Romania based on annual growth rates of 3%, 3.5% and 4%. On the basis of these work assumptions, we forecast agricultural production value, gross added value and intermediate consumption per hectare of agricultural area utilized. From these indicators we find that by maintaining the same historical development rate for all countries, Romania cannot reach the average European Union-27 level or levels for the other countries studied (France, Germany and Hungary) until 2038. A realistic scenario that takes into account an annual growth rate of 3.5% would allow for the elimination of disparities while taking into account a new evolutionary perspective on agricultural production with new production structures based on the following factors: amalgamation of land, expansion of irrigated surfaces, growth of animal production shares, development of agricultural research, expansion of financing opportunities.

Care of Older Adults in Iceland: Policy Objectives and Reality

ABSTRACTWe examine the implementation of the Icelandic government's policy on formal care of older adults in Iceland. The policy as expressed in legislation and other policy documents is to ensure access of older adults to the appropriate level of health and social care services. How does the actual level of formal care compare with the policy objectives? Does there exist an implementation deficit, and if so, why? We address the question by analyzing Icelandic and international statistical databases. The findings reveal a gap between the aims of the current policy and its delivery. As elsewhere in the Nordic region, the policy allows for the emphasis to be on home-care services in which the individual's needs are assessed comprehensively. Administrative problems and insufficient resources to better understand and explain the problem are identified. Current steps to address the problem include the necessity of a comprehensive evaluation of the level and quality of elder-care services in Iceland, which would help compensate for the shortcomings of the existing public statistical databases. In future research, it is necessary to analyze how services can be coordinated while increasing responsiveness to the voices of older adults and their relatives on the care of older people.

The Software Environment R for Official Statistics and Survey Methodology

The open-source programming language and software environment R is currently one of the most widely used and popular software tools for statistics and data analysis. This contribution provides an overview of important R packages used in official statistics and survey methodology and discusses the usefulness of R in the daily work of a statistical office. Examples of activities and developments in R related projects in several national and international statistical offices are given. The focus is not only on the internal infrastructure that national and international statistical offices provide for using R but also on some interesting R related projects carried out in those institutes. Two particular packages (laeken and sdcMicro) and one data set (Statistics on Earnings Survey) are used to illustrate the usefulness (and the user-friendliness) of R and to present methods available in R. In addition, the access to international statistical databases like WDI of World Bank and UN COMTRADE with R is illustrated.