International Standards Research Articles

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE PROVISION OF MUNICIPAL SERVICES

The article examines modern models of quality of local self-government bodies' activities aimed at improving the quality of municipal services: TQM schools; standardized models of management systems; models of organizational excellence; models of diagnostic self-assessment and other models aimed at achieving high quality of municipal services. It is established that the introduction of a quality management system in the activities of local self-government bodies, created in accordance with the international standards of the ISO 9000 series, is one of the most effective methods of increasing the efficiency of local self-government bodies, improving the quality of municipal services, and identifying the needs and interests of residents of the territorial community. The results of the study of best practices in the implementation of municipal service quality management systems in the partner cities of the UNDP Municipal Governance and Sustainable Development Program project are analysed. Attention is drawn to such quality assessment methods as the Balanced Scorecard (BSC); the Theory of «Learning Organizations»; Knowledge Management; the Theory and practice of Change Management; and Benchmarking Technology. The study of the peculiarities of municipal service provision suggests that it is necessary to revise the principles of selection of municipal employees who perform the functions of providing services to citizens, in addition to professional qualities, to pay attention to personal qualities, since close contact with consumers implies the influence of the human factor on service activities; it is necessary to establish public control over the provision of municipal services and ensure feedback between the subjects of municipal service provision and consumers, creation of channels for systematic submission of complaints and suggestions; delegation of customer service powers to private entities while maintaining the control functions of public authorities; implementing artificial intelligence technologies to further improve the quality of municipal services.

Impact of Train-Induced Vibrations on Residents’ Comfort and Structural Damages in Buildings

AbstractThe rapid growth of urbanization and the progress of industrialization have resulted in the construction of over or near-track buildings. Train-induced ground-borne vibrations have attracted attention because they can damage buildings and cause residents discomfort. This study conducted a series of finite element analyses on three 5-story concrete framed buildings, which were subjected to the passage of trains at various speeds. One of the buildings was modeled as an over-track building, whereas the other two buildings were located in close proximity to the track but at different distances. The present study investigated the impact of train speed and track-to-building distance on the acceleration and velocity responses of buildings. The comparison of residents’ comfort levels and the structural safety of buildings against potential damages was conducted using international standards as the controlling criteria. Furthermore, an efficient mitigation technique was implemented, involving the utilization of open trenches with different depths between buildings and the railway track. This approach was employed with the aim of minimizing the detrimental impacts caused by trains-induced vibrations. The findings indicated that the over-track building was impacted by the train-induced vibrations more than near-track buildings. Furthermore, it was shown that although the passage of high-speed trains can disturb the comfort of building residents and potentially cause some structural damage to buildings, it did not lead to any significant story drifts in the structures. Finally, the minimum required depth of open trenches to mitigate train-induced vibrations was computed for every type of buildings and train speeds.

Environmental Security, Environmental Crime and National Security

In this paper we address environmental security, environmental crime and national security, which are important issues for the individual, society and the state. In this situation, we would be interested to look at the level of environmental security, environmental crime situation and the connection these two have with national security. Last decades have shown serious environmental damage and environmental security, despite the legal and criminal measures taken by the government and the state. This disturbing phenomenon remains a major problem for solution. Further we analyzed the legal framework for environmental protection, criminal offenses against the environment, the necessity of "insurance" environmental security. From the analysis results that environmental security and environmental crime threaten the national security of our country. The paper also presents some conclusions and recommendations for a more successful environmental security solution and respect for human rights and freedoms for the protection of the environment. Environmental protection through criminal legislation, criminal law and environmental law, required to be realized in accordance with international standards, resolutely fighting corruption and organized environmental crime.

Impact of International Food Standards on Firms’ Export Behavior: A Case of Indian Marine Industry

Exporters of food products face stringent standards due to the possibility of contaminations and diseases. Standards are complex, varying across countries, time and stage of production. The cost of compliance is, typically, borne by the exporting firm. This paper examines the impact of international food standards on the export behavior of Indian marine firms. Standards negatively affect the value of exports and participation in trade. Further, there is a heterogeneous impact of standards. Relatively larger, profitable and productive firms are able to comply with the standards and gain from them. The long-term implication could be the concentration of market power in this industry.

CHILD PROTECTION AND JUVENILE JUSTICE: LEGAL ISSUES IN BANGLADESH AND MALAYSIA

Child protection and juvenile justice are emerging issues and a major concern for nations across the globe. Considering the importance of child protection, different nations in the world have also given attention to reducing child delinquency by amending their laws on children. Bangladesh and Malaysia have ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) 1989 and incorporated its principles into their domestic legal framework for child-friendly care and protection of juvenile offenders. Since 2013, there have been many new concepts developed on this issue in the legal systems of both countries. The government of Bangladesh has enacted the Children Act 2013 by replacing the previous Children Act 1974. As a result, Bangladesh can now legally safeguard children’s best interests more effectively. The Malaysian government amended the Child Act 2001 and introduced the Child (Amendment) Act 2016 to protect children and establish institutional treatments for juvenile offenders. The government has also legislated the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017 to reduce delinquency. As a result, the child protection and justice systems in both countries have developed new dimensions, as well as preventing the abuse of the vulnerabilities of detained children during pandemic times. The present study analyses the major changes in the juvenile justice process in both countries, especially the protection of children as per the domestic legal framework and at the same time guided by international legal standards. The present study has a qualitative research design and uses content analysis to identify, analyze, and synthesize the content of child-related laws. The findings will be valuable to policymakers, as they point to the need to strengthen the existing legal framework for better child protection within the justice systems of both Bangladesh and Malaysia.

The importance of interlaboratory studies for robust measurements of graphene and other 2D materials

Abstract This perspective article presents the current state of interlaboratory studies in graphene and other 2D materials. These interlaboratory studies are mostly coordinated via the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) and are crucial in establishing robust and validated protocols for measuring key properties of these materials. These protocols can then be included in international documentary standards. We summarise the key findings of completed studies and outline the approach of those that are currently underway. An outline of future needs is also presented, highlighting gaps in the current scope of activities and therefore where the focus of future studies should be.

Comparison of Coren mix design with other international mix (ACI and DoE) design methods

Because of its quality, which allows for veracities, Today, concrete is the most frequently utilized civil engineering material. Concrete has a low tensile strength and a high compressive strength. Even though Nigeria is Africa's giant, it has been discovered that its local contractor does not have a well-used standard mix procedure. Local Nigerian contractors have relied on an international mix. COREN recently established a mix design. It is critical that we determine whether this design process will be suitable for usage by local contractors. To assess the effectiveness of the published local mix against defined international standards, a complete experimental analysis of the COREN mix design with ACI and DoE was used in this study. With a target compressive strength of 30N/mm2, three concrete mix designs with 0.48 and 0.50 water/cement ratios were used, and this mix was subjected to compressive tests, split tensile tests, and three-point bending. With respect to all the test conducted and analyzed, this attests to the level of significance of COREN i.e. For 28days mix with 0.48w/c, compressive strength with COREN gave 32N/mm2 against 31N/mm2 and 30N/mm2 for ACI and DoE mix, respectively. Splitting tensile strength of 2.7 N/mm2 was achieved with COREN mix against 2.8N/mm2 and 2.7N/mm2 from ACI and DoE, respectively. Likewise, results of flexural strength are 4.7N/mm2, 5.3N/mm2 and 5.1N/mm2 for COREN, ACI and DoE, respectively. For 28days mix with 0.50w/c, compressive strength with COREN gave 29N/mm2 against 30N/mm2 for ACI and DoE mix, respectively. Splitting tensile strength of 2.5N/mm2 was achieved with COREN mix against 2.4N/mm2 and 2.8N/mm2 from ACI and DoE, respectively. Likewise, results of flexural strength are 5.1N/mm2, 4.7N/mm2 and 5.6N/mm2 for COREN, ACI and DoE, respectively.

Assessment of properties of medium density fibre (MDF) board produced in India with respect to prescribed limits specified in international standards and the revision of Indian standard

Assessment of properties of medium density fibre (MDF) board produced in India with respect to prescribed limits specified in international standards and the revision of Indian standard

LOGICAL-PROBABLIC MODELING OF FAILURES OF GEODESIC NETWORKS

The credibility and reliability of the results of geodetic and cadastral works depends mainly on the accuracy of the instruments, the qualification of the observer, his professionalism and the reliability of the points of the geodetic network (GN). As a rule, in most cases, there is a well-founded choice of geodetic tools suitable for accuracy and the involvement of a highly qualified geodetic engineer to perform certain types of geodetic work. However, certain questions may arise regarding the determination of starting points for the creation of a reliable geodetic survey justification. The issue of selecting reliable geodetic points for performing engineering and geodetic works based on the application of reliability assessment methods is an urgent scientific problem today. The purpose of the work is to establish the optimal reliability assessment method based on the analysis of existing ones. Adapt this method to solve the problem of assessing the reliability of geodetic networks as one of the most important parameters characterizing its condition. Assess the reliability of the Dnipro geodetic network by constructing a fault tree. Calculate the dynamics of the intensity of GN failures during the 100-year period of its existence. Calculate the appropriate periodicity of surveys (monitoring) of GN depending on the intensity of failures of elements (geodetic points). Methodology. Analysis of international and national standards for reliability assessment, Standards of Ukraine, where the methods of system reliability assessment are given. Review of methods for assessing GN reliability. The deductive method with the construction of a geodetic network failure tree has been applied. This method is based on a logic-probabilistic model of cause-and-effect relationships of system failures with failures of its elements and other events. Scientific novelty. The optimal method of assessing the reliability of GN has been established. A GN failure tree has been built in the TopEvent FTA software tool. The reliability of the geodetic network has been evaluated, the intensity of failures at various stages of its operation has been calculated. Mathematical expressions of the failure functions of the geodetic network have been described by applying Boolean functions. Practical value. International and national regulatory documents and Standards of Ukraine of reliability assessment have been analyzed. In Standarts the methods of system reliability assessment have been given. The performed assessment of the reliability of the state of the geodetic network of the city of Dnipro helps to choose stable geodetic points for the creation of local geodetic networks and survey justification. Reasonable periodicity of monitoring for the survey of geodetic points has been substantiated. The use of reliable points of geodetic networks will allow obtaining reliable observation data, which will significantly increase the quality of engineering and geodetic works. Results. The functioning of the geodetic network of the city of Dnipro on the constructed sequential tree of failures has been considered. Boolean functions to describe the mathematical expressions of the failure functions of the geodetic network, which includes 5 and 10 elements have been used.

Criminal Legal Regulation of Trafficking in Human Bodies: Spanish and Brazilian Experience

Organ trafficking, a very profitable worldwide illegal activity today, is frequently overlooked by those involved in combating human trafficking due to its complex and covert nature. Numerous international documents underscore the importance of countering trafficking in human organs and transplant tourism. This article analyzes the legal frameworks of Spain and Brazil, with a particular focus on their compliance with international and supranational standards aimed at combating, inter alia, the illegal circulation of organs and other phenomena associated with it. Firstly, the article distinguishes such phenomena as transplant commercialism, transplant tourism and illegal trafficking in organs and draws attention to the fact that currently there is no uniform understanding of the clear boundaries of the concept of illegal trafficking in organs. Elaborating on the various aspects of the above-mentioned types of criminal activity may allow one to properly determine the legal interests and rights protected by criminal law and the types of behavior subject to imputation in an exhaustive way. Secondly, the authors outline a number of controversial issues that arise due to the complex nature of organ trafficking and suggest several ways to meet these challenges.

Application of a novel nested ensemble algorithm in predicting motor function recovery in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury

Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (TCSCI) often causes varying degrees of motor dysfunction, common assessed by the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), in association with the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale. Accurate prediction of motor function recovery is extremely important for formulating effective diagnosis, therapeutic and rehabilitation programs. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity of a novel nested ensemble algorithm that uses the very early ASIA motor score (AMS) of ISNCSCI examination to predict motor function recovery 6 months after injury in TCSCI patients. This retrospective study included complete data of 315 TCSCI patients. The dataset consisting of the first AMS at ≤ 24 h post-injury and follow-up AMS at 6 months post-injury was divided into a training set (80%) and a test set (20%). The nested ensemble algorithm was established in a two-stage manner. Support Vector Classification (SVC), Adaboost, Weak-learner and Dummy were used in the first stage, and Adaboost was selected as second-stage model. The prediction results of the first stage models were uploaded into second-stage model to obtain the final prediction results. The model performance was evaluated using precision, recall, accuracy, F1 score, and confusion matrix. The nested ensemble algorithm was applied to predict motor function recovery of TCSCI, achieving an accuracy of 80.6%, a F1 score of 80.6%, and balancing sensitivity and specificity. The confusion matrix showed few false-negative rate, which has crucial practical implications for prognostic prediction of TCSCI. This novel nested ensemble algorithm, simply based on very early AMS, provides a useful tool for predicting motor function recovery 6 months after TCSCI, which is graded in gradients that progressively improve the accuracy and reliability of the prediction, demonstrating a strong potential of ensemble learning to personalize and optimize the rehabilitation and care of TCSCI patients.

Procedural Aspects of Overcoming Sovereign Immunity: Relevance for Ukraine and the International Legal Order (SDG'S)

Objective: The object of this research article is the procedural domestic and international aspects of overcoming the sovereign immunity of a State that has committed military aggression, violating international humanitarian law and human rights law, with a focus on compensation for the damage caused by such actions. Method: The method of study involves a critical analysis of the approaches taken by the Supreme Court of Ukraine to overcome jurisdictional immunity, in light of international law norms. The authors employs a combination of legal analysis, case law examination, and comparative analysis of international practices to evaluate the compliance of the court's decisions with conventional provisions on compensation for damages. Results: This research article analyses the procedural domestic and international aspects of overcoming the sovereign immunity of a State whose military aggression has violated international humanitarian law and human rights law, and on this basis raises the issue of compensation for the damage caused by such actions. Special attention is paid to the approaches to overcoming jurisdictional immunity by the Supreme Court of Ukraine. Taking into account the norms of international law, the author critically analyses the court's compliance with the conventional provisions establishing the procedure for consideration of cases on compensation for damages. The aggressor State's disregard for the norms and principles of international law, sovereignty of other States, and international good faith does not give rise to a disregard for the norms of international law based on the principle of reciprocity. The author emphasises that compliance with the rules on court proceedings must comply with the conventional requirements, and this should be the basis for national case law on school compensation. The authors analyses legal immunities and jurisdictional immunity of the State in particular in the context of ensuring justice, which, according to international standards, is the basis for fair treatment of victims of armed aggression and ensuring access to justice. Contribution: It is noted that the application of the rules of jurisdictional immunity is the basis for limiting the right to a trial, which should be proportionate. The authors identifies the prospects for the development of international practice of interpreting the areas of ensuring the right to a fair trial, in particular, based on the practice of international courts. The author summarises the directions of changing approaches to the validity of the application of absolute immunity, and the dynamic interpretation of the legitimate purpose of limiting the right to a court, which is necessary and permissible provided that the essence of this right is preserved. The author emphasises the importance of the effectiveness of reparations as a principle and its significance for the development and provision of transitional justice in Ukraine.

The World Heritage Convention, human rights and Indigenous Peoples

This article discusses how the World Heritage Convention contradicts and coalesces with rights to culture and rights of Indigenous Peoples as asserted in international law. It describes the origin and universalistic aims of the Convention, and how the Convention’s state-centrism and Eurocentric heritage discourses have stymied the equitable participation of Indigenous Peoples in World Heritage conservation. However it also asserts that a broadening conceptualisation of World Heritage value alongside an increasing focus on synchronicity with human rights can enable recognition and protection of Indigenous Peoples’ worldviews, rights and cultural continuity under an international legal framework. Finally, the article examines the variance among states parties and the World Heritage Committee in upholding human rights standards, using case studies of five World Heritage sites: Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, Australia; Pimachiowin Aki and Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada; the Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya; and Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex in Thailand. The article concludes that despite the rights-based turn of recent years, the World Heritage system remains inconsistent in its adherence to international human rights standards.

Balanced Approach Regulatory Measures for Excise Tax on Tobacco and Nicotine-Based Products with Differential Degrees of Harm

This paper reports a study that analyses regulatory measures for excise tax on tobacco and nicotine-based products in Malaysia.The study highlights current non-optimal nature of excise tax due to a lack of differentiation between the varying degrees of harm caused by different tobacco and nicotine-based products within a given category. The study aims to address this issue by proposing a regulatory measure that adopts a balanced approach to taxing harmful tobacco and nicotine-based products. A focus group discussion involving a group of experts in tax and excise tax, medical and pharmacology, and law and policy was conducted to gather expert inputs on policy compliance with international standards for excise tax on tobacco and nicotine-based products; effectiveness of current policies in addressing harm differentials; and setting excise tax rates to balance harm levels and combat illicit trade. This study concludes that, Malaysia should adopt a balanced approach regulatory measures to combat illicit tobacco trade and promote harm reduction and equitable public health outcomes.This study recommends a differentiated excise tax for tobacco products in Malaysia based on harm and addiction levels, aiming tobalance the excise-duty with differential degrees of harm and optimize policy effectiveness towards achieving a smoke-free Malaysia by 2040. The proposed recommendation is aligned with Article 6 Guidelines of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

An Investigation of Customer Satisfaction of Hospitality Industry in Islamabad through Servqual Model

The Quality service and the satisfaction of the customer are the important and key factor for hospitality industry to compete and sustain in this era. As customers want their expectations to be fulfilled from the service they receive from hospitality industry. In this research the satisfaction and service quality has been investigated through Servqual model. With the analysed results, the level of customer satisfaction, and the gap score of the service quality they receive were investigated with the help of Servqual model. After investigating the customer satisfaction, the issues that were found need to be address so that hospitality industry can look in to those and work to provide the service quality that meets the expectations of customers so that the actual service receive by them will meet their expectations. With the results the hospitality industry can find out the issues that affects their survival and profitability in this competitive era. This research and its findings will provide the accurate data that can be used to improve the service and make policies for hospitality industry on national level so that it can come on the international standards.

Incidence and outcomes of post-operative endophthalmitis following elective phacoemulsification cataract surgery, between 2015 and 2022.

Cataract surgery remains the commonest ophthalmic surgical procedure in the UK. Post-operative endophthalmitis (POE) is a sight-threatening complication. This study presents the incidence and outcomes of POE within Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (MEH) in London, UK. We conducted a retrospective, tertiary-centre study of the incidence and outcomes of POE following elective phacoemulsification cataract surgery between 2015 and 2022. We report a rate of 18 out of 154 826 (0.012%) cases of POE within seven weeks of cataract surgery. The age range was 43-87 years (mean age 67.1 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 1:1. Two cases were associated with intraoperative vitreous loss, one with anterior capsular tear extending to posterior capsular tear and the other with posterior capsular tear and dropped fragment. Two cases had a concomitant intravitreal injection, one of Triamcinolone Acetonide and the other of Dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®), to manage chronic uveitic macular oedema. The majority of samples (89.9%) resulted in Gram-positive species. A final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of Snellen 6/36 or better was achieved in 12/18 (66.67%). The time from cataract surgery to suspicion of POE ranged from 3 to 44 days (mean 15.8 days). Eight cases (44.4%) required pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). We demonstrate an incidence of POE of 0.012% following phacoemulsification at MEH from January 2015 to December 2022. Such results are a testament to high-quality surgery, training supervision and post-operative care whilst adhering to local and international standards.

Analysis Of The Influence Of Fake Discount Price Labels For A Product In The Marketplace On The Concept Of Business Competition And Responsibility

: This study examines the fulfillment of the defendant's human rights during the judicial process in a premeditated murder case, based on Decision No. 319/Pid.B/2023/PN Smr. The case revolves around the defendant, who was accused and found guilty of premeditated murder. The study delves into various aspects of the judicial process, including the arrest, detention, trial proceedings, and the final verdict. It evaluates whether the defendant's rights were upheld in accordance with national and international human rights standards. Key findings highlight areas of compliance and potential violations, providing insights into the judicial system's handling of serious criminal cases. The research aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on human rights within the Indonesian judicial framework, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding the rights of all individuals involved in criminal proceedings. This comprehensive analysis seeks to shed light on the effectiveness of existing legal protections for defendants, drawing attention to both strengths and weaknesses in the current system. Ultimately, the study underscores the necessity of continuous improvement in ensuring justice and human rights for all parties in criminal cases.

Influence of hydroclimatic conditions and anthropogenic activities on the water quality of a floodplain lake (Argentina) during a warm season.

Contamination of water bodies, associated with urbanization, agricultural, and industrial activities, is a serious environmental challenge, with particular concern about microbial pollution due to its public health implications. This study is aimed at evaluating the spatial and temporal variations in the microbiological and physicochemical quality of a floodplain lake used for recreational purposes, whose watershed has been disturbed by diverse anthropogenic activities. The results showed that, while the spatial variation of water quality principally depends on the basin characteristics, temporal variation of water quality depends on land uses, hydrological conditions, and climatic conditions. Rainfall and rising water level intensified the influence of land use on the water quality by increasing concentrations of Escherichia coli, thermotolerant coliforms, and organic matter and decreasing dissolved oxygen. Thus, the residents and tourists are potentially exposed to microbiological risks given that it exceeds the international standards suggested for recreational waters on some occasions. It would be advisable to improve routine bathing water monitoring and management to preserve the health of the inhabitants and limit the recreational use of the water body in the days following heavy rainfall as well as during the beginning of the increase in the hydrometric level.

Fatty acids and squalene and quality parameters of extra virgin olive oil (Olea europaea L.) produced in Mexico

The extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has a high lipid composition, which is unique and desirable for product diversification, therefore, this oil is frequently adulterated. The objectives of this study are to evaluate fatty acids (FAs) and squalene (SQ) in EVOO produced in El Olivo, Mexico (OMx) and its quality, compared to commercial Olive Oils (COO). The FAs and SQ quantifications in the EVOO-OMx were done with gas chromatography and column chromatography, respectively. The quality of the EVOO-OMx was measured with acidity index (AI) and iodine index (II), and compared with the following COO: (1) OO-Spain, (2) EVOO-Spain, (3) EVOO-Mx, (4) a mixture of vegetable oil (MVO-Mx) and (5) EVOO-OMx. The concentration of unsaturated FAs predominated (89.60 %), where oleic was the majority (76.76 %), and its SQ content was high (10 mg g−1 of oil). The AI in EVOOs was ≤ 0.8 % oleic acid, as reported by international organizations and standards. EVOO-OMx was the one with an II value within that specified for EVOO (78.44 cg I2 g−1). The EVOO-OMx has a higher quality in FAs, SQ and stability than the COO.

Enhancing orthopedic outcomes: A comparative analysis of gentamicin sulphate and nanosilver in bone cement

BackgroundOrthopedic surgeries frequently utilize bone cement, which can increase the risk of postoperative infections. Addressing this challenge, this study aims to enhance the mechanical, physical, and handling properties of bone cement by integrating gentamicin sulfate (GS) and nanosilver (nAg). The objective is to evaluate and compare the effects of these additives on properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, doughing time, working time, setting time, and exothermic temperature. By doing so, the study seeks to identify a safer and more effective alternative to traditional antibiotics in bone cement formulations, thereby improving clinical outcomes in orthopedic procedures. MethodsThis research involved a comparative analysis of modified cements against standard cements, focusing on compressive strength, flexural strength, doughing time, working time, setting time, and exothermic temperature. Various bone cement samples with GS and nAg additives were prepared and tested in accordance with international standards (ISO 5833:2002 and ASTM F451). Statistical analysis, including one-way and two-way ANOVA tests, was used to assess the significance of the results. ResultsnAg-loaded cements exhibit mechanical and physical properties on par with or supe-rior to those of GS-loaded and standard cements. Notably, nAg incorporation leads to significantly lower exothermic temperatures, reducing the risk of thermal bone tissue damage. This finding highlights that nAg-loaded cement is a safer alternative. Alongside unaltered or enhanced strength, nAgs demonstrate promise for orthopedic applications, particularly in primary arthroplasty. Additionally, nAgs reduce doughing time, enhancing the practicality of these methods in surgical settings. ConclusionsIn conclusion, this study underscores the potential advantages of incorporating GSs and nAgs into bone cement. nAg-loaded cement offers improved properties and reduced infection risk, making it a valuable choice for orthopedic procedures. It enhances both mechanical performance and safety, addressing crucial concerns in orthopedic surgery.