International Sporting Events Research Articles

Stakeholders in venues of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games: a critical analysis

The aim of this study was to identify and classify stakeholders in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic venues and to examine the stakeholders’ interest demands and work relationships with other entities as they pursue effective strategies of cooperative governance. We conducted an extensive literature review, analyzed documents related to the Games and other related international sporting events, investigated the financial statements of the 2022 Games venues, and used semi-structured interviews (n = 7) to address the research questions. Findings show that key stakeholders in venues for the 2022 Games include the following: central government, local government, International Olympic Committee, organizing committee of the 2022 Games, financial investors, infrastructure builders, event operators, financing companies, marketing firms, media companies, professional experts, non-governmental organizations, and the general public. The conflicts among stakeholders exist between government departments and market players, between government departments and the social public, and between the central government and local governments. Internal and external conflicts exist in contractual relationships, internal contractual relationships, and operational contractual relationships. Resolving these issues is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of venue operations and preparedness for the 2022 Games.

Brief History and Description of Some Sports

The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens on April 6, 1896. This date is the beginning of the history of modern games. Then they were called the First International Olympic Games. The Olympic Games are one of the most important international sports events that unite all people through sports. The games are held every 4 years and serve as a great reality for all mankind.

INTERNATIONAL AND INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS, PEACE AND SPORT TRIANGLE: CONFLICT ANALYSIS, PEACE STUDIES AND SPORT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

There has been a close relationship between conflict, peace, development and sport. The use of sports for international and intra-state conflict analysis and peacebuilding proposes has become an important study subject in the 21st century. Sport can be associated with intolerance, nationalistic sentiments, and, most of time, violence. It is also true that international sport events may cause conflicts, violence, aggression and controversies (Öğretir-Özçelik, 2017). According to sport and olympic ideology, the main function of international sport is to promote international peace and development. It can be also used for a tool for societal change and social transformation. Since the ancient time, sport activities has related to the simulation of struggle between two conflicting parties and the civilized war. This study aims to analyze the link between international and intra-state conflicts, peace and sports. The objective of this paper is to examine the role of sports both conceptually and practically in conflict analysis and peace building. The first part is to present a conceptual framework in the study of sports, conflict resolution, and peace building. Second, it highlights some case studies where sports have an important role in international conflict and a tool for peace and reconciliation. Third, it focuses on the international use of sport and physical activity to attain the culture of peace and development objectives such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Keywords: Sport, Conflict Resolution, Peace Studies.

Current issues of the implementation of the right to protect state symbols in sports activities

This article is devoted to current problems of protecting the right of the state to use state symbols (anthem, flag) within the framework of international sports and other events. The subject of the research is to consider the right to perform the national anthem, display the national flag and other symbols through the prism of the state’s intellectual property. The current position of the Russian Federation on the international sports and political arena raises the question for the legal community of the need for legislative regulation of the state's intellectual property rights to state symbols. The authors analyzed the current positions of international organizations in the field of sports regarding the participation of athletes from the Russian Federation in international sports events. The subject of the study is also international legal acts related to the holding of international sporting events and regulations of international sports organizations and federations (IOC, FIFA, UEFA). The legal system, both at the national and international levels, should be structured in such a way that international sports organizations do not have the right to ban the performance of the national anthem and the using of the national flag by a country participating in international sports competitions, because such a ban is a violation of the state's right to identity. The bans imposed by foreign organizations and judicial institutions on the Russian Federation as sanctions are presented by the international community as a compromise for the admission of Russian athletes to participate in international sports competitions in a neutral status, however, from a legal point of view, this approach requires reconsideration. The authors proposed amendments to a number of regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Comparing the Values of Medal Success in International Sports Events and Exemption From Active Military Duty for Korean Athletes Using the Contingent Valuation Method

Comparing the Values of Medal Success in International Sports Events and Exemption From Active Military Duty for Korean Athletes Using the Contingent Valuation Method

Imaging in international sporting event: experience from the Birmingham Commonwealth Games 2022

To explain the design and delivery of diagnostic imaging and image-guided intervention services for an international games. The authors share their experiences from the Birmingham Commonwealth Games 2022. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of anonymised data from the Zillion, Easyvision (RIS and PACS), and Encounter platforms for image viewing, interpretation and reporting during the Games. The data collected included age and gender, type of sport, nature of the injury, and imaging findings with diagnoses. The number of individuals who had radiological investigations at the Birmingham Commonwealth Games was 518 and the vast majority of them were athletes (90 %). The average age of athletes who had imaging was 28 years and that of non-athletes who accessed imaging services was 46.4 years with male predominance. Magnetic resonance imaging was the most frequently used imaging technique and the lower limb was the most frequently imaged body part. Athletes playing netball and beach volleyball had the highest percentage of injuries. The authors share their experience from the Birmingham Commonwealth Games 2022 regarding the nuances and challenges in radiology service provision for an international sports event that would be helpful for musculoskeletal radiologists in the design and delivery of similar international events in the future.

Roving consumers of pleasure: at the conceptual intersection of sport tourism and sex tourism

ABSTRACT Mega sporting events, such as the FIFA World Cup, Olympic Games and Super Bowl, are often constructed as corresponding sites of bodily tourism, with a shared motivation among some tourists to purchase and consume both commercialized sport and sex. This paper begins by deconstructing the ‘common sense’ connection between sport tourism and sex trafficking. It recognizes, however, that both sport and sex tourism are grounded in bodily consumption and conquest. That is, both sex and sport tourism rely on the commodification and consumption of the body as currency and fantasy, defined as a libidinal economy. As such, this paper explores the colonial systems of power that enable and perpetuate the commodification of colonized bodies at the intersection of sport tourism and sex tourism. The paper situates this intersection within the colonial matrix of power and the structural hierarchies maintained through the colonial framing of power, race, gender and sexuality. In this sense, tourism is defined as roving colonialism [Sykes, H. (2017). The sexual and gender politics of sport mega-events: Roving colonialism. New York, NY: Routledge]. Using the colonial matrix of power as a theoretical framework, then, we evaluate the libidinal economies of sport tourism and sex tourism and propose a conceptual understanding of bodily labor and exploitation at this unique intersection. By using this conceptual framework, this paper calls for further empirical study that explicitly evaluates the impact of corresponding systems of sport tourism and sex tourism simultaneously at play within national and international sporting events.

Instagram usage in destination branding through sports event: Study of Mandalika 2021 World Superbike

<p>International sports events can be utilized by the host city or region to form destination branding. Social media become the important tools for branding activities. This article aims to analyze the social media, focus on Instagram usage in Mandalika destination branding through the 2021 World Superbike (WSBK) sports event. WSBK 2021 become the first world-class race event held in Mandalika, and there are a number of other negative issues ahead of WSBK 2021. This research uses a qualitative method with primary data is interviews with representatives from the Indonesia Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC). Research results shows ITDC use Instagram @itdc_id as the main platform to promote Mandalika to form destination branding. The theme of content uploaded on @itdc_id are about tourist attractions in Mandalika and information about circuit readiness. ITDC regulates Instagram uploads for weekdays are spots that can be used for sports activities, while for weekends information about WSBK races, for example regarding circuit readiness or rules for spectators. During the series of race days, ITDC didn't even upload content related to the races in order to avoid copyright issues. Based on secondary data from observation towards ITDC’s Instagram posted and Google Trends analytics shows the internet user pay lower attention to the sport tourism theme. Internet users more interested in race-related information. </p>

PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY ON EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY BASKETBALL CHAMPIONSHIP 2017

One of the key projects of the University of Miskolc in recent years was the organization of the European University Basketball Championship 2017. The size, complexity, and length of time of the event – which can be interpreted as a complex project – presented many challenges to the Organizing Committee, i.e. the project management. The aim of this study is to examine the project management, the project success and the factors leading to success. After the introduction of the topic (relevance and short theoretical outlook), I present the examined project and some relevant project features (project ownership structure, project management, project cycle). I analyse the success of the project with Mihály Görög’s hierarchical model. After that, I perform an efficiency examination and a qualitative risk analysis and based on that I look for correlations between the activities of the project management and the success of the project. Finally, I analyse the effects of the event. The purpose of this study is not to formulate general conclusions regarding the success factors of international sports events, but I hope that the conclusions of the study can be compared with other examined events and studies’ results, and can be used in future, more extensive research. One of the conclusions of the study is the importance of the identification of partners who can make a meaningful contribution to the success of the event, involving them in the project and making them interested in active involvement.

Should We be Concerned with Nicotine in Sport? Analysis from 60,802 Doping Control Tests in Italy

BackgroundNicotine is a psychostimulant drug with purported use in sports environments, though the use of nicotine among athletes has not been studied extensively.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the nicotine positivity rate in 60,802 anti-doping urine samples from 2012 to 2020.MethodsUrine samples obtained in-competition at different national and international sports events held in Italy during the period 2012–2020 were analysed. All samples were from anonymous athletes that were collected and analysed at the WADA-accredited antidoping laboratory in Rome, Italy. Samples were analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, with a cut-off concentration for nicotine of > 50 ng/mL. Results were stratified by year, sport and sex.ResultsAn overall mean of 22.7% of the samples (n = 13,804; males: n = 11,099; females: n = 2705) showed nicotine intake, with male samples also displaying higher positivity rates than female (24.1% vs 18.5%). Sample positivity was higher during 2012–2014 (25–33%) than 2015–2020 (15–20%). Samples from team sports displayed a higher positivity rate than those from individual sports (31.4 vs 14.1%).ConclusionsThe current data demonstrates that one in five samples from a range of 90 sports test positive for nicotine in-competition. There is a lower positivity rate in endurance versus power/strength athletes and higher positivity rate in team versus individual sports, probably accounted for by differences in physiological and psychological demands and the desire for socialisation. WADA, international and national sports federations should consider these findings with concern, proactively investigate this phenomenon and act in order to protect the health and welfare of its athletes.

Immigrants’ Dual Identity and the Hostile Media Effect in the Context of Sports Broadcasts

Abstract: We explored how immigrants’ dual (ethno-national) identity affects the hostile media effect in the context of broadcast news of international sporting events. A mixed-methods approach to collecting data was used comprising an online experiment and in-person focus group interviews with Korean Chinese immigrants residing in South Korea. The results demonstrate that hostile media perception in favor of the out-group was greater for out-group broadcast news than for in-group broadcast news. The hostile media perception was linked to support for in-group players only for immigrants with a strong dual identity. The results of the focus group interviews suggest that the dual-identity participants reinforce their national identity and increase their support for the in-group players to deal with the threat to their self-esteem when collective self-esteem connected to their national identity is threatened by what they considered broadcast news biased against Chinese players.

Effects of different external cooling placements prior to and during exercise on athletic performance in the heat: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Nowadays, many high-profile international sport events are often held in warm or hot environments, hence, it is inevitable for these elite athletes to be prepared for the challenges from the heat. Owing to internal cooling may cause gastrointestinal discomfort to athletes, external cooling technique seems to be a more applicable method to deal with thermal stress. Central cooling mainly refers to head, face, neck and torso cooling, can help to reduce skin temperature and relieve thermal perception. Peripheral cooling mainly refers to four limbs cooling, can help to mitigate metabolic heat from muscular contrac to effectively prevent the accumulation of body heat. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of different external cooling placements on athletic performance in the heat Methods: A literatures search was conducted using Web of Science, MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus until September 2022. The quality and risk of bias in the studies were independently assessed by two researchers. Results: 1,430 articles were initially identified (Web of Science = 775; MEDLINE = 358; SPORTDiscus = 271; Additional records identified through other sources = 26), 60 articles (82 experiments) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis, with overall article quality being deemed moderate. Central cooling (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.58, p < 0.001) was most effective in improving athletic performance in the heat, followed by central and peripheral cooling (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.54, p < 0.001), AND peripheral cooling (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.57, p = 0.013). For the cooling-promotion effects on different sports types, the ranking order in central cooling was ETE (exercise to exhaustion), TT (time-trial), EWT (exercise within the fixed time or sets), IS (intermittent sprint); the ranking order in peripheral cooling was EWT, TT, ETE and IS; the ranking order in central and peripheral cooling was ETE, IS, EWT and TT. Conclusion: Central cooling appears to be an more effective intervention to enhance performance in hot conditions through improvements of skin temperature and thermal sensation, compared to other external cooling strategies. The enhancement effects of peripheral cooling require sufficient re-warming, otherwise it will be trivial. Although, central and peripheral cooling seems to retain advantages from central cooling, as many factors may influence the effects of peripheral cooling to offset the positive effects from central cooling, the question about whether central and peripheral cooling method is better than an isolated cooling technique is still uncertain and needs more researchs to explore it.

The Role of Organizational Behavior of the Ministry of Sports and Youth in International Military Sports Events

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the organizational behavior of the Ministry of Sports and Youth in international military sports events. Methodology: This research is qualitative-exploratory in strategy, with the qualitative sample including athletes involved in CISM sports events, sports event coaches, and senior officials, totaling 20 individuals. The research tools consisted of researcher-developed coding sheets, and interviews were conducted with participants using the oral history method. Findings: The results revealed that the categories derived from the interviews with the participants in the study were identified in the form of 26 categories and 90 conceptual codes. These were embedded within the six dimensions of the paradigmatic model, which includes causal conditions (4 categories and 24 concepts), the central and core category (3 categories and 10 concepts), strategies (3 categories and 10 concepts), contextual conditions (8 categories and 18 concepts), intervening or mediating conditions (4 categories and 18 concepts), and outcomes (4 categories and 10 concepts). Conclusion: Based on the research findings, the quality enhancement of hosting CISM events faces numerous limitations. To mitigate the impact of these limitations, strategies such as developing and strengthening internal and international communications, particularly with the Ministry of Sports and Youth and other Islamic countries, and optimally utilizing existing potentials to maintain and elevate the status of military sports can be proposed.

Court of Arbitration for Sport: Rules and Issues

International sports arbitration is regarded as a special type of international arbitration, which is quite different from international commercial arbitration and inter-state arbitration. Due to the party autonomy, convenience, and professionalism of international sports arbitration, major international sports activities and events generally chose international sports arbitration as the means to resolve disputes. After more than 30 years of development, the international sports arbitration rules, with the promotion of the Court of Arbitration for Sport, have become more developed and mature. In the meantime, however, we need to realize that there are many defects under the existing international sports arbitration system, such as the exclusive jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, transparency in the selection of arbitrators, and the application of arbitration rules. China shall think about how it can learn from the existing international sports arbitration system and promote the development of China’s sports arbitration institutions and rules.

Emergency department activities at the Athletes' Village during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

More than 15,000 elite athletes participated in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Providing adequate medical services to these elite athletes was a priority. Hence, a polyclinic was established in the Athletes' Village. Visitors were triaged at the emergency department of the polyclinic to enable early treatment of critical illnesses or injuries in the emergency room (ER) and to identify patients suspected of having coronavirus disease as early as possible. No reports of emergency department activities at large sporting events in the pandemic era are available. Here, we aim to summarize the activities at the emergency department of the polyclinic. Data were collected using an electronic medical record system, nursing records, and questionnaires administered during triage from July 13 to September 8, 2021. Polyclinic data involving accredited athletes and team members were summarized. During the Olympic Games, 12,318 triage cases were reported, of which 75 were treated in the ER. During the Paralympic Games, 8398 triage cases were reported, of which 94 were treated in the ER. During the Olympic Games, musculoskeletal issues (26 patients) were the most common. During the Paralympic Games, ear, nose, and throat issues were the most common (21 patients). Two patients experienced cardiopulmonary arrest in the Athletes' Village and were transported to the hospital postresuscitation. During the study period, many critically ill patients were triaged and treated at the emergency department. Our data can be used to improve medical care and infection prevention at future international sporting events.

Olympic Data Analysis using Data Science

Abstract: The Olympic games are international sports events with more than 200 nations participating in various competitions. The Sportspersons from various countries participate in competitions and make their countries proud of their excellence in sports. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze the Olympic dataset using python to compare overall performance of countries and to evaluate the contribution of each country in the Olympics. These analyses will give deeper insight into the performance of countries in Olympics over the years and helps sportspersons to quickly analyze their own and the competitor’s performance. In this paper, the exploratory data analysis techniques are used to provide comparison between performance of various countries and the contribution of each country in the Olympics. Visualization of Olympics dataset in many aspects provides the status of countries in Olympics and helps countries with poor performance to produce quality players and improve nation’s performance in Olympics. Despite a lot of hard work, many countries or players are unable to perform well during the events and grab medals whereas there are many countries that perform very well in the event and secure many medals. An analysis needs to be done by each country to evaluate the previous statistics which will detect the mistakes which they have done previously and will also help them in future development. Visualization of the data over various factors will provide us with the statistical view of the various factors which lead to the evolution of the Olympic Games and Improvement in the performance of various Countries/Players over time. The primary objective of this Research paper is to analyze the large Olympic dataset using Exploratory Data Analysis to evaluate the evolution of the Olympic Games over the years.

COVID 19 Outbreak and Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games: A Perspective from Japan’s Economy and Capital Market

This study highlights the key impacts of hosting an international sports event, Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, during the period of deadliest contagious disease outbreak in history, COVID 19. The perspective is analysed in terms of the performance of capital market, investment market and sectoral market by the indexes of TOPIX, Stock Market, Bond Market, Foreign Exchange, FTSE, MSCI, and sectoral index of Air Transportation, Construction, Pharmaceutical which shows different range of fluctuation.

Perceptions of the Impact of COVID-19 Countermeasures on Safe Foodservice Provision at International Sporting Competitions: A Qualitative Study

Over the past 2 years, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a pronounced impact on the foodservice sector, including compliance to new food provision guidelines. International sporting events’ over-crowded communal eating areas are considered to be high-risk areas for contracting infectious disease. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions, level of preparedness and perceived challenges of key stakeholders when providing food at major athletic competition events during a global pandemic. A qualitative methodology was employed using semi-structure interviews and data was analyzed using interpretive phenomenology. Inductive thematic analysis identified six major themes of COVID-19′s impact on foodservice systems. Adapting foodservice models to pandemic planning is pre-determined and dictated by settings and environments. There were common heightened concerns over sustainability practices, increase in waste management, costs and negative impact on social dining experience, which were all perceived to be impacted by the changes relevant to COVID-19. There was a renewed attention to improving food safety and quality control measures. The outcomes of this study suggest that International organizing committees of major competitions must now be tasked with updated guidelines, including supporting adequate budgets and communication, if stakeholders are to adapt their operations to control the spread of viruses, such as COVID-19, within all foodservice operations at major competitions. Attention should be directed to determine whether food provision changes continue to be recommended and how this will impact foodservice delivery, sustainability and the social dining experience at future sporting events.

"Human resource management model of mega sporting events —— the Beijing Winter Olympics as an example"

With the accelerated pace of globalization, the frequency and number of major international sports events are gradually increasing. The human resource management model has also been considered in this context, playing a more important role. In order to discuss this issue in depth, this paper will take the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games as a case study, and discuss the changes and upgrades of HRM model in detail from the perspective of recruitment and management in human resources, from the surface way to the deep content. First of all, in the recruitment, Beijing Winter Olympic Games has a unique way of recruitment, through many media and Internet resources to promote the unprecedented effect. The mass adoption of recruitment on the Internet has attracted talents from all over the world to participate. Secondly, in the management, for the volunteers, due to the epidemic, a longer period of closed management was adopted, and the Beijing Winter Olympic Organizing Committee also focused on the psychological state of the staff and volunteers. In order to ensure people's life and living in a positive and effective way, in order to achieve a more efficient human management. In the end, the author summarizes the changes in the model of human resources management in the Winter Olympics, summarizes the characteristics of large international sporting events, refines the universal model with high feasibility, and summarizes the experience with the actual.

Hidden figures: Revisiting doping prevalence estimates previously reported for two major international sport events in the context of further empirical evidence and the extant literature.

High levels of admitted doping use (43.6% and 57.1%) were reported for two international sport events in 2011. Because these are frequently referenced in evaluating aspects of anti-doping, having high level of confidence in these estimates is paramount. In this study, we present new prevalence estimates from a concurrently administered method, the Single Sample Count (SSC), and critically review the two sets of estimates in the context of other doping prevalence estimates. The survey featuring the SSC model was completed by 1,203 athletes at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics (WCA) (65.3% of all participating athletes) and 954 athletes at the 2011 Pan-Arab Games (PAG) (28.2% of all participating athletes). At WCA, athletes completed both UQM and SSC surveys in randomised order. At PAG, athletes were randomly allocated to one of the two surveys. Doping was defined as "having knowingly violated anti-doping regulations by using a prohibited substance or method." Estimates with the SSC model for 12-month doping prevalence were 21.2% (95% CI: 9.69-32.7) at WCA and 10.6% (95% CI: 1.76-19.4) at PAG. Estimated herbal, mineral, and/or vitamin supplements use was 8.57% (95% CI: 1.3-16.11) at PAG. Reliability of the estimates were confirmed with re-sampling method (n = 1,000, 80% of the sample). Survey non-compliance (31.90%, 95%CI: 26.28-37.52; p < 0.0001) was detected in the WCA data but occurred to a lesser degree at PAG (9.85%, 95% CI: 4.01-15.69, p = 0.0144 and 11.43%, 95% CI: 5.31-11.55, p = 0.0196, for doping and nutritional supplement use, respectively). A large discrepancy between those previously reported from the UQM and the prevalence rate estimated by the SSC model for the same population is evident. Caution in interpreting these estimates as bona fide prevalence rates is warranted. Critical appraisal of the obtained prevalence rates and triangulation with other sources are recommended over "the higher rate must be closer to the truth" heuristics. Non-compliance appears to be the Achilles heel of the indirect estimation models thus it should be routinely tested for and minimised. Further research into cognitive and behaviour aspects, including motivation for honesty, is needed to improve the ecological validity of the estimated prevalence rates.