International Sphere Research Articles

Kamu Yönetimi Bağlamında Afet Yönetiminde Örnek Bir Uygulama: AYDES

Dünyanın küresel salgınla birlikte kaosa sürüklendiği bir dönemde artan nüfusla birlikte kamu yönetimi kavramı önem kazanmakta ve devletlerin yeni politikalar oluşturarak bunların planlanmasında aktif roller üstlenecek aktörleri tayin etmesi ve güçlendirmesi hayati bir anlam ifade etmektedir. Geleneksel kamu yönetimi anlayışının terk edildiği günümüzde kamu yönetiminde şeffaf, esnek, vatandaş odaklı, kamuya açık kaynakların doğru kullanılması sürecini öne çıkaran politikalara duyulan ihtiyaç yeni kamu yönetimi paradigmasını desteklemektedir. Yeni kamu yönetimi anlayışının hâkim olduğu afet yönetimi ise esnek tabanlı yapısını ortaya koymakta ve afetlerde hızlı karar alma mekanizmalarının uygulanmasına olanak tanıyan işlev üstlenmektedir. 2018 yılında Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesiyle Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İçişleri Bakanlığı bünyesine katılan AFAD afetlerin öngörülmesi, planlanması, organize edilmesi, her aşamasının takip edilmesi ve iyileştirilmesi konusunda yetkili kılınmıştır. İçişleri Bakanlığının hem afet yönetimi hem de iç güvenlikten sorumlu olmasının sinerjetik etkileri de bu kapsamda önemli görülmektedir. Afet durumlarında doğru bilgi ve konuma ulaşmak, sağlıklı iletişimi sağlamak büyük önem taşımaktadır. AFAD’ın afetler konusunda dünya standartlarını takip ettiğinin en önemli göstergelerinden biri olan AYDES uygulaması bileşenleriyle birlikte kapsamlı bir bilgi ağı sunmakta ve ekiplere destek sağlamaktadır. Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri üzerine inşa edilen, karar destek mekanizmalarına sahip web tabanlı bir uygulama olan AYDES’in, büyük kısmının alt bileşeni ilgili kurum ve kuruluşlarla ortak kapalı bir sistem üzerinden veri akışını sağlarken yine bir alt modül olarak, Bütünleşik Afet Yönetim Platformuyla vatandaş erişimine imkân sunmaktadır. Bu imkân vatandaşı da afet yönetiminin bir parçası haline getirmektedir. Ulusal/uluslararası düzeyde çok tanınmayan bu uygulamanın literatürde kaynağı sınırlıdır. Bununla birlikte sınırlı erişime sahip olan uygulama hakkında eldeki verilerin bir araya getirilmesi ve yorumlanması çalışmanın önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Kamu yönetimindeki yeni yönetim anlayışının bir yansıması olarak değerlendirilebilecek bu uygulama hakkında literatürde sınırlı bilgiye rastlanmaktadır. Afet yönetiminin Türkiye’deki işleyiş biçimlerini konu kapsamında gösteren çalışma AYDES uygulamasının geniş bir analizini yapmayı amaç edinmiştir. Gelişmiş teknolojik imkânlarla oluşturulmuş uygulamanın bilgi akışını sağlamak konusunda büyük katkılar sağlayacağı ve afet yönetiminin şeklini değiştireceği göz önünde bulundurulduğunda uygulamanın teknolojik olarak sürekli güncellenmesi ve sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması son derece önemli görülmektedir.

BRICS in the Context of Modern International Information Processes

Current Global Agenda is inextricably linked with political campaigns, lobbyists, and official and opposition media that are constantly improving the ways to influence social processes. In the context of the intensifying competition, actors have to pay more and more attention to their own image in the international arena. The article considers the BRICS organization as a platform for interaction within the framework of the idea of moderate conservatism.BRICS is an important grouping bringing together the major emerging economies from the world. BRICS opens a space for dialogue, the identification of convergences and consultation regarding various topics, and expands contacts and cooperation in specific sectors. Events seeking the approximation between academics, activities for interested groups are increasingly organized as a pre-census practice. Such an media platform project would logically bring significant enhancements to confidence-building in the international sphere and serve the purpose of safeguarding the common information environment.

What are coastal cities doing about the problem of marine litter? A case study in southern Brazil

Beach management is a key issue in combating marine litter, especially in tourist areas. It is necessary to promote government initiatives that refine local autonomy to improve the quality of beaches. Partnerships between interested institutions at the local level are stimulated to fight against environmental, economic, and social problems. Marine litter, as a more holistic problem, is growing in the international and national sphere, support programs are being developed, with possible advantages at the local level. Cassino Beach in Rio Grande, Brazil, was used as a case study to evaluate the current approaches to managing marine litter, with a focus on tourism-generated litter, analyzing the weaknesses and strengths of municipal management. The case presented as weaknesses a lack of awareness and policy, administrative deficiencies, few resources, and few spaces that promote public participation. Knowledge and information, institutional competencies, partnership, and strategies appeared as strong points. It was possible to observe that the municipality of Rio Grande is assimilating problems, planning actions and few projects are being implemented.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foreign investment and investment arbitration: from energy transition disrupted to the path forward to a greener future

Abstract Foreign investment in the energy sector is complex during the best of times. The challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic (and its intertwined economic crises) increased competition for foreign investment and strengthened the perennial quest for climate justice. The pandemic added complexity to both domestic and international spheres of governance, which led to calls for a suspension or even a cancellation of arbitration claims involving foreign investments. As developing and developed countries compete for financial resources to transition to a carbon-neutral society, such a suspension or cancellation is of academic and practical interest. Accordingly, this article discusses the impact of the pandemic on foreign investment in the energy sector, focusing on investment claims. It assesses competing views involving the proposed revisions (namely, suspensions and cancellations) and their consequences based on a law and economics perspective. This article also examines how foreign investments that align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals may foster the transition to a greener future. Ultimately, this article offers relevant insights that are likely to be applicable to critical future disruptions, whether they occur due to global economic crises or climate-related emergencies.

The Reconstruction of Federalism: Foreign Submarine Telegraph Cables and American Law, 1868–78

In the wake of the Civil War, Americans contested the relationship between the federal government and states. Conflict over federal authority played out in concrete and surprising terms in a controversy that erupted in 1868 surrounding regulation of international telegraphy. The debate, which has remained largely unexamined, centered on whether a state could authorize a foreign company to land a submarine telegraph cable on American shores without Congress’s permission. Scholars have scrutinized consequences of the revision of federalism for individuals’ rights but have devoted less attention to implications for the nation’s international relations and commerce. The regulation of foreign cables, however, proved a key testing ground for the federal government’s efforts to assert sovereignty before both state authorities and other nations during Reconstruction. The episode revealed varied alliances and sources of opposition that emerged amid attempts to project federal power. It also reflected many Americans’ growing expectations of an expanded role for the national government in commerce and the international sphere—a position the federal government realized only haltingly. Intractable problems of federalism contributed to congressional inaction. While undertaking the formidable work of reconstructing the Union, the United States government struggled to delineate the physical boundaries of its authority.

Resiliensi Kebijakan Politik Pemerintah Turki Terhadap Wabah Internasional Coronavirus Disease 19

The cases of COVID-19 is now a big problem in the international sphere after the WHO announced that this case had become an international outbreak. All countries in the world are affected. Turkey is one of the countries in West Asia that has been affected by COVID-19. At the beginning of 2022, Turkey was considered successful in recovering from this international outbreak, so that it won praise from the World Health Organization (WHO). This paper discusses how this outbreak began in Turkey and the form of handling carried out by the Turkish government, what policies do in controlling the spread of COVID-19. This writing uses historical research methods with the main source from the WHO Europe website and various secondary sources from international journals that support this writing.

HORIZONTAL MARKET INTEGRATION OF RUBBER AMONG SOME SELECTED MAJOR EXPORTING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

The research determined the horizontal market integration among the spatial major exporters of rubber viz. Ivory Coast, Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand in the world. Time series data from the FAO and UNCTAD data repositories that covered 51 years period (1966-2017) were utilized. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as the unit root test, Johansen co-integration test and, restricted vector autoregressive (VAR) test. The empirical evidence showed presence of passive horizontal integration among the spatially separated markets. Compliance with the WTO policies makes the market prices of Ivory Coast to have effective linkages with the prices of all the selected markets; as trade war affected the price relationships between the latter markets viz. Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand; all situated in Asia. The market prices of Philippines and Thailand were not autarkic, thus the most efficient, as they are stable in the long-run and have the capacity to absolve any shocks that causes disequilibrium to its long-run equilibrium from any of the short-run. In addition, the market prices of Philippines and Thailand were more efficient as their prices were formed within the system while that of Ivory Coast and Indonesia depend on exogenous effect. The market prices of Thailand wield significant influence in price determination of rubber among the selected markets as the latter markets were relative follower in the international market. It was established that rubber marketing is useful in the international sphere as all the selected market prices witnessed persistent volatility. A high product quality will makes the market prices of Ivory Coast, Philippines and Thailand to be remunerative while poor quality coupled with sharp practices of oligopolistic middlemen will affect the market prices of Indonesia. Thus, the need for an effective marketing network that will enhance integration and efficient price communication among these markets is recommended.

VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA: SEBUAH URGENSI HUKUM

In criminal justice system, the impact of crime suffered by victims is less considered. In international sphere, the consideration of impact suffered by the victim is known as the Victim Impact Statement (VIS). It is geared to determine the importance of VIS in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. This research is a normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. All of the data are collected by using library and online search. Based on the research results, the urgency of VIS regulation is seen from 4 (four) basis, namely: (1) philosophical basis, the value of justice is the right of all people in equal treatment before the law; (2) the juridical basis, the limitations of the rules that explicitly regulate the rights of victims in the trial; (3) the political basis, the government has accommodated the Basic Principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse power 1985; (4) sociological basis, victims often experience injustice, VIS must be regulated to provide opportunities for victims to voice the impact of crimes suffered by them. The regulation of VIS will give space for victim involvement in the judicial process and gaining satisfaction with the judge's decision.

David Ricardo – recognized leader in classical political economy (to the 250th anniversary of his birth)

Introduction. David Ricardo is a very prominent figure in the history of economic thought. He is a recognized leader in classical political economy and a reputable financier in both Britain and Europe in the first half of the XIX century. He is rightly considered one of the creators of the labor theory of value, he has brought it to its logical conclusion. The scientist made a significant contribution to the development of a scientific method for studying economic phenomena.Purpose of the research is to generalize the economic views of a prominent scientist on economic phenomena and processes, the action of economic laws that ensure the balance of a market economy and the basic principles of economic liberalism; analyze the Ricardo’s views on the laws of social wealth distribution between three classes of society and the impact of the existing distribution of income on the growth of wealth.Methods. The methodological basis of the study are such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, which were used to assess the views, conclusions and recommendations of the scientist to ensure market equilibrium and increase the material wealth of society; historical – to understand the essence of the evolution of existing views on the labor theory of value, the theory of money and land rent; combining the abstract method with quantitative analysis to determine the quantitative characteristics of economic phenomena; positive and normative – to study the main and distinctive features in the views of representatives of classical political economy.Results. It has been researched the David Ricardo’s scientific work and it has been established that he was a prominent representative of classical political economy, a follower and at the same time an opponent of certain theoretical positions of Adam Smith. It was found that the most important ideas of economic theory have been reflected in his labor theory of value, the theory of capital and money, the theory of income distribution, tax theory and the theory of comparative advantage in international trade. It was established that the scientist had made a significant contribution to the development of the scientific method of research, in particular, by introducing the method of convergence from the abstract to the concrete and widespread use of the method of scientific deduction. According to the scientist, the subject of political economy should be the study of the laws of distribution of income between classes of society in the form of rents, profits and wages. D. Ricardo made a significant contribution to the justification of free trade policy in the international sphere, the importance and profitability of foreign trade for countries.Discussion. The prospect for further research is a deeper and more detailed analysis of the methods used by the scientist in the study of economic phenomena and processes. This will allow assessing the Ricardo’s contribution to the formation and development of economics more objective.

Practicing Reflexivity in International Law: Running a Never-Ending Race to Catch Up with the Western International Lawyers

AbstractFor a long time, discussions on the diversity of international legal academia and practice have not been properly addressed. Protagonists from the Global South were not even considered as relevant issue-setters of international law. However, the situation is gradually changing. More and more academics, practitioners, and students both from the Global South and Global North raise their voices to address pressing issues of discrimination, sexism, and racism that we currently observe in the international legal sphere. This article offers a glimpse into some of these challenges drawing from the author’s personal experiences. It points to existing problems of the diversity in international legal institutions, representation in international legal academia, and publishing practices. This article finally offers suggestions for how international lawyers can help each other to overcome existing inequalities and create a better environment for future generations of international legal scholars and practitioners.

Connected historiographies: cross-border exchanges on the French Revolution (U.S.S.R.–France, 1917–41)

Abstract This article explores the intellectual exchanges between France and Soviet Russia on the history of the French Revolution as a lens through which to reassess the importance of the international sphere in the making of these academic fields and schools of historical thought. It takes a relational perspective and draws on Russian and French archives and historical journals to avoid the pitfalls of methodological nationalism. While demonstrating just how much political repression constrained these cross-border exchanges on such a critical historical topic, the article investigates scientific internationalization in ways that recall present-day issues regarding cross-cultural co-operation, academic freedom and international scholarly reputations.

The Transition from Domestic Sphere to International Sphere in Pinter’s Political Play: Ashes to Ashes

Motivated by the absurd tradition in the 1950s, in the following years, Pinter transitioned comedy of menace to the memory plays. With the political drama booming in the 1960s although the playwrights of the period such as John Arden, Arnold Wesker, Edward Bond have written down overtly political plays, Pinter continued to write implicit plays unlike the writers of that time. By the time the political drama was on the decline, with the effect of globalization, Pinter wrote very overtly political plays after the 1980s. As a matter of fact, Pinter revived the New British Theatre with his third period plays such as One for the Road and Mountain Language. Pinter who gained prominence with the latest period plays, has also exceeded the borders of his country; therefore, he referred to the social and political cases he observed in other countries. He addressed several international issues, including the Gulf War, American dominance over other countries, and disempowerment of minority rights. He repudiated the borders pertained at his interviews, even sharply criticised the British politics with courage. Pinter, who was awarded the Nobel Prize, did not hesitate to criticize the policies of England and America with great heart, even in his Nobel speech. Pinter, who handled only British issues in his own country in the early period plays, became the voice of many countries in the latest period plays. Pinter, who never admitted to being a political playwright, was almost always annoyed being tagged, and tried to be the voice of whole world while cutting across all boundaries. This paper discusses Pinter’s domestic sphere in his early phase turns into a universally oppressive space filled with violence, rape, death and surveillance in his late plays. It is seen that the dramatised space in Pinter’s late plays has been widened both literally and figuratively. The image of “room” is superseded by the global cities and foreign countries as the locus of oppression and the centre of political power. His late stage goes beyond the world of the theatre as the paper will reveal that Pinter's political play entitled as Ashes to Ashes cuts across all boundaries.Keywords: Pinter, international issues, playwright who has no boundaries, political drama, Ashes to Ashes

Cyber resilience revisited: Law and international relations

Cyber space is increasingly playing an important role in the global world, affecting the pattern of relations between countries. The issue of non-traditional security threats is shifting towards the threat typology associated with cyber space. The concept of national security began to be complemented by a national cyber security strategy to support the security of its national interests. Where the country needs to ensure the security of cyber ecosystems to maintain national economic stability. The large flow data and information increasingly large and complex, and brings hidden costs in the form of cyber security threats. Cyber security concepts that are considered not responsive and resilient in dealing with and overcoming cyber attacks can occur at any time with patterns and types that continue to evolve. The concept of cyber security should begin to be developed into cyber security that has patterns of recovery, adaptation, and evolution so as to be able to answer the dynamics of challenges in international trade. Interrupted cyber systems in international sphere will potentially cause disruption of international relations because the threat of losses caused not only affects one country. The increasingly complex international law context and involving big data should be one of the top priorities for cyber resilience strategies. This paper starts by explaining the state of play of cyber resilience in international relations and law. Next, analysis why the concept of cyber resilience in the perspective of international relations and international law needs to be re-visited to face challenges in the digital economy.

"Indigenous peoples" as a constructive concept: discourses and practices

The authors of the article, having considered a series of migrations of large and small peoples to different regions of the world, found out that the change of territories of their habitat during periods of long duration was a permanent historical process. Throughout the history of mankind, individual ethnic groups and sometimes even entire peoples have changed their places of residence for one reason or another, moving in many historically recorded cases to the territory already inhabited by other peoples, coming into contact with these peoples and developing in each case various (constructive or destructive) forms of interaction. This was the case in the past, these processes continue in the present and there is every reason to assume that this will happen in the future. The term "indigenous peoples" has a certain meaning only within the framework of colonial and postcolonial discourse, outside of these limits, this term is either heuristically meaningless, or acquires an instrumental-biased and even speculative character. Nevertheless, the vagueness and dubiousness of the term "indigenous peoples", oddly enough, does not prevent its use in scientific discourses, in solving identity problems, in ethnopolitical, socio-economic and international legal spheres. The authors have revealed that this is due to the processes of mythoconstruction of national histories by small and large peoples and, to a certain extent, geopolitical interests.The more you delve into the analysis, the more you become convinced that the concept in question is not only not heuristically significant in scientific terms, but is also often used in large-scale socio-cultural myth-making, for political and geopolitical purposes, in fueling interethnic conflicts, in inciting national enmity and other similar situations. This dubious concept is anti-historical and dangerous for the process of preserving the peaceful and sustainable existence of peoples within and between States.

Vittorio Maragliano (1878 -1944) in the history of European medicine: Grand master and pioneer of Italian radiology.

Vittorio Maragliano was born in Genoa in 1878. Fascinated since childhood by all things electric, he succeeded in installing the first radiological apparatus in 1896, only one year after the discovery of "Röntgen rays", and immediately began to make his first radioscopy observations. Having graduated from the University of Genoa in 1901 with a thesis on high-frequency currents, he continued assiduously to frequent the Department of Electrotherapy of the Medical Clinic, where he immediately became an assistant. A teacher of special medical pathology and physical therapy in 1910, Maragliano became tenured professor of electrotherapy and radiology in 1913, occupying one of the first three chairs in the history of Italian radiology, and later directed the Institute of Radiology of the Royal University of Genoa. In the same year, he co-founded, together with Aristide Busi, the Italian Society of Medical Radiology, one of Europe's first scientific societies of radiology.As a pioneer of radiology, Maragliano suffered serious injuries due to radiodermatitis from 1901 onwards, which required amputations and repeated skin transplants. His tireless scientific activity and his great success in the international scientific sphere, together with his copious publications, make Vittorio Maragliano one of the greatest pioneers of 19th-century radiology and a source of pride for the Genoese and Ligurian School of Medicine.

Chinese international doctoral students’ perceptions of publishing: a time–space perspective

ABSTRACT This study draws from the notion of chronotope to explore how time and space play out in the formation of Chinese international doctoral students’ perceptions of publishing. It is contextualised in a New Zealand research-intensive university, using data generated from four participants through online qualitative surveys and one-on-one semi-structured interviews. The findings show that the students perceive doctoral publishing as simultaneously, sometimes contradictorily, a bonus, a necessity and disciplinary engagement in the time–space contexts of doctoral study, academic career and disciplinary community. This study also reveals a contextual and cultural formation of perceptions, which involves constant and dynamic interplay among various normative, cultural and ideological forces in international, national, institutional and personal spheres that are manifested in different material and/or discursive time–space contexts. It concludes that supervisors and students should open up to uncertainties that breed the possibilities for not only misunderstandings but also deep mutual understandings.

The law of international treaties in the scientific works of Hersch Lauterpacht

The article examines the doctrinal contribution of Professor Hersch Lauterpacht to the development of International Treaty Law. Based on the analysis of Hersch Lauterpacht's scientific work in the field of international treaty law, his contribution to the development of concepts of codification and progressive development of international law, principles of interpretation, and the relationship between the principle of effective interpretation and intentions of the parties to treaty.
 It is emphasized that, according to Lauterpacht, the codification of international law is necessary for the international community as a whole, so it should be carried out within the UN and aimed at its general acceptance by states. Therefore, all states should be given equal opportunities to participate in and join the work on codification.
 It is pointed up that among the principles of interpretation of international treaties, the main of them, H. Lauterpacht singles out the principle of good faith. The scholar considers this norm as one of the general principles of law recognized by civilized states in the matter of interpretation.
 Particular attention is paid to the doctrinal views of H. Lauterpacht on the relationship between the principle of effective interpretation and the intentions of the parties to the agreement. The researcher has noted that the intention of the parties should be a primary factor in the interpretation of agreements. According to H. Lauterpacht, in the interpretation of treaties, any considerations - effectiveness or inefficiency - which tend to turn certain intentions of the parties into a factor of secondary importance, are incompatible with the true purpose of interpretation. In fact, applying the principle of efficiency, the court does not replace the intentions of the parties and does not replace it with a third factor. Professor H. Lauterpacht, exploring the relationship between the principle of efficiency and the common intention of the treaty parties raises one of the most controversial and elusive issues of jurisprudence - the nature and limits of the judicial function. In his view, this function is largely to interpret the rule of law, regardless of the source in which it is set out. In the international sphere, the problem is complicated by the existence of a number of factors, such as the lack of common intention of the parties directly related to the subject matter of the dispute; international treaties or individual provisions are often a political substitute rather than a legal expression of the agreement of the parties.

Anthropological Engagement in the International Sphere

As anthropologists increasingly embark upon the study of the international sphere, this often builds on different forms of engagement within and around organizations, processes, and institutional corridors. The co-authors, building upon a round table exchange, address the advantages and dilemmas of anthropological engagement in the field of international governance, including humanitarian work, diplomacy, international organizations, the Swiss federal government, NGOs, and multinationals.

Model of international scientific and technical cooperation in the context of globalization and development of territories

Currently a great number of problems have accumulated regarding the Arctic agenda in international legal, military, socio-economic, environmental, and scientific spheres. The authors of the study believe that international collaboration in the scientific and technical sphere, built upon a legal basis, is the first direction of mutually beneficial interstate collaboration in the Arctic region. The development of international scientific and technical collaboration in the field of complex Arctic study presupposes a comprehensive approach with regard to economic, legal and political aspects, and analyzing static and dynamic indicators. Thus, it is necessary to develop a legal model of collaboration. The development of the legal model of international scientific and technical collaboration in the field of complex Arctic study involves a range of actions aimed at improving the regulatory and conceptual framework, changing the system of state management of scientific and technical collaboration in the Arctic zone in order to ensure a consistent policy and eliminate existing problems.

Drivers and Barriers of Digital Market Integration in East Africa: A Case Study of Rwanda and Tanzania

Digital development has become a firm pillar in the national development strategies of many countries in the Global South. Although the geopolitical competition over ICTs leveraged their diplomatic and economic relevance in the international sphere, developing countries remain in a subordinate position in global power relations. However, while they could collectively improve their standing by uniting behind an integrated digital market, national governments in the East African Community are reluctant to implement a single digital market, leading us to inquire: What constrains digital market integration in East Africa? This article compares Rwanda and Tanzania, two relatively digitally mature but less developed countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, whereas one is a small landlocked country and the other a larger emerging economy. Following the classification of Hout and Salih, material, ideational, political, and external aspects affect a nation’s enthusiasm for regional initiatives. By examining factors related to domestic politics and political economy, this article finds that material and political factors encourage digital regionalism in Rwanda but discourage it in Tanzania; ideational factors contribute to national rather than regional unity in both countries. Yet, external factors linked to EU foreign policy and developmental cooperation seem to lead current regional projects. Therefore, this article concludes that drivers of African regionalism may turn into barriers depending on the domestic political and economic circumstances while digital market integration is currently driven by foreign players. More generally, the study contributes to the debate on African agency in ICT for development and developing countries’ capacity to overcome traditional dependency structures.