International Scientific Communication Research Articles

Глобальная наука и антироссийские санкции: проблематизация парадигмы открытости

The processes of globalization turned out to be closely connected with sanctions in the scientific field. The problems that have arisen in relation to the consistent implementation of the open science paradigm in connection with the current anti-Russian sanctions are examined. The author analyzes the regularity resulting in the reduction of international scientific communication, covered by the paradigm of openness. As a result, there is a slowdown in scientific and technological progress aimed at solving global problems. The author considers the situation of anti-Russian sanctions in the field of science in the context of the emerging trend, which consists in the transition from idealistic to pragmatic model of science diplomacy. The author concludes that the elements of open science are preserved in the current geopolitical situation, while increasing the heterogeneity in the global scientific community regarding the degree and forms of continuation of scientific cooperation with Russia is increasing.

International scientific communication on COVID-19 data: management pitfalls understanding.

During the pandemic, countries utilized various forms of statistical estimations of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) impact. Differences between databases make direct comparisons and interpretations of data in different countries a challenge. We evaluated country-specific approaches to COVID-19 data and recommended changes that would improve future international collaborations. We compared the COVID-19 reports presented on official UK (National Health System), Israeli (Department of Health), Latvian (Center for Disease Prevention and Control) and USA (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) health authorities' websites. Our analysis demonstrated critical differences in the ways COVID-19 statistics were made available to the general and scientific communities. Specifically, the differences in approaches were found in the presentation of the number of infected cases and tests, and percentage of positive cases, the number of severe cases, the number of vaccinated, and the number and percent of deaths. Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability principles could guide the development of essential global standards that provide a basis for communication within and outside of the scientific community.

TEACHING ENGLISH TO POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS IN A TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT

One of the main tasks of training postgraduate students in graduate school is to develop competences necessary to present and discuss the results of their research work in a foreign language in oral and written forms, as well as to fully understand foreign language scientific texts in their specialty.In the last decades international scientific communication has shifted from a plural use of several languages to a clear dominance of English. The shift implies that an ever-increasing number of scientists whose mother tongue is not English have moved to English for publication and conference participation.A literature analysis and own experience revealed such problems of postgraduate students’ training in foreign languages as heterogeneity of the contingent with an unequal and often low initial level of language proficiency, a limited number of hours allocated for practical classes in English; a low level of self-directedness in language learning, a lack of elementary knowledge of the scientific discourse.In an attempt to solve these problems, the Department of Foreign Languages staff at Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University have developed and implemented a training course for postgraduate students in two, traditional paper and online, versions, the latter designed with the use of such a modern approach in language didactics as audiovisual translation appropriate for self-learning and flipped classroom activities. The course comprised three modules: scientific reading, academic speaking and academic writing. Besides, postgraduates with the elementary level of English were offered a grammar course covering all the basic grammatical topics necessary to formulate correct written and oral utterances. The effects of teaching English with the use of videos with recorded parallel bilingual vocabulary and texts placed on an online platform were compared to the results of the traditional teaching with the use of the paper copy. The research was carried out in the 2021-2022 academic year and aimed, firstly, to compare language skills of two groups of learners: those who studied the course with the use of audiovisual technology (the experimental group) with those who studied in the traditional mode (the control group); and, secondly, to reveal how the level of self-directedness changed in the process of the course study in both groups. The study involved a mixed approach of quantitative and qualitative methods to diagnose the level of learners' language competence and self-directedness. Our results indicate that the use of audiovisual translation in teaching foreign languages improves students’ language skills and increases autonomy in studies. It can be concluded that utilizing audiovisual translation due to auditory and visual support and opportunity for learners to study at their own pace has a significant impact on postgraduate students’ language proficiency though this approach requires further research and wider implementation.

Russian Journal Whitelist: Questions to be answered

The article studies the issues related to the compilation of the Russian Journal Whitelist, which is intended to be used in research evaluation. Currently, this list has been approved and posted on the website of the Russian Center for Scientific Information. Building a hierarchy of journals within this list is still under discussion. A number of questions have been raised in the academic community about the composition and principle of compiling the whitelist, and an answer is required. In addition, there are a number of broader questions, in particular, to what extent journal publications are the best way to evaluate research and researchers. I have formulated a number of such questions, inviting readers to reflection and discussion. Despite the difficult situation that has now developed in international scientific communication, one should look at it not only as a crisis, but also as an opportunity to create one of the best systems for research assessment at the moment, free from accumulated bias.

About Sectoral Statistical Toolkit and Statistical Data on the Number of Foreign Students

The development of the export of education and international scientific and educational communication is an important task assigned to the federal executive bodies of the Russian Federation. However, there are reasons that impede the development of international scientific and educational cooperation. The article, based on the results of analysis of statistics in the field of export of educational services, considers the development of sectoral statistical tools for monitoring international educational cooperation.

English language in professional training of higher education seekers in specialty 193 "Geodesy and Land Surveying": today's challenges

An overview and application of the English language in the world at the modern stage were conducted. The key importance of the English language for international business and scientific communication was clarified. The prerequisites for the use of the English language in Ukraine and its legislative support at the current stage were considered. The content and scope of the discipline "Professional foreign language" in the training program for specialists in specialty 193 "Geodesy and land surveying" were determined. The cycle "education – science – production" regarding the use of the English language in the specified specialty was analyzed. At the education stage, the need to achieve the B2 level is substantiated both for the possibility of barrier-free implementation of international academic mobility during studies, and for the possibility of its continuation at the following educational and qualification levels of higher education (master's degree, doctor of philosophy). The scientific stage reveals the terminological problems and the importance of working with professional specialized literature for the formation of publishing activity and other criteria related to the knowledge of a foreign language, necessary for obtaining academic degrees. The production moment examines the English language through the prism of working with technical and technological support necessary for carrying out topographic-geodetic, cartographic and land-cadastral works.

About russian university education export programs under sanctions

Russia is interested in attracting foreign scientists and international scientific communication. However, there are reasons hindering the development of international scientific and educational cooperation. Based on the results of the analysis of the current regulatory and methodological framework in the field of international scientific and educational cooperation and the results of the analysis of departmental statistics data of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the article discusses the impact of the sanctions of “unfriendly countries” on the functioning of educational export programs of Russian universities and on the research activities of universities subordinate to the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia.

Philosophical understanding of prospects of the codification of language as a factor of science development

The codification of language has both its advantages and disadvantages, both its prospects and its limitations. It is possible to determine this not from linguistic, but from meta-scientific, namely philosophical positions. At the heart of the codification procedure is the creation of specialized dictionaries based on a particular national language. The language of science is also always built on the basis of a certain national language — even if this language later serves as the language of international scientific communication (for example, English). At the same time, codification of the language of science should reproduce the most significant resources of natural language as a symbolic system, as well as develop the institutional potential of science based on the capabilities of language as an institution. The codification of language of science should perform three main functions: descriptive-classification, system-legitimation and projective-predictive. The language of science is the embodiment of the symbolic universe studied by social phe- nomenologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, and at the same time must correspond to the four main functions of the system of action, which were distinguished by Talcott Parsons. Codification is a relentless process that reflects and stimulates the development of language as a symbolic system, the meaning of which is set by specific language practices. The language of science is a set of all language practices of scientists in various fields, these practices must be harmonized through the codification of the language of science, while they constantly stimulate the renewal of codification of the language of science. It should be done through the creation of new practices and new scientific objects — and through the extrapolation of the application of existing terminology to new scientific fields as well.

Human Vis-à-Vis Artificial Intelligence in Trans-Disciplinary Research

Based on the claim that only human mind/intelligence (nous) (HI) - with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI) and through different mental/cognitive processes (noesis) - can communicate an inter-disciplinary and a trans-disciplinary research to an international scientific community, my discussion will develop around three axes. First, what happens when English and non-English scientists (noes), who carry out an inter-disciplinary and a trans-disciplinary research project, "hit" on polysemy of scientific discourse (issues of inter-scientificity and reverse inter-scientificity, as discussed in Section 3) and have difficulty to communicate with each other. Second, how terms such as the "grid" in English and "αποτίμη" (: valuation, evaluation or assessment] in Greek), become examples of inter-scientificity and reverse inter-scientificity respectively (i.e. terms that are used in different scientific domains with totally different semantics), and can lead to a possible total breakdown of communication, when scientists (noes) from different scientific domains, being unaware of the complexity of the polysemy of these terms, try to communicate their inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary research project. The interconnectedness of inter-scientificity and reverse inter-scientificity with inter-disciplinarity and trans-disciplinarity will also be discussed. Finally, I will try to establish certain criteria in choosing appropriate terms, so that an inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary research can be communicated properly, and thus (international) scientific communication can be achieved effectively.

A Comparative Study of Text Formality of Applied Linguistics Papers Written in English by Iranian and Native Speaking Researchers

International scientific communication is mostly conducted in English. Consequently, writing and publishing in English is of significant importance in academic settings. Alongside many other factors, proper academic writing has an appropriate level of linguistic formality. Research has shown that linguistic features can distinguish between formal and informal texts. Different scholars have utilized different methods to define and measure formality. The present study compares the degree of formality of applied linguistics articles written in English by native English speaking and Iranian non-native English speaking researchers by calculating their F-score, a measure of formality introduced by Heylighen and Dewaele (1999). In total, 80 articles were selected from four international journals. Half of them were written by Iranian non-native researchers and the other half by native researchers. The results indicated a medium level of formality in both groups. However, articles written by Iranian non-native researchers were found to have a significantly higher degree of formality. Broadly, this research has implications for teachers of English in different areas, journal editors, materials developers and researchers who want to publish

The Importance of Multilingual Information and Plain English in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Health is a common issue for all human beings. As a consequence, everyone in the world has in some way to cope with the language of medicine. This is true now more than ever due to the global health crisis caused by the current COVID-19 pandemic, which has introduced a great amount of terms, previously mostly used by epidemiologists and statisticians, but which now have entered the daily lexicon of many languages. As the medium of international scientific communication, English is the language of worldwide information about the pandemic, and the main source of terms and expressions for other languages. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on English lexicon has been so deep that the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED) released special updates in 2020 to fulfil the need to document the phenomenon. However, previous studies (Khan et al. 2020; Deang and Salazar 2021) have highlighted the important question concerning the existence of several ethnic minorities who have Limited English Proficiency (LEP) and therefore do not receive sufficient and appropriate information to defend themselves adequately against SARS-CoV-2, the virus we have all been fighting for more than one year now. The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of language and translation as essential components to provide all demographic groups/communities with access to COVID-19-related information in languages other than English and enable them to follow official health key rules. The main websites of Italian governmental and nongovernmental institutions were investigated, and the analysis focused on the availability and type of content of the multilingual material, as well as on information accessibility and clarity. The results showed important differences in the number of available languages and, even more, in the level of intelligibility of COVID-19 material in the English language. In this respect, this study intends to foster the use of plain English in the dissemination material provided by the websites of the main healthcare public institutions in Italy, a country with an ever-increasing number of registered foreigners, the majority born in non-EU countries.

Diplomats in Science Diplomacy: Promoting Scientific and Technological Collaboration in International Relations**

Diplomats in Science Diplomacy: Promoting Scientific and Technological Collaboration in International Relations**

The Role of the English Article System in Developing Dialogical Context: A View from Russian Science

A common issue arising in international scientific communication concerns the use of zero-, indefinite- and definite articles in English. While existing pedagogical approaches are successfully used to teach near-native competency in the use of English articles, the final stage of native-equivalent competency continues to evade even advanced ESL / EAP students, especially those whose first language (e.g. Russian) does not possess articles. Therefore, the present work is aimed at developing a conceptual approach to article use based on a consideration of the development of context in scientific communication. A literature review of some existing theoretical approaches shows a clear development from semantic and transformational-grammatical attitudes towards more pragmatic explicatory strategies based on dialogic communication. A qualitative content analysis of article errors appearing in the text of research papers written by Russian scientists and corrected by a native English editor revealed the presence of nine major article-related error types, of which the use of zero article with singular NPs instead of the definite article (SxO√D) was the most common. NPs in sentences containing article errors were also evaluated according to Bickerton’s NP semantic function typology, Hawkins’ location theory and Liu and Gleason’s major types. The hypothesis that Russian scientists, being highly educated, would generally tend to overuse the, a and an in an overcompensation for the tendency of less-well-educated Russians to drop articles when using English was not confirmed by the results of the content analysis. The analysis of article-use error types appearing in different sections of an IMRaD research paper showed that errors related to the overuse and underuse of the definite article the are particularly characteristic of the Introduction section. However, the largest number of article-related errors were found in the Discussion section, where the SxO√D error significantly outweighed other error types as compared with other sections. While existing conceptual approaches to explicating the function of the English article system have limited utility, a comprehensive system has yet to be developed. The authors recommend a dialogic approach for teaching the English article system to non-native speakers in the context of scientific communication.

The Role of the English Article System in Developing Dialogical Context: A View from Russian Science

A common issue arising in international scientific communication concerns the use of zero-, indefinite- and definite articles in English. While existing pedagogical approaches are successfully used to teach near-native competency in the use of English articles, the final stage of native-equivalent competency continues to evade even advanced ESL / EAP students, especially those whose first language (e.g. Russian) does not possess articles. Therefore, the present work is aimed at developing a conceptual approach to article use based on a consideration of the development of context in scientific communication. A literature review of some existing theoretical approaches shows a clear development from semantic and transformational-grammatical attitudes towards more pragmatic explicatory strategies based on dialogic communication. A qualitative content analysis of article errors appearing in the text of research papers written by Russian scientists and corrected by a native English editor revealed the presence of nine major article-related error types, of which the use of zero article with singular NPs instead of the definite article (SxØ√D) was the most common. NPs in sentences containing article errors were also evaluated according to Bickerton’s NP semantic function typology, Hawkins’ location theory and Liu and Gleason’s major types. The hypothesis that Russian scientists, being highly educated, would generally tend to overuse the, a and an in an overcompensation for the tendency of less-well-educated Russians to drop articles when using English was not confirmed by the results of the content analysis. The analysis of article-use error types appearing in different sections of an IMRaD research paper showed that errors related to the overuse and underuse of the definite article the are particularly characteristic of the Introduction section. However, the largest number of article-related errors were found in the Discussion section, where the SxØ√D error significantly outweighed other error types as compared with other sections. While existing conceptual approaches to explicating the function of the English article system have limited utility, a comprehensive system has yet to be developed. The authors recommend a dialogic approach for teaching the English article system to non-native speakers in the context of scientific communication.

Bibliometric Analysis of the Russian Journal of Library Science “Bibliotekovedenie” and Foreign Journals in Library Science: Search for Professional Discourse

The article reflects the main results of comparative bibliometric analysis of the scientific-practical Russian Journal of Library Science “Bibliotekovedenie” and foreign journals in the library sphere. The purpose of the study is to determine the growth points and development directions of the Russian Journal of Library Science for the formation of international scientific communication practices and professional discourse.The object of the research was metadata array of fourteen foreign English-language library journals included in the international scientometric databases Scopus and Web of Science, and the journal “Bibliotekovedenie” for 2015—2019. The authors used content analysis method, the method of comparison and correlation, as well as criterion method based on determination of relevant indicators and development of criteria for evaluating journals to identify parameters of similarity and difference, followed by the use of method of data interpretation based on modern cultural-philosophical and cultural-theoretical principles and concepts.As a result, the study identified the typical topics for the most frequently cited articles in the foreign journals. The authors show that the journal “Bibliotekovedenie” publishes the articles that can be attributed to most of the presented topics. However, most often they are characterized by another emphasis, presentation style and structure of the text, as well as approaches to conducting research. Trends in the citation of articles in Russian publications indicate the difference in a set of priority topics.The authors conclude that these differences depend not only and not so much on the “collision” of traditional and modern vision of the situation from the point of view of scientific research, but rather on deeper reasons based on cultural differences. These reasons are driven by the postmodern increase of the impact of culture on the development of science, reflecting these differences in the languages of cultures and in the translations, as well as by other, sometimes opposite, trends in the development of socio-cultural situation in different countries, related to the understanding of place and role of libraries, books and information in modern society.Based on the obtained results, there was adjusted the development plan of scientific-practical journal “Bibliotekovedenie”, as well as its name in English, starting 2019 (no. 6) — Russian Journal of Library Science.

Modern Factors for Successful Work of a Teacher in Higher Medical Institution

Professional pedagogical activity of a teacher can be considered as a holistic dynamic system including continuous improvement of pedagogical skills. Modern trends in medical education pose new requirements for the teacher. Among them, knowledge of the English language (the main language of international scientific communication) at a level that would allow the teacher to work out the scientific literature and share the results of the research with a wider range of scientists is of critical importance. International internships at leading universities to study the best practices and enhance the scientific level of publications are important as well. Therefore, research work becomes the main component of the educational process - a factor determining the effectiveness of the teacher’s work.

Communicative and educational factors impeding the development of international scientific and scientific-technological collaboration between the countries of Shanghai Cooperation Organization

One of the important vectors in development of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) became the international scientific and scientific-technological collaboration. However, this vector is not fully developed due to not only legal, organizational or financial issues, but also factors affecting communication between the subjects of cooperation in scientific or scientific-technological spheres, as well as defining accessibility and mobility of the knowledge market. In this case, it refers to the language of scientific communication used in international scientific and scientific-technological collaboration (communicative factors), and the development of education and academic mobility (educational factors) in SCO member-states. The conclusion is made that the effectiveness of international scientific and scientific-technological collaboration between the countries of Shanghai Cooperation Organization drops due to controversial policy and normative legal regulation with regards to the language used in scientific and scientific-technological communication, as well as with regards to development of higher education and academic mobility between the SCO countries. The author underline the need for further unification of national legislation of SCO member-states pertaining to the use of one or another language as the means of international scientific communication, requirements to preparation of academic staff, creation of relevant programs of students’ academic mobility, and development of generally accepted educational standards.

PKB XXVII Ilmu Penyakit Dalam: Comprehensive Management in Internal Medicine

ForewordInternal Medicine is quickly developing in all lines, from basic theories, pathophysiology, diagnostic procedures and therapy. The challenges of new cases and the re-emergence of re-emerging diseases in the era of globalization, modernization and industrialization require clinicians to constantly renew their knowledge and expertise and possess global standard quality to improve medical services. Information on medical science and technology is now easily accessible to anyone, produce an increasingly critical society and bring up challenges for clinicians.The advancement of Indonesian doctors must be supported by access to regional, national and international scientific communication in the form of scientific forums that present the latest research information and results, as well as a forum for discussion with experts in addition to establishing family bond for doctors.Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan (PKB) Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine of Udayana University / Sanglah Hospital 2019 is a scientific activity in Internal Medicine topics held annually. In the series of activities of PKB XXVII in Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Universitas Udayana / Sanglah Hospital 2019, the update in the field of Internal Medicine will be presented in the form of training (workshops), symposiums, and expert discussions hence the opportunities for interaction between participants and experts are optimal. Development in the field of research is also a concern and we give appreciation in the form of opportunities to compete in oral papers and posters.  Dr. I Wayan Losen Adnyana, SpPD-KHOM ChairmanÂ

A Multidimensional Analysis of Research Article Discussion Sections in the Field of Chemical Engineering

Background: This study investigates linguistic characterizations in the form of linguistic co-occurrence patterns in discussion sections of English research articles (RAs) in an engineering discipline (i.e., chemical engineering) and linguistic variations that distinguish discussion sections of high-impact articles from those in low-impact articles. Research questions: 1. What underlying linguistic characterizations are salient in RA discussions in chemical engineering? 2. Are there any differences in the identified linguistic characterizations of discussion sections between high- and low-impact RAs? Literature review: In the process of composing RAs, the discussion section is a difficult and challenging part-genre to write. The rhetorical organization of RA discussions has been examined extensively through Swales's English for Specific Purposes genre analysis. However, the linguistic characterizations of RA discussion sections remain unclear and the question of whether discernible differences exist between discussions of high- and low-impact RAs in a specialized engineering discipline remains unanswered. Methodology: This study used Biber's multidimensional (MD) analysis method. In response to the first research question, factor analysis (in this study, principal component analysis) was adopted to identify the linguistic characterizations in the form of linguistic co-occurrence patterns (“dimensions”) in 213 RA discussion sections extracted from chemical engineering RAs. To answer the second question, the independent t-test was implemented to compare the high- and low-impact RA discussion sections in the identified dimensions. Results and conclusions: Six linguistic characterizations in the form of linguistic co-occurrence patterns were identified in RA discussion sections: 1. involvement and interactivity, 2. non-narration versus narration, 3. evaluative statements with further explanations and elaborations, 4. informational density, 5. stating results/claims, and 6. expression of denial relationships toward statement or experimental findings. The results suggest the linguistic characterizations in RA discussion sections and interesting differences in the high- and low-impact RA discussion sections, especially in Dimensions 1, 3, and 5. Reasons for the linguistic variations in the identified dimensions are discussed, followed by the pedagogical implications for reading or writing RAs for international scientific communication.

Diagnostic criteria for Patulous Eustachian Tube: A proposal by the Japan Otological Society

Patulous Eustachian Tube (PET) is of increasing importance in otology. However, despite the abundance of diseases requiring a differential diagnosis from PET, such as superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, perilymphatic fistula, acute low-tone sensorineural hearing loss, etc., there are currently no established diagnostic criteria for PET.In view of these circumstances, the Japan Otological Society (JOS) Eustachian Tube Committee proposed the diagnostic criteria for Patulous Eustachian Tube in 2012, in order to promote clinical research on PET. A revision was made in 2016, maintaining the original concept that the criteria should be very simple, avoid any contamination of “Definite PET” with uncertain cases. Moreover, it was also intended to minimize the number of cases that could be accidentally excluded even in the presence of some suspected findings (“Possible PET”).The criteria can be used by all otolaryngologists even without using the Eustachian tube function test apparatus. However, the use of such an apparatus may increase the chances of detecting “Definite PET”. The algorithm for the diagnosis of PET using the criteria has also been described.The JOS diagnostic criteria for Patulous Eustachian Tube will further promote international scientific communication on PET.